Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 shimizu_rd_me_botib.pdf: 312157 bytes, checksum: cf4b17bb7f3cebdbe8bdbd2ded38f81c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a relação entre o desempenho do salto, a morfologia e o habitat ocupado por Scinax hiemalis e S. similis (Amphibia. Anura) da região de Botucatu. Os exemplares testados foram coligidos no Recanto Ecológico Sacae-Watanabe e na Fazenda Experimental Lageado. Os testes foram realizados no laboratório e no campo, sempre após as 18:00h. Os exemplares foram testados na sala do Departamento de Zoologia, em uma pista retangular construída com base nos trabalhos de Zug (1972 e 1978). A pista é constituída de uma superfície de 1,0m de largura por 2,75m de comprimento, delimitada por duas paredes de 1,0m de altura, com a extremidade final fechada. O chão da pista foi coberto com papel de embrulho para marcação da distância do salto de cada indivíduo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que não há relação significativa entre as medidas dos membros posteriores e a distância do salto. Verificou-se também que não há relação entre o comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) e a distância do salto. Houve diferença no comportamento apresentado pelos animais das duas espécies, com S. similis demonstrando ser mais ativa e saltando quando se sentia ameaçada, enquanto S. hiemalis saltava quando tocada pela língua do predador. No campo os exemplares de S. hiemalis saltaram pouco e os saltos foram geralmente curtos, provavelmente devido ao ambiente que habitam (mata) e ao padrão de coloração críptica apresentado por esses anuros. No laboratório os saltos foram mais longos, provavelmente por não existirem galhos ou folhas próximas onde o animal pudesse se refugiar. O desempenho no salto (distância máxima/CRC) foi maior no laboratório, onde as distâncias dos saltos foram maiores / The present work had as objective to study the relation between jump performance, morphology and the habitat of Scinax hiemalis and S. similis (Amphibia. Anura) in Botucatu area. Tested examples were collected at Recanto Ecológico Sacae-Watanabe and Fazenda Experimental Lageado. The tests were performed in the laboratory and in the field, always after 6:00 pm. The animals had been tested in the Department of Zoology, in a rectangular track constructed on the basis of the works of Zug (1972 and 1978). The track is constituted of a surface of 1,0m of width by 2,75m of length, delimited for two walls of 1,0m of height, with the closed final extremity. The surface of the track was covered with paper of bundle for marking the distance of the jump of each individual. The results obtained show that there is no significant relevance between the hindlimb lenght and jump distance. There was also verified that there is no relation between the snout-vent length (SVL) and the jumped distance. There was difference in the presented behavior of the animals of both species. S. similis had demonstrated to be more active by jumping when it feels threatened, meanwhile S. hiemalis jumped when it was touched by the predator’s tongue. In the field animals do not jump that much and their jumps are short, probably because the environment where they live (forest) and the cryptic colour pattern of these anura. In laboratory the jumps were longer, because there were no twigs or leaves nearby where the animal could find shelter. The jumping performance (maximum distance/ SVL) was bigger in the laboratory, where the jumped distances were bigger

O canto de anúncio dos anuros apresenta importância fundamental como mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo. Em decorrência disto, estes cantos têm se mostrado altamente valiosos para a determinação da identidade das espécies, para assegurar uma diagnose confiável, e adicionalmente, têm contribuído para revelar espécies crípticas nos mais variados complexos de espécies. Apesar de alguns estudos na literatura terem investigado o padrão de evolução do canto com uma abordagem comparada incorporando a estrutura filogenética do grupo estudado, apenas na última década têm emergido os primeiros estudos utilizando uma abordagem filogenética para a investigação da evolução do canto em anuros. Pererecas do gênero Scinax Wagler, 1830 são um dos mais abundantes e conspícuos grupos de anuros dos Neotrópicos, sendo reconhecido atualmente como o segundo gênero mais especioso dentre os hilídeos (Hylidae), i.e. 111 spp. descritas. O monofiletismo, a ampla distribuição geográfica, riqueza de espécies, heterogeneidade de ambientes ocupados e a variação morfológica e acústica das espécies de Scinax faz deste um clado interessante para o estudo da evolução da comunicação acústica. No presente estudo os principais objetivos foram contribuir com a taxonomia e zoogeografia do gênero Scinax através da descrição detalhada dos caracteres do canto de anúncio de espécies dos clados S. ruber e S. catharinae, melhorando assim a caracterização biológica (diagnose) destas espécies, e identificar e caracterizar a variação acústica intra-específica para parte das espécies estudadas. Como consequência desta primeira etapa do trabalho, era esperada a produção de uma base de dados acústicos de alta qualidade, de maneira padronizada e detalhada para seu uso subsequente em estudos comparados utilizando uma abordagem comparada filogenética (i.e. segunda etapa do trabalho). Espécies/populações de Scinax foram acusticamente amostradas em 60 localidades (dados inéditos), concentrando-se principalmente nas regiões sudeste, central e sul do Brasil, dentro dos biomas Mata Atlântica e Cerrado. No total, foram analisados cerca de 3.500 cantos de anúncio, pertencentes a 387 indivíduos - 332 indivíduos do clado Scinax ruber e 55 indivíduos do clado S. catharinae (grupo S. catharinae), a maior parte consistindo de dados inéditos (aprox. 