Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-02-19T12:31:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1972337 bytes, checksum: 98f4d5955b8ec1624db082863b2a9f47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-19T12:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1972337 bytes, checksum: 98f4d5955b8ec1624db082863b2a9f47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-29 / This study in Religion Studies points out religion and philosophy as a knowledge possibility of social representation on faith and reason. In this perspective, it was studied the social representations that rise in the public educational space, of the relation of faith and reason in the dynamics of knowledge construction through pedagogical practices of teachers / learners. In order to do that, we approach the social-cultural, historical and philosophical dialogue based on Paul Tillich (1886 – 1965), whose critical-reflexive view is of extreme importance, René Descartes (1596 – 1650) with the Discourse of Method and Meditations, highlighting the importance of method for the scientific knowledge, and Emmanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) with the works Critique of Pure Reason and Religion in the Limits of Simple Reason, once they relate to the concepts investigated and contribute in this dialogue in a position which avoids dogmatism and fanaticism. The final reflections describe the study of social representations as fruitful for understanding the relation faith/reason, Religion/Science between the subject thought and the social production context in the public school spaces, in view of that he social construction in the heterogenic space rise from the subjective, intersubjective and transubjective spheres. In this sense, from the conception of the integral human being while a spiritual and biopsychosocial being who experiences and expresses his/her faith or his/her spirituality in the total experience of his/her life, we propose that the religions, with their faiths representations and religion practices be understood in the context of social productions of public school spaces, in the transdisciplinary of integral education, in order to educate the human being for living and coexist with each other in their diversity. / Este estudo, nas Ciências das Religiões, destaca a religião e a filosofia como possibilidade de conhecimento das representações sociais sobre fé e razão. Nesta perspectiva, estudamos as representações sociais que surgem no espaço público educacional, da relação fé e razão na dinâmica da construção do conhecimento através das práticas pedagógicas dos ensinantes / aprendentes. Para isso, abordamos o diálogo filosófico, histórico e sociocultural, fundamentado nos teóricos Paul Tillich (1886 – 1965), cuja visão crítico-reflexiva é de extrema importância, René Descartes (1596 – 1650) com o Discurso do Método e Meditações, destacando a importância do método para o conhecimento científico e Emmanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) com as obras Crítica da Razão Pura e A Religião nos Limites da Simples Razão, uma vez que se relacionam com os conceitos investigados e contribui nesse diálogo numa posição que evita o dogmatismo e o fanatismo. As reflexões finais descrevem o estudo das representações sociais como frutífero para compreender as relações de fé/razão, Religião/Ciência entre o pensamento do sujeito e o contexto de produção social dos espaços públicos escolares, tendo em vista que a construção social neste espaço heterogêneo surge das interações nas esferas subjetiva, intersubjetiva e transubjetiva. Neste sentido, a partir da concepção do ser humano integral enquanto ser biopsicossocial e espiritual que vivencia e expressa sua fé ou sua espiritualidade na experiência total de sua vida, propomos que as religiões, com suas representações de fé e práticas religiosas, sejam compreendidas nos contextos de produções sociais dos espaços públicos escolares, na transdisciplinaridade da educação integral, com o objetivo de educar o ser humano para viver e conviver com o outro na sua diversidade.

