A circulação sazonal da Plataforma Continental Leste Brasileira (PCLB) entre 10oS e 16oS é investigada com base em um inédito conjunto de dados in situ e em modelagem hidrodinâmica. Os dados observados possibilitaram a compreensão da dinâmica da circulação em partes específicas da região de estudo e a sua interação com os diversos mecanismos forçantes, ilustrando a forte influência da circulação atmosférica e oceânica de meso/larga escalas, de processos transientes e da topografia local, na circulação regional, apresentando cenários distintos entre as estações do ano. Os resultados da modelagem hidrodinâmica não só complementaram os estudos observacionais, como também permitiram uma maior compreensão da variabilidade sazonal e espaço-temporal da circulação na PCLB, assim como a sua interação com os diversos mecanismos forçantes, para uma região mais ampla (10oS-16oS). A PCLB é fortemente afetada pela sazonalidade de larga escala do regime dos ventos alísios e da latitude da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT). Seguindo esta dinâmica, durante as estações de primavera/verão, as correntes na Plataforma Continental (PC) ao sul de 12oS ficam sujeitas a ventos preferenciais de E-NE e, no oceano, a bifurcação da Corrente Sul Equatorial (bSEC) atinge a sua posição mais ao norte (~13oS em novembro). Nas regiões da quebra da PC e do talude continental, as correntes são também influenciadas pelas Correntes de Contorno Oeste (CCO). No domínio norte (10oS), a circulação na PC interna é para sul, seguindo o campo de ventos preferencial, enquanto a circulação na PC média e na quebra da PC é mais influenciada pelas correntes na região do talude continental, que são claramente dominadas pela dinâmica da Corrente Norte do Brasil/Sub-Corrente Norte do Brasil (CNB/SCNB). No domínio central (14oS), embora a circulação seja de certa forma similar à observada para o domínio norte, a circulação no talude continental apresenta uma maior variabilidade como resposta à presença dos fluxos contrários da Corrente do Brasil (CB) e da SCNB. A circulação no domínio sul (16oS) possui uma clara divisão ao longo da PC/talude continental, apresentando um intenso e organizado fluxo direcionado para sul na PC interna e média, como resposta à forçante remota do vento, e uma circulação polarizada na direção perpendicular à costa nas regiões da quebra da PC/talude continental, sugerindo uma associação com a CCO e com a topografia local do Banco Royal Charlotte. Durante as estações de outono/inverno, seguindo o regime sazonal dos ventos alísios e da latitude da ZCIT, a PC ao norte de ~20oS fica sujeita a ventos preferenciais de E-SE e as correntes sofrem uma reversão do fluxo médio, e a bCSE atinge seu limite sul (~17oS em julho). A circulação na PC interna e média no domínio norte durante estas estações, apresenta um fraco fluxo para norte com uma alta variabilidade. Enquanto na PC interna esta variabilidade está relacionada à entrada mais frequente de frentes frias, na PC média está relacionada com a circulação na região do talude continental. A circulação nesta região possui uma alta correlação com aquela na região da quebra da PC e ambas apresentam um fluxo médio para norte mais intenso e menos variável, que pode estar relacionado com o fluxo da CNB/SCNB, que ocupa toda a região do talude continental durante estas estações do ano. O fluxo médio para norte no domínio central, apresenta uma fraca intensidade e alta variabilidade nas regiões da PC interna e média e na quebra da PC, que pode estar relacionada com o aumento da frequência de sistemas frontais, ao fato desta região ser influenciada pela bifurcação do fluxo médio em superfície e, para a região da quebra da PC, à variabilidade da SCNB, que apresenta maiores episódios em que ocupa esta região. A CNB/SCNB exerce uma clara influência na circulação da região do talude continental. A circulação no domínio sul é principalmente gerada pelo vento remoto nas regiões da PC interna e média, enquanto nas regiões da quebra da PC e talude continental apresenta uma significativa influência da CCO. / The seasonal circulation of the Eastern Brazilian Shelf (EBS) between 10oS and 16oS is investigated based on original in situ data sets and hydrodynamic modeling. The observational data provided an understanding of the circulation dynamics within specific parts of the the study region and its interaction with the various forcing mechanisms, illustrating the strong influence of the large/meso scales atmospheric and oceanic circulation, transient processes and local topography on the regional circulation, presenting very distinct scenarios between seasons. The hydrodynamic modeling results not only complemented the observational studies but also allowed for a broader understanding of the seasonality and time-space variability of the EBS circulation, as well as its interaction with the various forcing mechanisms, in a wider region (10oS-16oS). The EBS is highly affected by large-scale seasonality in the trade wind regime and the latitude of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Following this dynamics, during the spring/summer seasons, the currents within the continental shelf south of 12oS are influenced by preferential E-NE winds and, in the ocean, the bifurcation of the South Equatorial Current (bSEC) reaches its northernmost position (~13oS in November). At the shelf break and slope region, the currents are also influenced by the Western Boundary Currents (WBC). At the northern domain (10oS) the inner shelf circulation is to the south following the preferential winds, while the circulation at the mid shelf and shelf break is more influence by the currents at the slope, which are clearly dominated by the North Brazil Current/North Brazil Undercurrent (NBC/NBUC) dynamics. At the central region (14oS), although the circulation is somehow similar to that observed for the northern domain, the slope circulation presents a greater variability in response to the presence of the opposing Brazil Current (BC) and NBUC flow. At the southern domain (16oS) the circulation has a clear division along the continental shelf/slope regions, presenting an intense and organized southward flow at the inner and mid shelves, as a response to the remote wind forcing, and a polarized cross-shelf circulation at the shelf break/slope region, suggesting an association with the WBC and the local topography of the Royal Charlotte Bank. During the autumn/winter seasons, following the seasonal regime of the trade winds and the latitude of the ITCZ, the continental shelf north of ~20oS are influenced by preferential E-SE winds and the currents experience a reversal of the mean flow, and the bSEC reaches its southernmost position (~17oS in July). The circulation during these seasons at the northern domain inner and mid shelves presents a weak northward flow with a strong variability. While at the inner shelf this variability is related to the more frequent cold front passages at the mid shelf it is related to the slope region circulation. The circulation at this region has a high correlation with the circulation at the shelf break and both present a less variable and more intense northward net flow which could be related to the NBC/NBUC flow, that occupies the entire slope region during these seasons. The northward net flow at the central domain presents a weak intensity and high variability at the inner/mid shelves and shelf break regions, which could be related to the increase in the cold fronts frequency, to the fact that this region is under the influence of the bifurcation of the surface net flow and, for the shelf break region, to the NBUC variability which presents more episodes that occupies this region. At the slope region the NBC/NBUC exerts a clear influence in the circulation. The circulation at the southern domain is mainly driven by the remote wind forcing at the inner and mid shelves, while at the shelf break/slope regions presents a significant WBC influence.

Il est probable que les changements climatiques futurs diminuent la croissance forestière en région tempérée. Cette vulnérabilité des espèces face aux contraintes du climat peut être étudiée via les cernes des arbres. Ces derniers sont en effet des archives du carbone utilisé par les arbres pour leur croissance, en lien avec les caractéristiques spécifiques de gestion du carbone et de réponse au climat. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer, à partir des cernes, les réponses fonctionnelles de trois essences forestières tempérées (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea et Pinus sylvestris) aux variations climatiques. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une approche expérimentale en étudiant deux proxys (ou indices climatiques) : la croissance et la composition isotopique en 13C (δ13C) des cernes, à deux échelles temporelles : interannuelle et saisonnière. A l’échelle interannuelle, sur la période 1960-2007, une étude dendrochronologique a été réalisée sur les trois essences et a été complétée par l’analyse du δ13C des cernes (en relation avec le climat). A l’échelle saisonnière, nous avons déterminé précisément, sur une année (2009), les dynamiques de croissance du cerne et les variations de δ13C intra-cerne. Nos résultats mettent en évidence une sensibilité de la croissance et du δ13C des cernes des trois essences aux sécheresses estivales. Grâce à la complémentarité des proxys et des échelles temporelles, nous avons également trouvé des réponses climatiques contrastées entre espèces. La croissance du Hêtre est la plus réactive au climat d’une année à l’autre. Cette croissance ainsi que le δ13C des cernes sont fortement sensibles aux températures de juillet, en plus des précipitations printanières et estivales. Cette réponse immédiate au climat peut être expliquée par une forte dépendance de la croissance au fonctionnement foliaire et une faible utilisation des réserves carbonées pour assurer le début de la croissance. Le Chêne présente lui des arrières-effets climatiques sur sa croissance, via une forte sensibilité aux sécheresses de l’automne précédent, contrairement aux deux autres espèces. Ce résultat est à mettre en relation avec l’utilisation importante de réserves carbonées par rapport aux assimilats pour la croissance du bois initial, cette dernière étant très rapide, comme nous l’avons observé grâce à l’analyse saisonnière de la croissance. Concernant le Pin, la croissance, parce qu’elle dure plus longtemps que celle des décidues, est influencée par les températures et les précipitations de juin jusqu'à août. Le δ13C des cernes de pins est celui qui enregistre le plus la réponse au VPD, aussi bien à l’échelle saisonnière qu'interannuelle, probablement du fait d’une forte sensibilité de la conductance stomatique à ce paramètre. Les informations fournies par les cernes permettent d’appréhender la survie des espèces face aux changements climatiques futurs et peuvent être utilisées pour comprendre le dépérissement lié à ces changements. / Climate change will probably alter the tree growth in temperate forests. The species vulnerability to climatic constraints can be studied using tree rings. The latter's are natural archives of carbon used for tree growth and are linked to species carbon transfer and response to climate. The main thesis objective was to determine the functional response of three temperate species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea et Pinus sylvestris) under climatic variations using tree rings. For this, an experimental approach was conducted using two proxies (or climatic indices): the radial growth and the carbon isotope composition in 13C (δ13C) of rings at two time scales: interannual and intra-annual (or seasonal). At interannual scale, over the period 1960-2007, a dendrological study was done for three species and was completed by analysis of ring δ13C (in relation to climate). Over one year (2009) at seasonal scale, we precisely determined the radial growth dynamics and the variations in intra-ring δ13C. Our results highlighted growth and ring δ13C sensitivities to summer droughts. Because of proxy and time-scale complementarities, we have also found contrasted climatic responses among species. The beech growth is the most year-to-year responsive to climate. This growth and ring δ13C were highly sensitive to temperature in July in addition to spring and summer precipitation. This quick response of beech growth to climate could be explained by strong growth dependence to leaf functioning and low carbon reserve use to ensure the growth beginning. Contrary to the two others species, long-term consequences of climate on oak growth were found, via a high sensitivity to previous autumnal droughts. This result could be related to the high use of carbon reserves compared to assimilates for earlywood growth, which was very quick as observed by seasonal growth analysis. Concerning pine, the growth was influenced by temperatures and precipitation from June to August because the growth lasted longer for pine than that of the deciduous species. At both seasonal and interannual scales, the ring δ13C of pine trees was the best recorder of the VPD response, probably because of strong sensitivity of stomatal conductance to VPD. The information provided by tree rings allow to anticipate the species survival under future climate change and could be used to understand the declining due to these changes.