75% dos dados). A análise destes dados permitiu a caracterização acústica detalhada de 40 espécies nominais do clado Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. clado S. ruber; 8 spp. clado S. catharinae) - o que corresponde a 36% das espécies atualmente conhecidas do gênero. Diferenças inter-específicas reportadas nas características do canto de anúncio destas espécies forneceram suporte robusto para a diagnose acústica de quase todas as espécies estudadas. Adicionalmente, esta amostragem acústica intensiva para o gênero revelou elevados níveis de diversidade críptica em Scinax, i.e. 33 espécies não descritas. A maior parte dessa diversidade críptica encontrada está oculta sob os nomes S. squalirostris (7 espécies crípticas) e S. fuscomarginatus (4 espécies crípticas). Desta forma, a análise acurada e detalhada dos dados acústicos do canto de anúncio revelaram um profundo impacto sobre a taxonomia do grupo. A base de dados interespecíficos de alta qualidade produzidos e a disponibilidade de hipóteses filogenéticas para Scinax na literatura permitiram a investigação da evolução dos sinais acústicos no grupo, e.g. reconhecer e diferenciar a magnitude de fatores filogenéticos sobre a diversificação inter-específica do canto de anúncio, avaliar se caracteres acústicos associados a morfologia ou comportamento-fisiologia apresentam diferentes níveis de sinal filogenético e investigar o padrão evolutivo dos caracteres acústicos (canto de anúncio) e do CRC em Scinax através do procedimentos de otimização/mapeamento. Estas análises conduzidas revelaram altos níveis de sinal filogenético para a maioria dos caracteres do canto de anúncio investigados (i.e. 16 de 21 caracteres, com ? não diferindo de 1 nesses caracteres), sobre uma topologia de 31 spp. do gênero. A intensidade elevada de sinal filogenético encontrado foi similar aos níveis observados em caracteres morfológicos na literatura, não confirmando a hipótese de que caracteres comportamentais seriam mais lábeis em relação a caracteres morfológicos. As análises de mapeamento de caráter evidenciaram dois padrões principais de canto de anúncio em Scinax, cada padrão associado a um dos grandes clados do grupo, além fornecerem evidência robusta para o suporte de sinapomorfias acústicas para cada clado. / The advertisement call of frogs presents fundamental importance as a primary mechanism of reproductive isolation. As a result, these calls have proven to be highly valuable in determining the species identity, to ensure reliable diagnosis, and additionally, the advertisement calls has helped to reveal cryptic species in various species groups. Although some studies in the literature have investigated the pattern of evolution of the calls with a comparative approach incorporating information about the group phylogeny under study, only in the last decade studies using a phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolution of anurans calls have emerged. Treefrogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830 is one of the most abundant and conspicuous groups of frogs in the Neotropics, actually being recognized as the second most specious genus among the hylids (Hylidae), i.e .111 spp described. The monophyletism, wide geographic distribution, richness of species, heterogeneity of environments occupied and the morphological and acoustic variation makes Scinax an interesting group to the investigation of the evolution of acoustic communication. The main aims of the present study were to contribute to the taxonomy and zoogeography knowledge of the genus Scinax through a detailed description of the characters of the advertisement calls of the species from the clades S. ruber and S. catharinae. Thus, it was possible make better the biological characterization (diagnosis) of these species and allowed to identify and characterize the intra-specific acoustic variation to part of the genus. As a consequence, the first part of this study permitted to produce a high-quality acoustic database, in a detailed and standardized manner to being used in a subsequent comparative phylogenetic approach (second part of the study). Species/populations of Scinax were acoustically sampled at 60 locatilies (original data), mainly concentrated in the southeastern, central, and southern of Brazil, in Atlantic Rain forest and Cerrado biomes. In total, about 3,500 advertisement calls were analyzed from 387 individuals (332 of Scinax ruber clade; and 55 of S. catharinae clade) - the most part consisting of new data (ca. 75%). Data analysis allowed the detailed acoustic characterization of 40 nominal species of the clade Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. of S. ruber clade; 8 spp. of S. catharinae clade), what correponds to 36% of currently known diversity of the genus. Inter-specific differences in the reported characteristics of the advertisement calls provided robust support to acoustic diagnosis for almost all species. Additionally, this intensive acoustic sampling to the genus revealed high levels of cryptic diversity in Scinax, i.e. 33 undescribed species. Most part of these cryptic diversity were under the nominal species S. squalirostris (7 cryptic species) and S. fuscomarginatus (4 cryptic species). Thus, accurate and detailed analysis of acoustic data of the advertisement call revealed a profound impact on the group taxonomy. The interspecific high-quality database here generated, and the availability of phylogenetic hypotheses for Scinax in the literature allowed the investigation of the evolution of acoustic signals in the genus, e.g. to recognize and differentiate the magnitude of phylogenetic factors on the inter-specific diversification of advertisement calls; to assess if acoustic characters related to morphology or behavior-physiology present different levels of phylogenetic signal; and to investigate the pattern of evolution of acoustic characters (advertisement call) and SVL in Scinax through optimization/mapping procedures. These analyses revealed high levels of phylogenetic signal for most of the characters of the advertisement call investigated (i.e. 16 of 21 characters with ?=1), based on a topology of 31 terminals species. The high intensity of phylogenetic signal found was similar to the levels observed for morphological characters in the literature, what is in disagree with the hypothesis that behavioral characters would be more labile than morphological characters. The character mapping analysis revealed two main patterns in Scinax, each one associated with one of the main clades of the genus, besides provide strong evidence to support acoustic synapomorphies for each clade.