Esta tese de doutoramento trata da integração da teoria piagetiana com a Ciência da Computação, mais especificamente, a análise de ferramentas computacionais do ponto de vista da lógica operatória. Para isso, foi preciso investigar, em primeiro lugar, a teoria do sujeito individual, no que se refere a função simbólica e reinterpretar estes conceitos no objeto. Neste caso, o objeto e a ferramenta computacional de uso individual. Portanto, somente a partir deste estudo foi possível construir o modelo geral de interação de um sujeito qualquer com uma ferramenta computacional, para depois analisá-la operatoriamente. Em um segundo momento, introduziu-se a teoria do sujeito coletivo que, para caracterizá-lo, foi necessária a compreensão de alguns conceitos relevantes da teoria em questão envolvidos nas noções de interação interindividual e cooperação. A partir de então, foram construídos os modelos interativos mais simples de um sujeito coletivo com três tipos de ferramentas computacionais de uso cooperativo. Para isso, foram abordados alguns aspectos relativos a Computação Cooperativa ou CSCW - Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Da mesma forma que ocorre no nível individual, foram analisadas operatoriamente ferramentas computacionais de uso cooperativo. / This thesis integrates the piagetian theory with Computer Science, more specifically, the computational tools analysis, from an operatory-logical point of view. For that, it was necessary to investigate, in a first step, the individual subject theory, in relation to the symbolic function and to interpret this concept in the object. In that case, the "object" is a computational tool for individual use. After this study it was possible to construct the general interaction model of any subject with a computational tool and to analyse it in an operatory form. In a second step, we introduce the collective subject theory. For that it was necessary to comprehend some relevant concepts of the theory in question involved in the notions of interindividual interaction and cooperation. After that, it was constructed the simplest interactive model of a collective subject in interaction with three types of computational tools for cooperative use. For that, some concepts related to CSCW or Computer Supported Cooperative Work were reported. In the same way that occurred in the individual level, the computational tools for cooperative use were analysed in an operatory form.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Jaene Guimaraes Pereira.pdf: 1924609 bytes, checksum: 4fe01fea06bc914063b3e3d3008fedd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / This research intends to address a lack of historical studies which can be useful to science teaching. We propose posting a historical episode on a blog to reach teachers who want to use history and philosophy in their classes. We chose the Henry Cavendish experiment about the density of the Earth as the historical episode and the methodology adopted was to divide the research into three distinct steps. First, we performed the historical and epistemological study about the episode. We looked for the primary and secondary sources which helped us to understand the experiment and the hypotheses already done proposed on about the value of the Earth s density and how it was related to the gravitational law proposed by Isaac Newton. Then, we considered how this episode can make explicit some aspects of the nature of science, such as the role of the experiment in the construction of a theory and the controversies about the value of the density during the 18th century. We also explored the physics concepts related to the Cavendish experiment such as the torsion pendulum, torque and moment of inertia. The second goal was to investigate why and how blogs are employed in science teaching and in the history of science. This investigation helped us define the necessary elements in our blog to interact with teachers and students and, at the same time, to propose a historical material based on specialized studies. The third step consisted of preparing the text and complementary activities to post on the blog and to complement the blog with pictures, drawings, sound files, original sources, etc. (http://lordecavendish.blogspot.com.br/). Because the nature of the blog is dynamic and in progress, this research is partly finished and will depend on the answers and suggestions posted in the future by the followers to know if it has achieved its purpose. The construction of the blog is only the first part of a bigger project that intends to inform science teachers of the history of science by an in-depth study and presentation of historical material. / Nossa pesquisa busca minimizar um problema com relação à divulgação e à acessibilidade de materiais históricos potencialmente significativos no ensino de ciências, auxiliando professores interessados em realizar trabalhos em sala de aula e ao mesmo tempo discutir o papel da experimentação na física e a natureza da ciência com o uso de um episódio histórico. Escolhemos como episódio histórico o experimento de Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), que permite associar discussões sobre as tentativas de obter a densidade da Terra durante o século XVIII, o papel de destaque dos experimentos neste século e a lei da gravitação universal de Newton, entre outros. O episódio histórico será aprofundado considerando três perspectivas: a histórica, explorando o contexto em que o experimento foi desenvolvido, seus pressupostos, a descrição detalhada e os resultados obtidos; a epistemológica, discutindo o papel da experimentação no século XVIII e a conceitual, que versará sobre os conteúdos de movimento oscilatório, pêndulos, força restauradora, momento de inércia, segunda lei de Newton na forma angular, gravitação e torque. Nossa proposta consiste em usar um blogue como fonte de divulgação da pesquisa histórica, ferramenta que nos possibilitará uma ampla discussão com os interessados no assunto, auxiliando-os no uso do episódio em sala de aula. Propomos um material histórico interativo, onde os professores assim como seus alunos possam tirar dúvidas e comentar ao mesmo tempo online, facilitando o acesso e a aprendizagem.

