Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2167_1.pdf: 1826122 bytes, checksum: 4cff3c9619edbf08bed786053187ac24 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Com a mudança das metodologias tradicionais para as metodologias ágeis de gerenciamento de projetos, houve também a evolução dos profissionais que atuam nessa área. Com isso, metodologias como o Scrum passaram a ganhar espaço e quebrar paradigmas nas grandes organizações, promovendo o aparecimento de novos papéis relacionados à gestão de projetos, tais como os Scrum Masters. Estes profissionais, comparados ao gerente de projeto do futuro, têm a responsabilidade não de impor suas ordens, mas sim facilitar o trabalho de pessoas em um projeto. Entretanto, percebeu-se, com os profissionais entrevistados que há uma diferença entre os fundamentos teóricos e a prática quanto às atividades desempenhadas por estes profissionais e a respeito das ferramentas disponíveis para ajudá-los nas suas atividades diárias. Desta forma o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar as principais dificuldades dos Scrum Masters em relação ao uso de ferramentas para auxiliar suas atividades. Para tanto foi realizado um estudo aprofundado com utilização de questionário aplicado a uma amostra de 13 profissionais a respeito das atividades desempenhadas por eles em um projeto que utiliza Scrum, verificando também quais as ferramentas utilizadas pelos mesmo que os auxiliam na execução de suas atividades. Foi verificado ainda se essas ferramentas atendiam às necessidades destes profissionais enquanto Scrum Masters. A partir dos dados coletados, foi possível, entre outros resultados, identificar as reais atividades executadas pelos Scrum Masters no seu dia-a-dia, as quais incluem além daquelas descritas na literatura, outras atividades complementares. Percebeu-se, também que as ferramentas utilizadas por estes profissionais não atendem satisfatoriamente suas necessidades em suas atividades diárias. Assim, foi realizada uma análise comparativa entre os dados coletados nas entrevistas com os Scrum Masters e aqueles obtidos nas revisões bibliográficas que resultou no desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta chamada JustScrum, a qual disponibiliza as funcionalidades listadas nos questionários pelos Scrum Masters, a fim de unir em uma única ferramenta as funcionalidades essenciais desejadas pelos entrevistados para auxiliá-los nas suas atividades profissionais

The agile working methods have been developed to meet the needs of flexibility, innovation and increased competitiveness of companies. These methods are characterized by a dynamic and self-directing approach to team management. After covid-19, hybrid work has become an established way of working, this means a combination of remote work and work in the office. Despite this, there is a lack of understanding of the challenges these methods can bring to communication within agile teams. The scrum master can be seen as a project manager within agile teams that work with the scrum methodology. One of the scrum master's most important tasks is to be responsible for communication within agile teams. The purpose of this study is thus to deepen the understanding of the communication challenges that scrum masters can face in a hybrid work environment where team members work from home as well as the office. Through semi-structured interviews with scrum masters, this study delves into experiences of communication challenges and how they deal with these challenges. Based on collected empirical evidence, conclusions can be drawn that scrum masters experience communication challenges linked to, spontaneous communication, digital tools, trust, community and problem solving. The overall conclusion in relation to the study's results is that the scrum masters are well aware of the challenges hybrid work entails and what measures they need to take to deal with them. Although the increasing trend of agile teams working within a hybrid context is relatively new, our results indicate that the scrum masters have undergone a learning process to deal with the communication challenges that have arisen. They have identified challenges with the hybrid way of working and implemented a range of measures to address these challenges. / The agile working methods have been developed to meet the needs of flexibility, innovation and increased competitiveness of companies. These methods are characterized by a dynamic and self-directing approach to team management. After covid-19, hybrid work has become an established way of working, this means a combination of remote work and work in the office. Despite this, there is a lack of understanding of the challenges these methods can bring to communication within agile teams. The scrum master can be seen as a project manager within agile teams that work with the scrum methodology. One of the scrum master's most important tasks is to be responsible for communication within agile teams. The purpose of this study is thus to deepen the understanding of the communication challenges that scrum masters can face in a hybrid work environment where team members work from home as well as the office. Through semi-structured interviews with scrum masters, this study delves into experiences of communication challenges and how they deal with these challenges. Based on collected empirical evidence, conclusions can be drawn that scrum masters experience communication challenges linked to, spontaneous communication, digital tools, trust, community and problem solving. The overall conclusion in relation to the study's results is that the scrum masters are well aware of the challenges hybrid work entails and what measures they need to take to deal with them. Although the increasing trend of agile teams working within a hybrid context is relatively new, our results indicate that the scrum masters have undergone a learning process to deal with the communication challenges that have arisen. They have identified challenges with the hybrid way of working and implemented a range of measures to address these challenges.