O canto de anúncio dos anuros apresenta importância fundamental como mecanismo primário de isolamento reprodutivo. Em decorrência disto, estes cantos têm se mostrado altamente valiosos para a determinação da identidade das espécies, para assegurar uma diagnose confiável, e adicionalmente, têm contribuído para revelar espécies crípticas nos mais variados complexos de espécies. Apesar de alguns estudos na literatura terem investigado o padrão de evolução do canto com uma abordagem comparada incorporando a estrutura filogenética do grupo estudado, apenas na última década têm emergido os primeiros estudos utilizando uma abordagem filogenética para a investigação da evolução do canto em anuros. Pererecas do gênero Scinax Wagler, 1830 são um dos mais abundantes e conspícuos grupos de anuros dos Neotrópicos, sendo reconhecido atualmente como o segundo gênero mais especioso dentre os hilídeos (Hylidae), i.e. 111 spp. descritas. O monofiletismo, a ampla distribuição geográfica, riqueza de espécies, heterogeneidade de ambientes ocupados e a variação morfológica e acústica das espécies de Scinax faz deste um clado interessante para o estudo da evolução da comunicação acústica. No presente estudo os principais objetivos foram contribuir com a taxonomia e zoogeografia do gênero Scinax através da descrição detalhada dos caracteres do canto de anúncio de espécies dos clados S. ruber e S. catharinae, melhorando assim a caracterização biológica (diagnose) destas espécies, e identificar e caracterizar a variação acústica intra-específica para parte das espécies estudadas. Como consequência desta primeira etapa do trabalho, era esperada a produção de uma base de dados acústicos de alta qualidade, de maneira padronizada e detalhada para seu uso subsequente em estudos comparados utilizando uma abordagem comparada filogenética (i.e. segunda etapa do trabalho). Espécies/populações de Scinax foram acusticamente amostradas em 60 localidades (dados inéditos), concentrando-se principalmente nas regiões sudeste, central e sul do Brasil, dentro dos biomas Mata Atlântica e Cerrado. No total, foram analisados cerca de 3.500 cantos de anúncio, pertencentes a 387 indivíduos - 332 indivíduos do clado Scinax ruber e 55 indivíduos do clado S. catharinae (grupo S. catharinae), a maior parte consistindo de dados inéditos (aprox. 75% dos dados). A análise destes dados permitiu a caracterização acústica detalhada de 40 espécies nominais do clado Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. clado S. ruber; 8 spp. clado S. catharinae) - o que corresponde a 36% das espécies atualmente conhecidas do gênero. Diferenças inter-específicas reportadas nas características do canto de anúncio destas espécies forneceram suporte robusto para a diagnose acústica de quase todas as espécies estudadas. Adicionalmente, esta amostragem acústica intensiva para o gênero revelou elevados níveis de diversidade críptica em Scinax, i.e. 33 espécies não descritas. A maior parte dessa diversidade críptica encontrada está oculta sob os nomes S. squalirostris (7 espécies crípticas) e S. fuscomarginatus (4 espécies crípticas). Desta forma, a análise acurada e detalhada dos dados acústicos do canto de anúncio revelaram um profundo impacto sobre a taxonomia do grupo. A base de dados interespecíficos de alta qualidade produzidos e a disponibilidade de hipóteses filogenéticas para Scinax na literatura permitiram a investigação da evolução dos sinais acústicos no grupo, e.g. reconhecer e diferenciar a magnitude de fatores filogenéticos sobre a diversificação inter-específica do canto de anúncio, avaliar se caracteres acústicos associados a morfologia ou comportamento-fisiologia apresentam diferentes níveis de sinal filogenético e investigar o padrão evolutivo dos caracteres acústicos (canto de anúncio) e do CRC em Scinax através do procedimentos de otimização/mapeamento. Estas análises conduzidas revelaram altos níveis de sinal filogenético para a maioria dos caracteres do canto de anúncio investigados (i.e. 16 de 21 caracteres, com ? não diferindo de 1 nesses caracteres), sobre uma topologia de 31 spp. do gênero. A intensidade elevada de sinal filogenético encontrado foi similar aos níveis observados em caracteres morfológicos na literatura, não confirmando a hipótese de que caracteres comportamentais seriam mais lábeis em relação a caracteres morfológicos. As análises de mapeamento de caráter evidenciaram dois padrões principais de canto de anúncio em Scinax, cada padrão associado a um dos grandes clados do grupo, além fornecerem evidência robusta para o suporte de sinapomorfias acústicas para cada clado. / The advertisement call of frogs presents fundamental importance as a primary mechanism of reproductive isolation. As a result, these calls have proven to be highly valuable in determining the species identity, to ensure reliable diagnosis, and additionally, the advertisement calls has helped to reveal cryptic species in various species groups. Although some studies in the literature have investigated the pattern of evolution of the calls with a comparative approach incorporating information about the group phylogeny under study, only in the last decade studies using a phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolution of anurans calls have emerged. Treefrogs of the genus Scinax Wagler, 1830 is one of the most abundant and conspicuous groups of frogs in the Neotropics, actually being recognized as the second most specious genus among the hylids (Hylidae), i.e .111 spp described. The monophyletism, wide geographic distribution, richness of species, heterogeneity of environments occupied and the morphological and acoustic variation makes Scinax an interesting group to the investigation of the evolution of acoustic communication. The main aims of the present study were to contribute to the taxonomy and zoogeography knowledge of the genus Scinax through a detailed description of the characters of the advertisement calls of the species from the clades S. ruber and S. catharinae. Thus, it was possible make better the biological characterization (diagnosis) of these species and allowed to identify and characterize the intra-specific acoustic variation to part of the genus. As a consequence, the first part of this study permitted to produce a high-quality acoustic database, in a detailed and standardized manner to being used in a subsequent comparative phylogenetic approach (second part of the study). Species/populations of Scinax were acoustically sampled at 60 locatilies (original data), mainly concentrated in the southeastern, central, and southern of Brazil, in Atlantic Rain forest and Cerrado biomes. In total, about 3,500 advertisement calls were analyzed from 387 individuals (332 of Scinax ruber clade; and 55 of S. catharinae clade) - the most part consisting of new data (ca. 75%). Data analysis allowed the detailed acoustic characterization of 40 nominal species of the clade Scinax (i.e. 32 spp. of S. ruber clade; 8 spp. of S. catharinae clade), what correponds to 36% of currently known diversity of the genus. Inter-specific differences in the reported characteristics of the advertisement calls provided robust support to acoustic diagnosis for almost all species. Additionally, this intensive acoustic sampling to the genus revealed high levels of cryptic diversity in Scinax, i.e. 33 undescribed species. Most part of these cryptic diversity were under the nominal species S. squalirostris (7 cryptic species) and S. fuscomarginatus (4 cryptic species). Thus, accurate and detailed analysis of acoustic data of the advertisement call revealed a profound impact on the group taxonomy. The interspecific high-quality database here generated, and the availability of phylogenetic hypotheses for Scinax in the literature allowed the investigation of the evolution of acoustic signals in the genus, e.g. to recognize and differentiate the magnitude of phylogenetic factors on the inter-specific diversification of advertisement calls; to assess if acoustic characters related to morphology or behavior-physiology present different levels of phylogenetic signal; and to investigate the pattern of evolution of acoustic characters (advertisement call) and SVL in Scinax through optimization/mapping procedures. These analyses revealed high levels of phylogenetic signal for most of the characters of the advertisement call investigated (i.e. 16 of 21 characters with ?=1), based on a topology of 31 terminals species. The high intensity of phylogenetic signal found was similar to the levels observed for morphological characters in the literature, what is in disagree with the hypothesis that behavioral characters would be more labile than morphological characters. The character mapping analysis revealed two main patterns in Scinax, each one associated with one of the main clades of the genus, besides provide strong evidence to support acoustic synapomorphies for each clade.