<p>We consider the problem of developing innovative machine learning tools for online education and evaluate their ability to provide instructional resources.  Prediction tasks for student behavior are a complex problem spanning a wide range of topics: we complement current research in student grade prediction and clickstream analysis by considering data from three areas of online learning: Social Learning Networks (SLN), Instructor Feedback, and Learning Management Systems (LMS). In each of these categories, we propose a novel method for modelling data and an associated tool that may be used to assist students and instructors. First, we develop a methodology for analyzing instructor-provided feedback and determining how it correlates with changes in student grades using NLP and NER--based feature extraction. We demonstrate that student grade improvement can be well approximated by a multivariate linear model with average fits across course sections approaching 83\%, and determine several contributors to student success. Additionally, we develop a series of link prediction methodologies that utilize spatial and time-evolving network architectures to pass network state between space and time periods. Through evaluation on six real-world datasets, we find that our method obtains substantial improvements over Bayesian models, linear classifiers, and an unsupervised baseline, with AUCs typically above 0.75 and reaching 0.99. Motivated by Federated Learning, we extend our model of student discussion forums to model an entire classroom as a SLN. We develop a methodology to represent student actions across different course materials in a shared, low-dimensional space that allows characteristics from actions of different types to be passed jointly to a downstream task. Performance comparisons against several baselines in centralized, federated, and personalized learning demonstrate that our model offers more distinctive representations of students in a low-dimensional space, which in turn results in improved accuracy on a common downstream prediction task. Results from these three research thrusts indicate the ability of machine learning methods to accurately model student behavior across multiple data types and suggest their ability to benefit students and instructors alike through future development of assistive tools. </p>

<p>  </p> <p>Education reforms aimed at improving student outcomes often fail because they are top-down and do not successfully scale to wider use. Over the past two decades, improvement science, which uses disciplined inquiry to solve district problems at scale, has emerged as a solution. This multi-case study investigated the question: What are the profiles and lived experiences of superintendents who use improvement science? Data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews with three superintendents who were part of a superintendent network that focused on improvement science. The superintendents were from diverse districts: A regional Education Services District, an urban school district, and a suburban school district. Data were analyzed through themes that emerged in the literature and data. Four key findings were gleaned: Superintendents need to 1) prioritize a positive workplace culture, 2) shift ownership to staff, 3) support staff in sharing and risk taking, and 4) shift to the use of measurements at the team-level. Three recommendations stemmed from the findings and literature: Superintendents should 1) foster a workplace culture emphasizing ownership and vulnerability, 2) ensure implementation is user-centered, and 3) focus on solving the most pressing problems connected to student outcomes. Action steps for each recommendation are provided. Superintendent profiles showed them to be leaders who improve the workplace culture, are equity-driven, are vulnerable and reflective, are instructional leaders and system thinkers, and are collaborative. Yet they are still working toward staff taking ownership of improvement efforts. In essence, staff implementation has not caught up to superintendent vision. This study suggests if superintendents build capacity around a positive workplace culture and a user-centered, problem-specific approach, districts will be able to solve the most pressing student equity gap problems at scale.</p>

