This study aims to explore preschool teachers&#039 / attitudes toward science teaching and its impact on classroom practices through the frequency of science activities provided in the classroom. In addition, attitudes of preschool teachers&#039 / toward science were investigated in terms of affecting factors such as age, educational level, years of teaching experience, undergraduate course work on science, number of children in classroom, and the age group they work with. The present research was conducted with 292 preschool teachers who work in public and private schools in different districts of Ankara during the second semester of 2006-2007 academic years. The data were collected by administering Early Childhood Teachers&#039 / Attitudes toward Science Teaching Scale (ECTASTS). Analysis of the data indicated that there is a statistically significant relationship between preschool teachers&#039 / attitudes toward science and the frequency of science activities that they provide in the classroom. Also, all factors were found highly related with the teachers&#039 / attitudes toward science teaching and the frequency of science activities except for age and in-service training.

abstract: To develop critical reasoning skills potentially advances students' ability to critically consume information, make informed decisions, and actively participate in a democracy. An inquiry-based pedagogical approach to science teaching remains an effective means to develop critical reasoning skills. Participating in scientific inquiry requires students to generate arguments and test alternative hypotheses using experimental evidence. Scientific inquiry demands that students use their critical reasoning skills. Unfortunately, many teachers fail to allocate an adequate amount of time for genuine experimentation in science classes. As a result, science classes often leave students unprepared to think critically and apply their knowledge in a practical manner. The focus of this study was to investigate the extent to which an inquiry-based professional development experience, including a two-day summer workshop and 18 weeks of follow up Professional Learning Community (PLC) support, affected the attitudes and pedagogical skills regarding scientific inquiry among six high school biology teachers. A concurrent mixed methods, action research design was used to measure changes in teachers' attitudes, perceptions, and skills regarding inquiry-based pedagogy was measured throughout the 22 weeks of the study. A survey instrument, card sorting activity, classroom observations using the Reformed Teacher Observation Protocol (RTOP), individual interviews, and PLC observations were used to gather data. Results indicated the professional development was effective in transforming the participating teachers' attitudes, perceptions, and skills regarding inquiry-based pedagogy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Leadership and Innovation 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of constructivist instruction on the achievement, attitude towards science teaching, science process skills and retention of fourth grade preservice science teachers in Science Teaching Methods II course. Two groups (one experimental and one control) were assigned from Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Department of Science Education. Experimental group consisted of 53 preservice science teachers and the control group consisted of 50 preservice science teachers / totally 103 preservice science teachers participated in this study. Quasi experimental research design was used in this study. Constructivist instruction was used in experimental group and traditional instruction was used in control group during the teaching and learning process. This research study was conducted in fall semester of the 2007-2008 academic year and lasted 15 weeks including the final examination term. Science Process Skills Test, Attitude towards Science Teaching Scale and Achievement Test in Science Teaching Methods II course were administered to participants three times / at the beginning of the study, immediately after the implementation process and 10 weeks later. A mixed between within ANOVA with repeated measures was used as a statistical technique for analyzing quantitative data and both descriptive and content analysis was used for analyzing questionnaire, formative and summative focus group interviews. Statistical mean difference was obtained for all tests in favor of experimental group and the findings of quantitative data analysis results were supported by the qualitative data analysis results. After interpreting the results, it can be claimed that constructivist instruction is effective in preservice science education.