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-12T19:22:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 840363.pdf: 19279779 bytes, checksum: 1528ca931a469ff0a089ab058f4d8d2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T19:22:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 840363.pdf: 19279779 bytes, checksum: 1528ca931a469ff0a089ab058f4d8d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-12 / FAPERJ / FUJB / CAPES / O estudo taxonômico das populações do complexo de espécies de Scinax duartei foi realizado, utilizando como caracteres de análise a morfologia e morfometria de adultos e larvas, assim como parâmetros de vocalização. O complexo passa a ser constituído por quatro espécies: S. duartei (B. Lutz, 1951 ), S. caldarum (B. Lutz, 1968), Scinax sp. nov. "Cipó" e Scinax sp. nov. "Goiás", onde as duas primeiras são redescritas e as duas últimas espécies: são descritas como novas. As diferenças mais evidentes entre os adultos encontram-se nas vocalizações de anúncios, no comprimento rostro anal, nos formatos do focinho, da região loreal e do canto rostral. Para as espécies as quais larvas foram descritas, as diferenças apareceram principalmente no tamanho, textura da pele, nos formatos do focinho e da linha lateral. O registro de distribuição de S. duartei além do Alto Itatiaia, MG (localidade-tipo) e Campos do Jordão, SP, se amplia para Aiuruoca, MG. O registro de distribuição de Scinax caldarum (localidade-tipo Poços de Caldas) é ampliado para Monte Verde e Munhoz, MG e, Serra da Bocaina e Ribeirão Branco, SP. Scinax sp. nov. "Cipó" tem distribuição registrada para a Serra do Cipó (localidade-tipo) e Serra do Caraça, MG. O complexo tem ampla distribuição no sudeste brasileiro, sendo Scinax sp. nov. "Goiás" a única espécie do complexo com registro para a região central do Brasil, na Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO. Comentários taxonômicos sobre o complexo são adicionados e comparados aos dados de literatura. / A taxonomic population study of the Scinax duartei species complex was undertaken using morphological and morphometrical characters analyses from adults, tadpoles, as well as vocalization parameters. I recognize the complex to be formed by four species: S. duartei (B. Lutz, 1951 ), S. caldarum (B. Lutz, 1968), Scinax sp. nov. "Cipó" and Scinax sp. nov. "Goiás", herein the two former taxa are redescribed while the two latter are described as new. The most evident differences among adults appear in advertisement calls, snout-vent 1ength, shape of the snout, loreal region, and canthus rostralis. For the species of which the tadpoles were described, the differences appear mainly in the total length, skin texture, shape of the snout and lateral line. The distribution of S. duartei expands from Alto Itatiaia, MG (type-locality) and Campos do Jordão, SP, to Aiuruoca, MG. The distribution record of Scinax caldarum (type-locality Poços de Caldas) is enlarged to include Monte Verde and Munhoz, MG, Serra da Bocaina and, Ribeirão Branco, SP. Scinax sp. nov. "Cipó" is recorded from Serra do Cipó (type-locality) to Serra do Caraça, MG. The complex has a large distribution in Southeastern Brazil, being Scinax sp. nov. "Goiás" the only species of the complex know to Central Brazil, in the Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO. Taxonomics notes about the complex are added and compared with literature data.