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Student achievement is rooted in a teacher’s ability to identify and assess student understanding of material. This is particularly challenging in classroom settings, which are dynamic and full of distractions, especially in science classrooms where discussion and inquiry are paramount. In mathematics education, the concept of professional noticing of children’s thinking refers to a teacher attending to, interpreting, and responding to student content understanding throughout a class period (Jacobs, Lamb, & Philipp, 2010). This skill is equally important when teaching other content, such as science, and is a key component of responsive and reflective practice used by excellent educators as outlined by reform standards for science (National Research Council [NRC], 1996, 2012; NGSS Lead States, 2013). Before a teacher can adapt to student needs, they must first identify critical moments of student sense-making and interpret the student’s ideas. Only then can they respond effectively. This set of teaching skills can be learned, and then later improved upon with practice and reflection. Recent research suggests that preservice science teachers can learn the fundamentals of noticing skills during specialized courses (Barnhart & van Es, 2015) and are able to carry forward this learning into their teaching experiences as full-time teachers (Amador, Carter, Hudson, & Galindo, 2017). However, little is known about the role of different aspects of preservice teacher education program experiences in laying the foundation for life-long development of noticing skills. This study used a multiple case study design to explore the experiences of six preservice science teachers, as related to professional teacher noticing of student thinking about science, during the semester before their full-time student teaching experience. Based on a situated learning framework (Lave & Wenger, 1991), this study centered on the university- and field-based experiences associated with a middle and secondary teacher education program at a large, Mid-Atlantic, urban university. Participants were enrolled in a teacher residency program. Observations, semistructured interviews, and artifact analysis were used to identify opportunities for and experiences with learning professional teacher noticing of student thinking about science content throughout the first semester of this residency program. Analysis of data included the use of a combination of a priori codes about the degree of teacher noticing of student thinking about science (Barnhart & van Es, 2015) and emergent codes of contextual events relating to opportunities for preservice science teachers to notice student thinking during field experiences. Case studies were developed, and a cross-case analysis performed to identify themes and trends in the learning experiences and development of the participants around noticing practices. Broadly, I found that the most access residents have to noticing is in their field experiences, and that their opportunities to learn to notice may be primarily mediated by their mentors’ abilities to “unpack” their own practice, communicate effectively with the resident, and help residents hone in on the content goals of lessons. This study provides a unique examination of preservice science teacher learning opportunities at the interface of education coursework and field experiences. Assertions developed from this multiple case study analysis provide insight into which experiences have the most impact on the development of preservice teachers’ attention to student thinking. / Math & Science Education

The past two decades of research on how students develop their science understandings as they make sense of phenomena that occur in the natural world has culminated in a movement to redefine science educational standards. The so-called Next Generation Science Standards (or NGSS) codify this new definition into a set of distinct performance expectations, which outline how students might reveal to what extent they have sufficient understanding of disciplinary core ideas (DCIs), science practices (SEPs), and crosscutting concepts (CCCs). The latter of these three dimensions is unique both in being the most recent to the field and in being the least supported by prior science education research. More crucially, as a policy document, the NGSS alone does not provide the supports teachers need to bring reforms to their classrooms, particularly not summative assessments. This dissertation addresses both of these gaps using a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques. First, I analyze differential categorization of problems that require respondents to engage with their CCC understandings via confirmatory factor analysis inference. Second, I use a set of Rasch models to measure preliminary learning progressions for CCCs evident in student activity within a computer-assisted assessment experience. Third, I analyze student artifacts, think-aloud interviews, and post-task reflective interviews via activity theory to adapt the progression into a task model in which students explain and predict aspects of Earth systems. The culmination of these three endeavors not only sets forth a methodology for researching CCCs in a way that is more integrative to the other dimensions of the NGSS, but also provides a framework for developing assessments that are aligned to the goals of these new standards.