Practical work forms an integral part of physical science. Most schools in Venda have no laboratories for practical work. Teachers use the telling method. Students learn by rote. They learn without understanding science concepts. They cannot apply their knowledge to real life situations. This research investigates the use of equipment from inexpensive material in teaching physical science. Teachers trained to improvise equipment use them in classroom teaching. These help teachers to understand many science concepts and use the process approach in their teaching. The research found that when science is taught through experiments with improvised apparatus, student learning occurs at various domains of science education. The bad effects of lack of facilities for practical work are mostly eliminated. Meaningful learning leads to the understanding of science concepts. Students construct their own knowledge, apply it to any situation and enjoy learning the subject. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

This diploma thesis deals with the inclusion of project days in Natural history lessons at elementary schools in Most and nearby villages. The diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The theoretical part is devoted to origin and history of project-based learning in the world and in czech schools, theoretical concepts that are directly related to project-based learning, and also the incusion of project-based learning into present educational proces, advantages and disadvantages of project-based learning. The research part of the thesis and the main research problem focuses on using the project-based learning at primary school. The research part is the result of a questionnaire survey that I realized at selected elementary schools. In the process of researching was used a questionnaire method, which i sone of the most common tools for data collection. Teachers from these schools took care of completing the statistical data. The questionnaire was created and distributed electronically. In the practical part I present the project day "Tree Day" which I realized at lower secondery school Obránců míru in Most. KEY WORDS Project-based learning, project day, science teaching

A Alfabetização Científica (AC) é uma expressão que, em geral, está relacionada à compreensão de conceitos científicos, ao entendimento da Natureza da Ciência e dos processos de investigação científica e à capacidade de um indivíduo de tomar decisões sobre questões sociocientíficas com base na ciência. Esse conceito foi desenvolvido em uma Unidade Curricular de um curso de licenciatura em Ciências de uma Universidade Federal brasileira, localizada na região metropolitana de São Paulo. O conteúdo da UC consistiu nos fundamentos da AC, as três abordagens metodológicas: Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS), História e Filosofia da Ciência (HFC) e Experimentação Investigativa (EI) e ainda contemplou aspectos da Natureza da Ciência (NdC). Os objetivos da pesquisa foram investigar as concepções dos licenciandos ao longo da UC e verificar como as atividades propostas e as ações do formador contribuíram para a reflexão dos licenciandos sobre a Alfabetização Científica e seus fundamentos. O público-alvo dessa investigação foram 4 licenciandos dos cursos vespertino e noturno e um formador de professores de ciência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de atividades aplicadas pelo formador; diário de bordo dos licenciandos; entrevistas semiestruturadas com o formador; questionário e plano de aula final. Para a análise, foram utilizados os níveis de AC de Bybee e foram elaborados níveis de compreensão para cada abordagem. Os resultados indicaram que as atividades propostas e as ações do formador possibilitaram aos licenciandos a percepção, compreensão e reflexão sobre a Alfabetização Científica e seus fundamentos, promovendo a reformulação de suas concepções e a reorganização de suas estruturas de conhecimento. / Scientific Literacy (SL) is an expression that is related to the understanding of scientific concepts, the understanding of the Nature of Science and the processes of inquiry, and the ability of an individual to make decisions about science-based socio-scientific issues. This concept was developed in the academic course named Chemistry Teacher Practice of a Science Teacher Education Program of a Brazilian Federal University located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The course content was based on the fundamentals of SL, the three methodological approaches: Science-Technology-Society (STS), History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) and Inquiry (I) and aspects of the Nature of Science (NoS). The research objectives were to investigate the conceptions of the pre-service teachers throughout the subject and to verify how the proposed activities and the actions of the teacher educator contributed to the reflection of the pre-service teachers on the Scientific Literacy concept and its foundations. The research audiences were four undergraduate students from afternoon and evening courses and a Chemistry teacher educator. The data were collected through the activities applied by the teacher educator, students\' journals, semi-structured interviews with the students and teacher educator; questionnaire and the final lesson plan. For the analysis, we used levels of SL and elaborated levels of understanding for each approach. The results indicated that the proposed activities and the actions of the teacher educator allowed the pre-service teachers to perceive, understand and reflect on the Scientific Literacy concept and its foundations, to reformulate their conceptions and to reorganize their knowledge structures.