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-12T15:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 840569.pdf: 4998582 bytes, checksum: 4e3a03db8f038d32b20e091659ad3c0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T15:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 840569.pdf: 4998582 bytes, checksum: 4e3a03db8f038d32b20e091659ad3c0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-26 / Estudo da biologia reprodutiva de Scinax albicans, incluindo aspectos do hábito de vida, territorialidade, recrutamento, sobrevivência, parâmetros demográficos, organização social dos machos e os fatores ambientais que afetaram a atividade reprodutiva e de vocalização, foi realizado em um trecho de um afluente do rio Paquequer, no município de Teresópolis no estado do Rio de Janeiro de setembro de 2001 a setembro de 2002. As excursões foram realizadas em média duas vezes por mês, totalizando 26 excursões e 72 dias de permanência no campo. O sistema reprodutivo de Scinax albicans é do tipo prolongado. Com exceção de setembro de 2002 houve atividade reprodutiva, evidenciada pela formação de coro e/ou ocorrência de desovas, em todos os meses do ano, sendo fortemente influenciada por fatores ambientais como chuva, correnteza do riacho e altas temperaturas. O número médio de noites em que os machos permaneceram no coro foi de 5,4 noites, representando 7,5 % do total de noites amostradas. O número de fêmeas não foi significativamente correlacionado com o número de machos e a razão sexual operacional (RSO) foi negativamente correlacionada com o número de machos no coro. O número de ovos foi positivamente correlacionado com o tamanho das fêmeas. O tamanho populacional médio da agregação foi de 23,3 machos. A mortalidade foi baixa e o recrutamento foi muito variável ao longo do ano, sem nenhum padrão sazonal claro. A variação do tamanho populacional foi melhor explicada pela mortalidade do que pelo recrutamento. A mortalidade observada na agregação não parece estar relacionada diretamente à disponibilidade de recursos para a população como um todo, e pode refletir a alta vulnerabilidade dos machos a predação, quando se agregam para a reprodução. / Study of the reproductive biology of Scinax albicans, including aspects of life habits, territoriality, recruiting, survivorship, demographic parameters, male social organization, and environmental factors that affect the reproductive activity and vocalization, was performed in a section of a tributary to the Paquequer river, in the Municipality of Teresópolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, from September 2001 to September 2002. Fieldwork was done twice a month, totalizing 26 excursions and 72 days of field. Scinax albicans reproductive system is of the prolongued type. Reproductive activity occurred through the whole year, except for September 2002, as shown by the presence of the chorus or cluthes. The activity reproductive was strongly influenced by enviromentals factors such as rainfall, stream velocity and high temperatures. The avarege number of night in wich males remained in the chorus was 5.4 nights, representing 7.5% of the total number of nights sampled. The number of females was not significanthy correlated with the number of males and the operational sexual ratio (OSR) was negatively correlated with the number of males in the chorus. The number of eggs was positvely correlated with the size of the females. The average population size ofthe aggregation was 23.3 males. The mortality was low and recruiting was very variable through the year, with no clear sazonal pattern. The population size variation was better explained by mortality than recruiting. The observed mortality in the aggregation does not appear to be directly related to the resource availability of the population as whole and may reflect a high vulnerability of the males to predation, when they aggregate to reproduction.

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-18T20:25:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 542884.pdf: 7863821 bytes, checksum: 5d78f32d61ba973782961143e07054f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T20:25:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 542884.pdf: 7863821 bytes, checksum: 5d78f32d61ba973782961143e07054f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-04 / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo da biologia reprodutiva de Scinax longilineus no Parque das Mangabeiras (19º 55' 57" S e 43º 56' 32" N), área de reserva florestal localizada no município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Foram selecionados quatro pontos de amostragem na área do parque, sendo a coleta regular de dados realizada entre agosto de 1996 e agosto de 1997, com observações adicionais de junho a agosto de 1999 e fevereiro a outubro de 2000. Alguns fatores abióticos ( chuva, temperatura e luminosidade) interferiram na atividade reprodutiva da espécie, principalmente a precipitação. As fêmeas são maiores e mais pesadas que os machos. Os indivíduos de S. longilineus ocorrem em áreas de borda e interior de mata, mas preferencialmente nas margens de riachos no interior de mata. Um total de 322 indivíduos foram marcados, sendo 147 sub-adultos, 96 fêmeas, 67 machos e 12 imagos. Foram realizadas 69 recapturas e houve recrutamento constante durante todo o ano... / The objective of the present study was to describe the reproductive biology of the treefrog Scinax longilineus in Parque das Mangabeiras (19º 55' 57" S and 43º 56' 32" N), a reserve forest area in municipality of Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais. Four sample areas were selected in the park. Field observations were realized in the period between August 1996-August 1997. Additional observations were made at the intervals of June-August 1999 -and February- October 2000. The reproductive activity of S. longilineus was influenced by some abiotic factors (rainfall, temperature, and luminosity). Females were larger and heavier than males. The individuals occurs preferentially near the streams in a forested or near forested areas. Three hundred and twenty two individuals were marked during the study. Sixty nines recaptures were realized and a constant recruitment was observed...

Orientador: Denise de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres / Resumo: As interações entre espécies influenciam a estrutura de comunidades, a dinâmica das populações, a morfologia, a fisiologia e o comportamento das espécies. A mortalidade é um efeito direto promovido pelo predador, mas também há outros efeitos indiretos decorrentes da presença do predador, como alterações no comportamento da presa. Nos ambientes aquáticos a presa pode detectar o risco de predação por meio de sinais visuais, mecânicos e químicos. Ao detectar o predador, a presa pode usar estratégias, como formação de cardume, mudança no padrão de uso de habitat e diminuição da atividade natatória para reduzir a predação. Apesar de diminuir a taxa de predação, as estratégias antipredatórias tem custos para as presas e configuram um trade-off. Os comportamentos que aumentam a chance de escapar do predador prejudicam a atividade e o forrageamento dos girinos, diminuindo seu crescimento e suas chances de sobrevivência. Os aspectos morfológicos e fisiológicos são importantes na ocupação da coluna d’água por girinos, mas, será que a predação também é uma pressão que determina o modo como os girinos ocupam a coluna d’água? Entender como a predação influencia o comportamento dos girinos pode elucidar aspectos da dinâmica populacional e estruturação de comunidades, bem como dos mecanismos que regulam o padrão evolutivo dos anuros. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação, apresentada na forma de manuscrito, apresenta um estudo no qual foi testado experimentalmente como um predador aquático (náia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Interactions between species influence community structure, population dynamics, morphology, physiology and species’ behavior. Mortality is a direct effect caused by the interaction with a predator, but even the simple presence of predators can lead to other indirect effects such as alterations on prey’s behavior. In aquatic environments, prey may detect predation risk by visual, mechanical, and chemical cues. When detecting a predator, the prey can use strategies to escape predation such as shoal formation, changes on habitat use pattern, and reduction on swimming activity. Despite decreasing predation rates, the antipredatory strategies have costs for the prey and set up a trade-off. For example, the same behavior that raises the prey’s chance to escape from a predator, decreases its foraging activity, leading thus to a reduction in the prey’s growth and survivorship. Among tadpoles, morphological and physiological aspects are important to determine water column occupation. But could predation also be an important pressure that determines the way tadpoles occupy the water column? Understanding how predation influences tadpoles’ behavior may elucidate populational dynamics and community structuring aspects, as well as the mechanisms that regulate anuran evolutionary patterns. In this sense, this dissertation presents a study, in a manuscript form, that tested experimentally the influence of an aquatic predator (Odonata water nymph; Micrathyria sp.) on the use of space, activ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A taxonomia produz uma importante contribuição para o conhecimento da biodiversidade. A taxonomia tradicional apresenta limitações quando a morfologia se mostra incapaz de revelar a diversidade dentro de grupos, necessitando a integração de diferentes tipos de dados. Espécies representam categoria básica de classificação biológica, existindo vários conceitos propostos. Um conceito unificado propõe que uma espécie representa um segmento de linhagem de uma metapopulação evolutivamente independente. Anuros apresentam ampla distribuição e são particularmente diversificados no Neotrópico. Sinais acústicos em anuros são amplamente estudados, sendo o mais abordado o canto de anúncio, por ser espécie-específico e ser útil no delineamento táxonômico entre populações/espécies. Oloylgon Fitzinger representa um grupo especioso de hilídeos e foi recentemente ressuscitado com base em análises moleculares para compor as espécies do antigo clado de Scinax catharinae. No presente estudo pretendemos contribuir com o conhecimento da diversidade de Ololygon, caracterizando morfologicamente e acusticamente populações e espécies, em particular: i) determinar a posição taxonômica de populações relacionadas à Ololygon centralis, provenientes do município de Araguari (Minas Gerais) e Cumari (Goiás); ii) re-caracterizar morfologia e cantos de três espécies (O. hiemalis, O. ranki e O. canastrensis) com o propósito de fornecer maiores detalhes sobre suas vocalizações e avaliar se o que está descrito na literatura corresponde com a nossa caracterização, e a partir disso, avaliar a diagnose entre O. hiemalis e O. ranki; iii) descrever pela primeira vez o repertório vocal de O. pombali da localidade tipo e reportar variações fenotípicas que não foram observadas antes. Espécimes depositados em museus foram avaliados quanto às suas morfologias e morfometrias. Gravações foram obtidas com gravadores profissionais/digitais e microfones direcionais acoplados, e analisadas no programa Raven Pro 1.5. As populações de Araguari e Cumari representam Ololygon centralis verdadeira, até que uma quantidade maior de evidências diga o contrário. O repertório vocal de Ololygon hiemalis é redescrito no presente estudo e, com isso, foi evidenciado que o canto tipo A (=anúncio) não foi reportado originalmente. Em relação à comparação entre O. hiemalis e O. ranki, foi considerado que elas são fenotipicamente indistinguíveis em termos de morfologia e vocalizações, mas apresentaram diferenças quantitativas em taxas de repetição de pulsos que podem ser atribuíveis a respostas comportamentais e/ou fisiológicas. O repertório vocal de O. canastrensis condiz com aquele descrito na literatura, apesar de haver algumas diferenças atribuíveis a variação intraespecífica. O repertório vocal de O. pombali é descrito pela primeira vez no presente estudo e existe uma variação em relação ao padrão dorsal de cor e manchas dessa espécie que não foi reportado originalmente, do qual não foi um caráter confiável para diagnose dessa espécie em relação aos demais congêneres. / Taxonomy yields an important contribution to the biodiversity knowledge. Traditional taxonomy is limited when morphology solely fails to reveal the real diversity within groups, requiring the integration of different kinds of data. Species represents the most basic category for biological classification, with currently a great array of concepts. A unified concept posits species as a lineage of a metapopulation that is evolutionarily independent. Anurans are widely distributed and are particularly diversified in the Neotropics. Acoustic signals in anurans are widely studied, being the most common one the advertisement call, as it has a species-specific characteristic and hence being useful in taxonomic delimitations between populations/species. Ololygon Fitzinger is a highly diversified hilydae genus and was recently resurrected on the basis of molecular analyses to shelter all species of the former Scinax catharinae clade. In the present study, we aim to contribute to the knowledge of Ololygon\"s diversity, by characterizing morphologically and acoustically species and populations, in particular: i) to determine the taxonomic position of populations closely related to Ololygon centralis, from the municipalities of Araguari (Minas Gerais) and Cumari (Goiás); ii) to re-characterize three species (O. hiemalis, O. ranki, and O. canastrensis) to provide further details on their vocalizations and evaluate if what is actually described in the literature corresponds to our descriptions, and also to evaluate the diagnosis between O. hiemalis and O. ranki; iii) to describe for the first time the vocal repertory of O. pombali from its type-locality and report phenotypic variations that were not previously reported. Specimens in museums were characterized regarding their morphology and morphometry. Recordings were acquired with digital/professional recorders and directional microphones coupled, and were analyzed in the software Raven Pro 1.5. Both populations from Araguari and Cumari represent O. centralis, until more evidences tell otherwise. The vocal repertory of O. hiemalis is redescribed in the present study, and with it, it was shown that the call type A (=advertisement) was not reported in the original description. When comparing O. hiemalis and O. ranki, it was considered that both species are phenotypically indistinguishable, although there are quantitative differences in pulse rate that is attributable to behavioral/physiological responses. The vocal repertory of O. canastrensis agrees with that described in the literature, despite of some differences attributable to intraspecific variation. The vocal repertory of O. pombali is described for the first time in the present study and this species show variation regarding dorsal pattern of color and blotches that was previously unreported, of which was not a reliable character to diagnose this species with respect to its congeners.