O objetivo de investigaÃÃo à interpretar as compreensÃes teÃricas e prÃticas de licenciandos de CiÃncias BiolÃgicas e FÃsica, sobre os conhecimentos cientÃficos, pedagÃgicos e tecnolÃgicos digitais, bem como as integraÃÃes que estabelecem entre eles, segundo uma abordagem metodolÃgica transdisciplinar. Para tanto, efetivou-se uma pesquisa de campo, por meio da realizaÃÃo de aulas presenciais e a distÃncia, durante o semestre 2011.2. A pesquisa, de carÃter qualitativo, baseou-se no Estudo de Caso. Possui um pÃblico alvo de sete licenciandos em CiÃncias BiolÃgicas e FÃsica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, cursando a disciplina InformÃtica Aplicada ao Ensino de CiÃncias, ofertada pelo Departamento de ComputaÃÃo. A pesquisa se subdivide em trÃs fases: planejamento, coleta e anÃlise de dados. Na primeira, adaptou-se a ementa da disciplina para a inserÃÃo de uma proposta metodolÃgica transdisciplinar. Na segunda, investigou-se a compreensÃo dos licenciandos sobre a integraÃÃo dos conhecimentos cientÃficos, pedagÃgicos e tecnolÃgicos digitais. As produÃÃes escritas dos sujeitos foram coletadas em cinco etapas: conhecimentos prÃvios; compreensÃo sobre o uso das TDIC no contexto do ensino e da aprendizagem de CiÃncias; compreensÃo sobre o ensino e a aprendizagem de CiÃncias; relaÃÃes estabelecidas entre os saberes a partir da construÃÃo de mapas conceituais; aplicaÃÃo dos conhecimentos adquiridos em planejamento de aula. Na terceira, os dados foram analisados com o uso das tÃcnicas da AnÃlise Textual Discursiva e da AnÃlise de Dados Multidimensionais utilizando-se o software de mapeamento de dados multidimensionais CHIC. Os instrumentos de coleta pautaram-se no uso de tecnologias digitais: questionÃrios disponibilizados no Google Docs, fÃruns de discussÃo do Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem TelEduc, desenvolvimento de mapas conceituais no software CmapTools e planos de aula compartilhados e armazenados em PortfÃlios do TelEduc. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que os licenciandos enfatizam os aspectos vinculados ao ensino mais do que aqueles relacionados à aprendizagem, fazendo ou nÃo uso das TDIC em propostas de prÃticas docentes. Os licenciandos estabeleceram integraÃÃes conceituais entre os conhecimentos cientÃficos, pedagÃgicos e tecnolÃgicos digitais. Mostraram reconhecer dificuldades de formaÃÃo acadÃmica. Manifestaram a necessidade de uma formaÃÃo que contemple as TDIC no contexto do ensino e da aprendizagem de CiÃncias. Como consequÃncia, foram apresentadas recomendaÃÃes de trabalho docente e mudanÃa curricular que possibilitem a integraÃÃo dos diferentes saberes necessÃrios à docÃncia. / The objective of this research is interpret the theoretical understandings and practices of undergraduates in Biological and Physical Sciences, concerning scientific, pedagogical and digital technological knowledge, as well as the integrations established among these, from a transdisciplinary methodological approach. A field research was carried out by conducting face to face and distance learning classes, during the semester 2011.2.The research, which has a qualitative approach, was based on Case Study. The target audience consists of seven pre-service teachers, undergraduates in Biological and Physical Sciences from the Federal University of CearÃ, offered by the Department of Computer Science. The research is divided into three phases: planning, data collection and analysis. In the first phase, we adapted the course syllabus to insert a transdisciplinary methodological approach. In the second one, it was investigated the pre-service teachersâ understanding of integrations among scientific, educational and digital technology knowledge. The written productions of the subjects were collected in five stages: prior knowledge; understanding of the use of TDIC in the context of Science teaching and learning; understanding of Science teaching and learning; relations established among the knowledge areas from the construction of concept maps; application of constructed knowledge in lesson planning. In the third phase, the collected data were analyzed through the techniques of the Textual Discourse Analysis and Multidimensional Data Analysis approach, using the software for multidimensional data mapping CHIC. The data collection tools made use of digital technologies: surveys were available on Google Docs, discussion boards were available on the Virtual Learning Environment TelEduc, concept maps were developed using the CMap Tools software and lesson plans were shared by the pre-service teachers and stored in the Portfolios area in TelEduc. The results revealed that pre-service teachers emphasized aspects related to teaching more than those related to learning, making use of TDIC or not in proposed teaching practices. The pre-service teachers established conceptual integrations among the scientific educational and digital technology knowledge. They revealed that they recognize the difficulties of academic education. They expressed the need for teaching education that incorporates the TDIC in the context of Science teaching and learning. As a consequence, proposals for teaching work and curriculum change that allow the integration of different types of knowledge needed for teaching were presented.