Nesta dissertação buscou-se discutir as escolhas em torno do conhecimento escolar de Ciências Naturais expressas no currículo prescrito e na formação continuada, no contexto do Programa Mais Educação São Paulo, de 2014. Partiu-se da premissa de que tais escolhas marcam de maneiras distintas o trabalho dos professores que atuam no Ensino Fundamental I, no ciclo interdisciplinar, gerando impactos de alguma magnitude sobre a formação escolar dos estudantes. Tratou-se de pesquisa qualitativa que se apoiou nos seguintes procedimentos: análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas As fontes foram os documentos curriculares do Programa Mais Educação São Paulo, documentos da formação desenvolvida em uma DRE e as declarações de educadores participantes do processo formativo e da reforma curricular conduzida na rede municipal de ensino, no período de 2015 e 2016. Os quatro sujeitos entrevistados foram: dois coordenadores do DIPED e dois professores-formadores um que atuou com grupos de professores polivalentes e outro, com professores da área de ciências. As análises se apoiaram nos referenciais teóricos de Sacristán e Young, com os conceitos de currículo e conhecimento poderoso; Imbernón, Tardif e Nóvoa, com ideias em torno da formação continuada de professores e suas implicações na prática pedagógica; Krasilchick, Sasseron e Carvalho, com elementos sobre o ensino de ciências, alfabetização científica e natureza da atividade científica. Como resultados, verificouse que, no currículo prescrito, foram indicados os direitos de aprendizagem, porém não estão suficientemente especificados os conhecimentos da disciplina que deveriam ser mobilizados para efetivar a consecução de tais direitos, o que gerou incertezas a respeito dos objetos de ensino neste ciclo. Pode-se dizer que os documentos curriculares deram ênfase aos saberes locais, embora não deixem de salientar a necessidade do conhecimento específico das ciências na escola. Adicionalmente, apesar de a formação continuada na área de ciências ser afirmada como relevante para os professores polivalentes, as experiências analisadas não aprofundaram os conhecimentos específicos, enfatizando prioritariamente os princípios pedagógicos que sustentaram a reforma curricular. Por fim, a ruptura do processo de reforma curricular, em 2017, diante da mudança de gestão municipal, interrompeu o processo formativo dos professores que estava em curso e que teve papel na produção do novo currículo. Descontinuidades constantes como essa marcam as reformas curriculares e as formações continuadas na rede municipal, fragilizando os processos de tomadas de decisão e as condições de trabalho necessárias para os professores desempenharem seu papel com qualidade. / This dissertation seeks to discuss the choices made around school knowledge in Natural Sciences as per the prescribed curriculum as well as in continuing education, in the context of the afore mentioned Programa Mais Educação São Paulo of 2014. The basic assumption adopted is that such choices affect, in distinct ways, the work of teachers involved in Elementary Education Level 1, in the interdisciplinary Cycle, generating considerable impact in the students education. Qualitative research was employed and supported by the following procedures: document analysis and semistructured interviews the sources used were curriculum documents from the Programa Mais Educação São Paulo, records of the teachers training written in a Local Education Department and testimonials from educators who participated both in the training and the curriculum reconducted in the Municipal Education System between the years of 2015 and 2016. The four respondents were two coordinators from DIPED (Local Education Department) and two science teachers. Analysis was supported by theoretical references of Sacristán & Young, with the concepts of curriculum and empowered knowledge; Imbernón, Tardif & Nóvoa, with ideas around continuing education and its implications in pedagogical practice; Krasilchick, Sasseron & Carvalho, with details on science teaching, scientific literacy and nature of scientific activity. As a result, it was possible to verify that the prescribed curriculum indicates the learning rights, but fails to sufficiently specify the knowledge of the subject matter to be set into action to effectively attain such rights, which has generated uncertainties about learning in this cycle. It is possible to say that while the curriculum documents emphasize local knowledge, they also underscore the need for specific knowledge of science at school. Additionally, while continuing education in science subjects is reaffirmed as relevant to multitasking teachers, the assessed experiences do not go deep into specific knowledge, primarily emphasizing the pedagogical principles that serve as foundation to the curriculum reform. Lastly, the interruption of the curriculum reform in 2017, resulting from a change in the city administration caused a rupture in the education process of the teachers involved, who played a role in the production of the new curriculum. Constant disruptions like this are integral part of both the curriculum reform and continuing education practices in the municipal education network, weakening decision-making processes as well compromising as the necessary working conditions that enable teachers to perform their work with quality.