The Guiana Shield is a sub-region of Amazonia, one of the richest areas on earth in terms of species number. It is also one of the most pristine areas and is still largely unexplored. Species number, distribution, boundaries and their evolutionary histories remain at least unclear but most of the time largely unknown. This is the case for most Anurans, a group which is recognized as threatened globally and is disappearing even from pristine tropical forests. Given the pace of forest destruction and the growing concerns about climate change it is urgently necessary to obtain a better estimate of regional biodiversity in Amazonian frogs as well as a better understanding of the origin and distribution of Anuran diversity. Furthermore, given their sensitivity to climatic conditions, amphibians are a good model to investigate the influence of paleoclimatic events on Neotropical diversification which was supposedly the driving force on biotic evolution during Pleistocene in the Guiana Shield. I first test species boundaries in two species Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera. These species are widely distributed, abundant and largely recognized as species complexes. I used an original species delineation method based on the combined use of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the polyphyly of Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera. These species consist of multiple lineages that may all merit species status. Conflicting signals of mitochondrial and nuclear markers indicated the possibility of ongoing hybridization processes. Phylogeographic analyses added further information in support of the specific status of these lineages. Our results highlight the utility of combining phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods, as well as the use of both mitochondrial and nuclear markers within one study. This approach helped to better understand the evolutionary history of taxonomically complex groups of species. The assessment of the geographic distribution of genetic diversity in tropical amphibian communities can lead to conclusions that differ strongly from prior analyses based on the occurrence of currently recognized species alone. Such studies, therefore, hold the potential to contribute to a more objective assessment of amphibian conservation priorities in tropical areas. Subsequently, I tested if these first results on cryptic species are generalisable, questioning what would potentially be a minimum estimate of the number of cryptic frog species in Amazonia and the Guiana Shield, using mtDNA with multiple complementary approaches. I also combined isolation by distance, phylogenetic analyses, and comparison of molecular distances to evaluate threshold values for the identification of candidate species among these frogs. In most cases, geographically distant populations belong to genetically highly distinct lineages that could be considered as candidate new species. This was not universal among the taxa studied and thus widespread species of Neotropical frogs really do exist, contra to previous assumptions. Moreover, the many instances of paraphyly and the wide overlap between distributions of inter- and intra-specific distances reinforce the hypothesis that many cryptic species remain to be described. In our data set, pairwise genetic distances below 0.02 are strongly correlated with geographical distances. This correlation remains statistically significant until genetic distance is 0.05, with no such relation thereafter. This suggests that for higher genetic distances allopatric and sympatric cryptic species prevail. Based on our analyses, we propose a more inclusive pairwise genetic distance of 0.03 between taxa to target lineages that could correspond to candidate species. Using this approach, we identify 129 candidate species, two-fold greater than the 60 species included in the current study. This leads to estimates of around 170 to 460 frog taxa unrecognized in Amazonia-Guianas. As a consequence the global amphibian decline detected especially in the Neotropics may be worse than realised. The Rhinella margaritifera complex is characterisized by the presence of many cryptic species throughout its wide distribution, ranging from Panama to Bolivia and almost entire Amazonia. French Guiana has long been thought to harbor two species of this group, though molecular data analysed in previous chapters indicated as many as five lineages. I tested whether morphological measurements are correlated or not with genetic data using discriminant analysis and if diagnostic characteristics among the previously determined lineages can be used to describe these new species. This is a novel integrative method which can lead to a facilitation of the description of cryptic species that have been detected by phylogenetic and/or phylogeographic studies. These analyses, combined with published data of other Rhinella species, indicated that two of these lineages represent previously unnamed species. Two of the remaining are allocable to R. margaritifera while the status of the fifth is still unclear because so far it is morphologically indistinguishable from R. castaneotica. Determining if codistributed species responded to climate change in an independent or concerted manner is a basic objective of comparative phylogeography. Species boundaries, histories, ecologies and their geographical ranges are still to be explored in the Guiana Shield. According to the refugia hypothesis this region was supposed to host a forest refugium during climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene but the causes and timing for this have been criticized. We investigated patterns of genetic structure within 18 frog species in the eastern Guiana Shield to explore species boundaries and their evolutionary history. We used mtDNA and nuclear DNA and complementary methods to compare the genetic diversity spatially and temporally. With one exception all the species studied diversified repeatedly within the eastern Guiana Shield during the last 4 million years. Instead of one Pleistocene forest refugium the Guiana Shield has probably hosted multiple refugia during late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Most of these Pleistocene refugia were probably situated on the coast of French Guiana, Amapà, Suriname and Guyana. This diversification likely resulted from forest fragmentation. Many species deserve taxonomic revisions and their ranges to be reconsidered. The local endemism of the Anuran fauna of the Guiana Shield is likely to be much higher and some areas consequently deserve more conservation efforts. Specifically I questioned whether major intraspecific diversification started before the Pleistocene and occurred within the Guiana Shield or ex situ. According to ecological characteristics of the species involved I will test different diversification hypotheses. The consequences on the diversity and the endemism of the Guiana Shield will be explored. My results demonstrate that we have been grossly underestimating local biological diversity in the Guiana Shield but also in Amazonia in general. The order of magnitude for potential species richness means that the eastern Guiana Shield hosts one of the richest frog fauna on earth. In most of the species studied high levels of mtDNA differentiation between populations call for a reassessment of the taxonomic status of what is being recognised as single species. Most species display deep divergence between eastern Guiana Shield populations and Amazonian ones. This emphasizes that the local endemism in the Guiana Shield of these zones is higher than previously recognized and must be prioritised elements taken into account in conservation planning. Nevertheless, a few other species appear widely distributed showing that widespread species do exist. This underlines the fact that some species have efficient dispersal abilities and that the frog fauna of the eastern Guiana Shield is a mixture of old Guianan endemic lineages that diversified in situ mostly during late Pliocene and Pleistocene and more recently exchanged lineages with the rest of Amazonia. Recognizing this strong historical component is necessary and timely for local conservation as these zones are likely to be irremediably modified in the near future.