Många organisationer väljer att i allt högre grad införa agila metoder, då det kan medföra flexibilitet och förmåga att hantera en hög förändringstakt, ett behov som återfinns även inom offentlig sektor. I offentliga organisationer används ofta agila och traditionella metoder parallellt och det finns flera utmaningar för användningen av agila metoder, då behov av förutsägbarhet och stabilitet ska existera simultant med ett flexibelt och iterativt arbetssätt i agila team. Hur sådana motsägelsefulla situationer tas emot och hanteras beror på teamens sensemaking (meningsskapande), vilken kan påverkas av individer med en faciliterande roll och hur de utövar sensegiving (meningsgivande). Syftet med studien är således att skapa en ökad förståelse för meningsskapande-processen i agila team under de förutsättningar som finns på en svensk förvaltningsmyndighet som använder både traditionella och agila metoder, genom frågeställningen “Hur uppstår meningsskapande i agila team på en svensk myndighet och hur bidrar meningsgivande aktiviteter till meningsskapande-processen?”. I resultatet från observationer och intervjuer i två agila Scrum-team identifieras tre meningsskapande- mekanismer; Myndighetsuppdraget, Hybridarbete och Scrum 2.0, som tillsammans illustrerar hur agila metoder inom den offentliga sektorn inte kommer utan konsekvenser, utan kan ge upphov till osäkerhet och således flera meningsskapande-processer. Studien visar att Scrum Mastern och dennes meningsgivande-aktiviteter är viktiga för att skapa gemensam förståelse i teamen men att en viss osäkerhet, till exempel motsägelsefulla roller, ibland måste accepteras. Vidare diskuteras de implikationer detta medför och förslag till vidare forskning lämnas. / Many organizations choose to introduce agile methodology, as it can bring flexibility and the ability to handle change, a need that is also found in the public sector. In public organizations, agile and traditional methods are often used in parallel and there are several challenges for the use of agile methods, as the need for predictability and stability exists simultaneously with a flexible and iterative way of working in agile teams. How such ambiguous situations are received and handled depends on the teams' sensemaking, which can be influenced by individuals with a facilitating role and how they practice sensegiving. The purpose of the study is thus to create an increased understanding of the sensemaking process in agile teams under the conditions that exist at a Swedish administrative authority that uses both traditional and agile methods, through the research question "How does sensemaking emerge in agile teams at a Swedish authority and how do sensegiving activities contribute to the sensemaking process?”. In the results from observations and interviews in two agile Scrum teams, three sensemaking mechanisms are identified; The authority mission, Hybrid work and Scrum 2.0, which together illustrate how agile methods in the public sector do not come without consequences and can give rise to uncertainty and thus several sensemaking processes. The study shows that the Scrum Masters’ sensegiving activities are important for creating a common understanding in the teams, but that a certain uncertainty, for example contradictory roles, sometimes has to be accepted. Furthermore, the implications of the results are discussed and suggestions for further research are provided.

Att behöva ställa om sitt arbetssätt från att arbeta fysiskt på plats till att arbeta hemifrån på distans är något som har påverkat de flesta organisationer och individer till viss utsträckning på grund av Covid-19 pandemin. Inom informatiksektorn används agila arbetssätt för att agera som en buffert för att snabbt kunna anpassa sig till nya krav eller arbetsförhållanden. Denna studie tar ett intresse i att undersöka den agila rollen Scrum master utefter ramverket Scrum. Samt studera ifall rollen har behövt göra förändringar i sina arbetsuppgifter och inom Scrum ceremonier, med anledning av övergången till ett distansbaserat arbetssätt. Genom en kvalitativ undersökning där sju certifierade Scrum masters intervjuats har personliga erfarenheter samlats in för att undersöka samband med förändringar som krävts vid omställningen av ens arbete. Där de intervjuade besvarat att deras arbete går att utföra väl även när distansarbete krävs eller blir infört i ens vardag. Utifrån resultatet bygger studien vidare på forskning kring att arbeta som Scrum master och enligt Scrums riktlinjer är en välfungerande metodik även ifall ens arbete behöver genomföras på distans. Trots detta finner studien ett skifte i Scrum masterns prioriteringar vid distansarbete där ett större fokus behövs för att bibehålla kommunikation, välmående och effektiviteten inom Scrum-team. Framför allt när ett Scrum-team blir internt distansbaserat. Detta leder även till rekommendationer som bör beaktas av organisationer eller Scrum masters som utför sitt arbete på distans. / Having to change one's way of working, from working physically on site to remote work is something that has affected most organizations and individuals to some extent due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In the informatic sector, agile working methods are used to act as a buffer to be able to quickly adapt to new requirements or working conditions. This study takes an interest in investigating the agile role of the Scrum master along the Scrum framework, as well as studying whether the role has needed to make changes in performed tasks and within Scrum ceremonies due to the transition to work remotely. Through a qualitative survey where seven certified Scrum masters were interviewed, personal experience from the interviewees has been gathered to investigate the connection with changes required in the adjustment of one's work. Where the interviewees answered that their work can be performed well even when remote based work is required or is introduced into the everyday life. Based on the results, the study extends on research regarding working as a Scrum master and according to Scrum's guidelines, is a well-functioning methodology even if one's work needs to be carried out remotely. Despite this, the study finds a shift in the Scrum master's priorities when working remotely. The study found that a greater focus is needed to maintain communication, well-being, and efficiency within the Scrum-team. Especially when a Scrum-team internally becomes remote based. Which leads to recommendations that should be considered by organizations or Scrum masters who perform their work remotely. Lastly, the following thesis is written in Swedish.