Estudos têm mostrado que pode haver um grande distanciamento entre a forma como a sociedade compreende o trabalho da ciência e o modo como esse se realiza. Desse modo, as pessoas, incluindo professores e alunos, têm visões limitadas, ingênuas e confusas sobre o que é a ciência e o conhecimento científico, o que compromete o ensino de ciências. Uma área científica na qual essas discussões podem ser particularmente relevantes é a ecologia, que tem sido historicamente confundida com outros campos. Autores apontam que os professores têm dificuldade de ensinar essa disciplina e que isso pode estar atrelado à falta de compreensão desses profissionais sobre como a ecologia produz conhecimento. Pensando nisso, esse projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo: identificar como professores compreendem a natureza da ecologia e analisar se e como essas compreensões epistêmicas estão relacionadas a abordagens usadas no ensino dessa disciplina. Para identificar as concepções epistêmicas, elaboramos questionários fechados (do tipo Likert) e abertos e enviamos a 80 professores da educação básica (todos formados em biologia). Tratamos os dados provenientes dos questionários Likert por meio da análise fatorial e análise de agrupamento (cluster) com o auxílio do software R. Com essas análises, validamos estatisticamente os instrumentos e mapeamos perfis de concepções epistêmicas entre os respondentes. Para as questões dissertativas usamos a análise lexical (computacional) do software Alceste complementada por uma análise de conteúdo clássica (manual). Para analisar abordagens usadas no ensino de ecologia, selecionamos, a partir da nossa amostra inicial de respondentes (n=80), duas professoras que demonstraram concepções epistêmicas distintas ao responderem os questionários. Então, por meio de entrevistas e filmagens, caracterizamos o processo de cognição epistêmica dessas professoras ao planejarem uma sequência didática de ecologia e executarem-na com as suas respectivas turmas de alunos. Nossos resultados sugerem que muitos professores possuem uma visão limitada sobre a ciência ecologia, entendendo, por exemplo, que essa ciência não é capaz de produzir conhecimento de modo similar a outras ciências naturais por ela ter uma natureza holística, descritiva, qualitativa e entendendo que o trabalho dos ecólogos é realizar o manejo (e não apenas o estudo) do meio ambiente. Quanto ao ensino de ecologia, muitos professores parecem confundi-lo com educação ambiental. Sobre a relação entre as concepções/cognições epistêmicas das duas professoras investigadas e suas abordagens para ensinar ecologia, percebemos que a professora que mostrou uma cognição epistêmica melhor informada sobre a natureza da ecologia foi aquela que efetivamente executou uma abordagem alinhada com os pressupostos do ensino por investigação, enquanto a outra professora, que demonstrou uma cognição não-informada, não conseguiu implementar uma abordagem de ensino investigativo. A partir dos resultados encontrados, concluímos que os aspectos epistêmicos estudados na presente pesquisa podem realmente configurar-se como obstáculos ao ensino de ecologia e que os cursos de formação de professores de ciências naturais precisam formar profissionais com compreensões epistêmicas mais sofisticadas sobre as ciências que irão ensinar, para que esses sejam mais críticos e reflexivos no momento de planejar, executar e avaliar suas práticas pedagógicas, e possam realmente superar o ensino tradicional e promover abordagens mais significativas e mais condizentes com a alfabetização científica dos alunos. / Studies have shown that there is a gap between how society understands the doing science and how science actually works. Many people, including teachers and students, may have limited, naïve and confused views about what is science and scientific knowledge, and this can affect the science teaching. These discussions are particularly relevant in ecology, since this specific scientific area has historically been confused with other fields. Authors point out that teachers have difficulty teaching this discipline and that this may be related to their lack of understanding of how ecology produces knowledge. Thus, this research aimed to identify how teachers understand the nature of ecology, and to analyze if and how these epistemic understandings are related to approaches to teaching ecology. In order to identify the epistemic beliefs, we elaborated closed (Likert-type) and open questionnaires and sent to 80 teachers of basic education (all graduated in biology). Data from the Likert questionnaires were treated using factor analysis and cluster analysis in the R software package. These statistical analyses allowed validating the questionnaires and mapping profiles of epistemic beliefs among the respondents. For the open answers (qualitative data) we used lexical (computational) analysis of Alceste software complemented by classical (manual) content analysis. In order to analyze approaches used in teaching ecology, we selected, from our initial sample of respondents (n = 80), two teachers who demonstrated different epistemic beliefs when answering the questionnaires. Then, through interviews and filming, we characterized the epistemic cognition of these teachers during the planning and application of a didactic sequence of ecology. Our results suggest that many teachers have a limited view of ecology science, understanding, for example, that this area is not able to produce knowledge in a similar way to other natural sciences because of its holistic, descriptive, and qualitative nature, and understanding that the work of ecologists is to manage (and not only study) the environment. And about teaching ecology, many teachers seem to confuse it with environmental education. On the relation between the epistemic beliefs and cognitions of the two investigated teachers and their approaches to teaching ecology, we observed that the teacher who showed a more informed epistemic cognition was the one who effectively performed an approach aligned with the assumptions of teaching by inquiry, while the other teacher, who demonstrated an uninformed cognition, was unable to implement an investigative teaching approach. We conclude that the epistemic aspects studied in the present research may constitute obstacles to teaching ecology and that the teachers training courses need to train professionals with more sophisticated epistemic understandings about the natural sciences (including ecology). Teachers need to be more critical and reflexive when planning, executing and evaluating their pedagogical practices, and need to be able to overcome the traditional teaching and promote approaches aligned with the studentsscientific literacy.