The Guiana Shield is a sub-region of Amazonia, one of the richest areas on earth in terms of species number. It is also one of the most pristine areas and is still largely unexplored. Species number, distribution, boundaries and their evolutionary histories remain at least unclear but most of the time largely unknown. This is the case for most Anurans, a group which is recognized as threatened globally and is disappearing even from pristine tropical forests. Given the pace of forest destruction and the growing concerns about climate change it is urgently necessary to obtain a better estimate of regional biodiversity in Amazonian frogs as well as a better understanding of the origin and distribution of Anuran diversity. Furthermore, given their sensitivity to climatic conditions, amphibians are a good model to investigate the influence of paleoclimatic events on Neotropical diversification which was supposedly the driving force on biotic evolution during Pleistocene in the Guiana Shield. I first test species boundaries in two species Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera. These species are widely distributed, abundant and largely recognized as species complexes. I used an original species delineation method based on the combined use of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the polyphyly of Scinax ruber and Rhinella margaritifera. These species consist of multiple lineages that may all merit species status. Conflicting signals of mitochondrial and nuclear markers indicated the possibility of ongoing hybridization processes. Phylogeographic analyses added further information in support of the specific status of these lineages. Our results highlight the utility of combining phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods, as well as the use of both mitochondrial and nuclear markers within one study. This approach helped to better understand the evolutionary history of taxonomically complex groups of species. The assessment of the geographic distribution of genetic diversity in tropical amphibian communities can lead to conclusions that differ strongly from prior analyses based on the occurrence of currently recognized species alone. Such studies, therefore, hold the potential to contribute to a more objective assessment of amphibian conservation priorities in tropical areas. Subsequently, I tested if these first results on cryptic species are generalisable, questioning what would potentially be a minimum estimate of the number of cryptic frog species in Amazonia and the Guiana Shield, using mtDNA with multiple complementary approaches. I also combined isolation by distance, phylogenetic analyses, and comparison of molecular distances to evaluate threshold values for the identification of candidate species among these frogs. In most cases, geographically distant populations belong to genetically highly distinct lineages that could be considered as candidate new species. This was not universal among the taxa studied and thus widespread species of Neotropical frogs really do exist, contra to previous assumptions. Moreover, the many instances of paraphyly and the wide overlap between distributions of inter- and intra-specific distances reinforce the hypothesis that many cryptic species remain to be described. In our data set, pairwise genetic distances below 0.02 are strongly correlated with geographical distances. This correlation remains statistically significant until genetic distance is 0.05, with no such relation thereafter. This suggests that for higher genetic distances allopatric and sympatric cryptic species prevail. Based on our analyses, we propose a more inclusive pairwise genetic distance of 0.03 between taxa to target lineages that could correspond to candidate species. Using this approach, we identify 129 candidate species, two-fold greater than the 60 species included in the current study. This leads to estimates of around 170 to 460 frog taxa unrecognized in Amazonia-Guianas. As a consequence the global amphibian decline detected especially in the Neotropics may be worse than realised. The Rhinella margaritifera complex is characterisized by the presence of many cryptic species throughout its wide distribution, ranging from Panama to Bolivia and almost entire Amazonia. French Guiana has long been thought to harbor two species of this group, though molecular data analysed in previous chapters indicated as many as five lineages. I tested whether morphological measurements are correlated or not with genetic data using discriminant analysis and if diagnostic characteristics among the previously determined lineages can be used to describe these new species. This is a novel integrative method which can lead to a facilitation of the description of cryptic species that have been detected by phylogenetic and/or phylogeographic studies. These analyses, combined with published data of other Rhinella species, indicated that two of these lineages represent previously unnamed species. Two of the remaining are allocable to R. margaritifera while the status of the fifth is still unclear because so far it is morphologically indistinguishable from R. castaneotica. Determining if codistributed species responded to climate change in an independent or concerted manner is a basic objective of comparative phylogeography. Species boundaries, histories, ecologies and their geographical ranges are still to be explored in the Guiana Shield. According to the refugia hypothesis this region was supposed to host a forest refugium during climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene but the causes and timing for this have been criticized. We investigated patterns of genetic structure within 18 frog species in the eastern Guiana Shield to explore species boundaries and their evolutionary history. We used mtDNA and nuclear DNA and complementary methods to compare the genetic diversity spatially and temporally. With one exception all the species studied diversified repeatedly within the eastern Guiana Shield during the last 4 million years. Instead of one Pleistocene forest refugium the Guiana Shield has probably hosted multiple refugia during late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Most of these Pleistocene refugia were probably situated on the coast of French Guiana, Amapà, Suriname and Guyana. This diversification likely resulted from forest fragmentation. Many species deserve taxonomic revisions and their ranges to be reconsidered. The local endemism of the Anuran fauna of the Guiana Shield is likely to be much higher and some areas consequently deserve more conservation efforts. Specifically I questioned whether major intraspecific diversification started before the Pleistocene and occurred within the Guiana Shield or ex situ. According to ecological characteristics of the species involved I will test different diversification hypotheses. The consequences on the diversity and the endemism of the Guiana Shield will be explored. My results demonstrate that we have been grossly underestimating local biological diversity in the Guiana Shield but also in Amazonia in general. The order of magnitude for potential species richness means that the eastern Guiana Shield hosts one of the richest frog fauna on earth. In most of the species studied high levels of mtDNA differentiation between populations call for a reassessment of the taxonomic status of what is being recognised as single species. Most species display deep divergence between eastern Guiana Shield populations and Amazonian ones. This emphasizes that the local endemism in the Guiana Shield of these zones is higher than previously recognized and must be prioritised elements taken into account in conservation planning. Nevertheless, a few other species appear widely distributed showing that widespread species do exist. This underlines the fact that some species have efficient dispersal abilities and that the frog fauna of the eastern Guiana Shield is a mixture of old Guianan endemic lineages that diversified in situ mostly during late Pliocene and Pleistocene and more recently exchanged lineages with the rest of Amazonia. Recognizing this strong historical component is necessary and timely for local conservation as these zones are likely to be irremediably modified in the near future.