Det har funnits problem med systemutvecklingsprojekt som använder agila utvecklingsmetoder, vilka har misslyckats genom att exempelvis bli försenade och senare komma att kräva dyrt underhållsarbete. Scrum är en agil systemutvecklingsmetod som är den mest använda på marknaden. För att organisationer ska lösa problem med det mänskliga arbetet i grupp, hur de ska arbeta och vilka regler de ska ha, behöver de anpassa sig och förstå hur de ska tillämpa Scrum-ramverket, för att bli mer smidiga och stabila som de strävar efter med Scrum-metoden. Det finns oerhört många utmaningar med Scrum-metoden och därför behöver framgångsfaktorer identifieras för Scrum-användandet. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats i informatik är att identifiera framgångsfaktorer för användning av Scrum inom Scrum-team i ett konsultföretag. I kandidatuppsatsen tillämpades fallstudiemetoden, eftersom relationer undersöks i uppsatsstudien och metoden är lämplig för det. Fallföretaget är konsultföretaget ÅF som arbetar med Scrum för systemutveckling. Uppsatsstudien genomfördes med stöd av ett sonderande samtal, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en ostrukturerad observation med Scrum-projektmedlemmar på ÅF. Slutsatserna av uppsatsstudien är att det finns flera viktiga framgångsfaktorer för ett lyckat användande av Scrum. De viktigaste visade sig vara Engagemanget, som måste vara högt hos både individerna i Scrum-teamet, ledningen och kund för att Scrum-arbetet ska bli bra. Samarbetet måste fungera inom Scrum-teamet och med kunden. Även Kommunikationen behöver fungera bra, genom ansikte mot ansikte och olika kommunikationskanaler. Ytterligare en framgångsfaktor som identifierades är Förändringsbenägenhet, att individerna i Scrum-team ska vara öppna för förändring och kunna anpassa sitt arbete efter situationen, samt vara en lagspelare.

Nowadays, the business world is characterized by complexity since market and customer requirements are changing rapidly. Based on this assumption, providers are facing the challenge of delivering software products in shorter terms while these products remain innovative. Agile software development has a huge impact on how software is developed worldwide and promises business value in short iterations. At the same time, requirements are the base of all software products, and consequently, Requirements Engineering (RE) plays one of the most important roles in system development. Traditional techniques referring to intended data do not cover the constantly increasing demands of RE and unintended data from digital sources has amplified the need for Data-Driven Requirements Engineering (DDRE). This study contributes to Computer and System Science by providing a process to combine DDRE and traditional RE approaches in Agile software development methodologies. In this study, the researcher is trying to provide a concrete solution to the lack of an effective process to address data-driven requirements in a Scrum environment organized by regular Sprints and the purpose of it is to suggest a new method for requirements elicitation based on digital data and combine them with traditional stakeholder-driven RE in a Scrum agile environment. The method intends to assist Agile professionals to elicit requirements from digital sources in combination with intended data derived from the stakeholders without impacting the main Agile practices. The approach to conduct this study is Design Science Research (DSR) and contains five steps: Explicate Problem, Define Requirements, Design and develop Artefact, Demonstrate Artefact, and Evaluate Artefact. Literature review has been conducted to explicate the research problem and define the requirements of the artefact. Then, a process and a collaboration board have been created based on the requirements to bring DDRE and traditional RE into the Scrum environment. The researcher performed a demonstration of two illustrative cases of the usage of the proposed artefact to three Scrum professionals and three semi-structured interviews were conducted to evaluate the artefact. After the evaluation, the researcher refined and presented the final artefact that will help the public and private organizations to reduce the costs and time plan on eliciting requirements, and to increase the customers’ satisfaction. The artefact has not been applied in a real Agile environment, but Requirement Engineers and Agile team members can build on the proposed method and bring the elicitation approach of DDRE closer to the software development process.