A argumentação corresponde a um aspecto importante do ensino de ciências devido ao fato de estar relacionada não somente ao aprendizado de conteúdos específicos da Ciência como também ao modo pelo qual se produz Ciência. Nesta pesquisa identificamos e analisamos os elementos que compõem a argumentação do texto escrito, discutimos como é o uso da informação científica nesses registros, bem como as características do conhecimento genético na produção de textos escritos argumentativos. Em uma primeira etapa da pesquisa foram analisados os registros escritos elaborados por 16 sujeitos em diferentes estágios de escolarização ao responderem 7 tipos diferentes de problemas de genética. Em uma segunda etapa da pesquisa, foram investigados 25 sujeitos que correspondem a alunos do curso de pedagogia da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, os quais elaboraram registros escritos a partir de um problema pré-selecionado dos 7 anteriormente apresentados. A questão apresentada propõe levantar o problema de haver ou não possibilidade de alteração do material genético a partir da ingestão de alimentos. Para a análise e identificação da produção escrita, se utilizou o padrão de argumento desenvolvido por Toulmin (2001). Na segunda etapa foi feita também uma primeira análise das respostas a partir da identificação das premissas e conclusões, que corresponderiam a fatos ou princípios que serviriam de base a um encadeamento de idéias. A partir da identificação das premissas e conclusões e da análise a partir do padrão de Toulmin, foram estabelecidas categorias as quais nos auxiliaram a compreender com profundidade aspectos relacionados não somente com a estrutura da argumentação, mas também como é o uso da informação científica, bem como a forma com que são empregados os conceitos de genética nesses registros. Consideramos que o padrão de argumento de Toulmin (2001) é uma ferramenta importante para a análise de textos argumentativos de genética. Além de mostrar o papel das evidências na elaboração de explicações causais, também possibilita a caracterização de sua fundamentação teórica. Entretanto, a utilização do padrão de Toulmin apresenta limitações como a não consideração do contexto da produção. Nessa perspectiva a identificação de premissas e conclusão facilitou tal exercício, pois evidenciou o encadeamento de idéias. Acreditamos que a Genética possibilite problematizações a partir de questões do cotidiano, bem como a elaboração argumentações. Foi encontrado um grande número de justificativas as quais se relacionavam ao conhecimento genético e, portanto podem ser consideradas adequadas em relação ao objetivo da problematização proposta. Isso demonstra que ao reconhecer o campo, mesmo não o conhecendo em profundidade, os sujeitos em sua maioria, foram capazes de elaborar argumentos com qualidade. Expressar conceitos de genética por meio de textos argumentativos deve ser uma tarefa a ser ensinada para os professores de ciências e biologia. Deste modo, estes podem ensinar aos seus alunos como utilizar o conhecimento biológico de maneira efetiva e eficiente com o objetivo de formar cidadãos capazes de discutir questões fundamentais sobre Ciência na sociedade. / Argumentative structure is a main feature in science teaching since it is both related to the process of learning specific content as well as to the means by which scientific knowledge is developed. This research identifies and analyses the elements presented in written texts reasoning, discussing how scientific information is elaborated and what are the central characteristics of genetic knowledge portrayed in these texts. The research was held on two stages. In the first one, the texts analysed belonged to 16 people of different education levels. These texts were the written answers to seven different types of genetic problems. In the second stage, the investigation turned to 25 undergraduate students of Pedagogy at The University of São Paulo, in Ribeirão Preto (USP, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto). These students gave written answers to one question that was pre-selected out of the seven proposed in the first stage. This question raised the issue of whether there is the possibility of genetic material alteration through food ingestion. The argumentative pattern developed by Toulmin (2001) was applied in order to analyze and identify the written production. In the second stage, a previous analyze of the answers was made by identifying the premises and the conclusions which relate to supporting facts or principles of a chain of ideas. This identification combined to the analyze by Toulmins pattern allowed the establishment of categories under which it is possible to deeply understand not only argumentative structure aspects but also the uses of scientific information and genetic concepts in these texts. Toulmins argument pattern (2001) is an important tool to analyze reasoning texts of genetics. In addition to showing the function of evidences in the development of causal explanations, his pattern also allows the categorization of theory grounding. However, there are some limitations when applying Toulmins pattern, such as not taking into account the context of the production. In this sense, the previous identification of premises and conclusions helped considering the context of production because it brought into light the chain of ideas. The notion proposed here is that genetics problematizes everyday issues as well as the elaboration of arguments. A great number of justifications presented were related to genetics knowledge. Therefore, they can be considered adequate to the problematization proposed. This shows that by recognizing the field of knowledge, the majority of people was able to produce quality arguments, even not knowing the subject in depth. Genetics have complex subjects that should be mastered by science teachers when expressing it through argumentative written texts. In this sense, teachers should be able to teach their students how to use biological knowledge in an effective and efficient way aiming at the development of citizens able to discuss fundamental scientific issues in society.

Esta investigação teve o objetivo de identificar as características de ludicidade presentes em rodas de conversa sobre assuntos científicos às quais chamamos de rodas de ciências , realizadas em um grupo de crianças de quatro anos, em uma escola de educação infantil. As rodas de ciências nas quais as crianças conversavam sobre borboletas foram gravadas em áudio e vídeo, no decorrer de aproximadamente seis meses. Constatamos que as rodas apresentavam características lúdicas apenas quando as crianças eram autorizadas a falar livremente sobre o assunto em questão. Tendo como referências os trabalhos de Huizinga e Piaget, evidenciamos, em tais ocasiões, os seguintes aspectos de ludicidade: delimitação de espaço, delimitação de tempo, distanciamento da realidade cotidiana, competição, desafio, presença de regras e voluntariedade de participação. Identificamos, ainda, que as rodas ora se assemelhavam a jogos dramáticos, ora pareciam jogos de linguagem, ora eram jogos de regras ou, outras vezes, jogos de exercício. Vale ressaltar que o próprio tema borboletas contém grande potencial lúdico, uma vez que as crianças, costumeiramente, gostam muito de falar sobre esses animais. Ao longo do período em que o grupo foi acompanhado, observamos, também, que as crianças se apropriaram de diversos conhecimentos sobre as borboletas, tais como: diferenças entre vida e morte, revestimento do corpo, metamorfose/fases do ciclo de vida e estratégias comportamentais. Vale lembrar, ainda, que houve aprendizagens no que se refere à atitude de cuidados com os animais vivos e no que diz respeito aos procedimentos de observação e registro. / The investigation described herein purported to identify the characteristics of ludicity in conversation circles about scientific subjects which we call science circles , held with a group of 4-year-old children in a kindergarten center. The science circles in which the children talked about butterflies were recorded on audio and video over a period of approximately six months. We found that the circles displayed ludic characteristics only when the children were allowed to speak freely about the subject in question. Using as reference the works of Huizinga and Piaget, we found the following aspects of ludicity on these occasions: delimitation of time, delimitation of space, distancing from quotidian reality, competition, challenge, the presence of rules and willingness to participate. We also found that the circles sometimes resembled dramatic games, sometimes were like language games, sometimes were games of rules, and at other times were exercise games. It should be noted that the subject of butterflies itself has a strong ludic potential, since children usually enjoy talking about these animals. During the period this group was monitored, we also observed that the children assimilated a variety of information about butterflies, such as: differences between life and death, coating of the body, metamorphoses/phases of the life cycle, and behavioral strategies. It should also be noted that lessons were learned concerning attitudes of care of live animals and about observation and data recording procedures.