No description available.

As doenças tropicais endêmicas representam um grave problema sócio-econômico, no Brasil e no mundo. A leishmaniose insere-se neste quadro. Considerando o surgimento da resistência dos parasitas e a séria toxicidade da terapêutica convencional, a busca de novas alternativas é urgente. A família Annonaceae tem mostrado ser rica fonte de compostos com atividade antiprotozoária. Neste contexto, Annona squamosa L. foi selecionada. Sendo mais conhecida como \"fruta-do-conde\", apresenta uso na medicinal popular, como: antihelmíntica e no combate aos ectoparasitas. Entre os principais metabólitos secundários da espécie, citam-se: alcalóides isoquinolínicos, acetogeninas, flavonóides e óleo volátil. A atividade biológica de A. squamosa tem sido investigada, entretanto, aquela referente à ação antileishmania permaneceu inexplorada, até o presente trabalho, no qual foram avaliadas amostras referentes aos alcalóides totais, ao extrato hidroetanólico, aos infusos e frações orgânicas dos extratos obtidos, a partir de: folhas, pericarpos, sementes e arilos, coletados em quatro fases anuais. Os ensaios in vitro foram realizados frente às formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis, tendo-se realizado, em paralelo, avaliação da citotoxicidade in vitro frente a células epiteliais humanas. Os mesmos extratos foram submetidos ao estudo químico para acompanhamento da variação sazonal qualitativa e quantitativa de classes de componentes e seus marcadores, selecionados por sua ação antileishmania potencial. As análises abrangeram alcalóides, flavonóides, polifenóis totais e taninos, tendo-se empregado as técnicas cromatográficas (CLAE, CCD) e a espectrofotométrica. Em complementação, efetuou-se o estudo morfoanatômico de folha. Os resultados serviram de estímulo para a continuidade do estudo visando ao isolamento de compostos bioativos. / Leishmaniasis, as well as other protozoal tropical endemic diseases, remains a serious Public Health problem all over the world. New altematives for their treatment are urgently needed, since the parasite resistance is increasing and the high toxicity of the conventional medicines reduces its patient adherence. In last decades, several vegetal species from the Annonaceae family showed to be a rich source of potential antiprotozoal metabolites. Therefore, Annona squamosa L. was selected. Although is largely known for its fleshy and flavorous fruits called \"pinhas\" and \"fruta do conde\", some medicinal properties have been attributed to different plant parts including the antihelminthic and against ectoparasites. The main secondary metabolites found in the species were: isoquinoline alkaloids, acetogenins, flavonoids and volatil oil. In this work, the in vitro antileishmanial activity was investigated for the total alkaloid and hidroalcoholic extracts, infuses and organic fractions from leaves, fruits, seeds and arils of A.squamosa collected in the four anuual phases. In vitro tests were also performed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of extracts. Qualitative or quantitative analyses of alkaloids, total phenolics, total flavonoids and tannins were done by HPLC, spectrophotometric and TLC methods. The morphoanatomical study of leaves was also presented and illustrated by photos and photomicrographies. The results have encouraged deeper researches and further isolation of bioactive compounds.

Dans les systèmes fluviaux-estuariens soumis à de fortes pressions agricoles, la matière organique dissoute (MOD) présente une origine liée essentiellement à l’amendement des sols. Cependant, il existe un manque d’information concernant la composition, le rôle et le devenir de cette MOD. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter des éléments nouveaux sur l’identification des sources et du comportement de la MOD de façon globale et sélective dans des systèmes fluviaux-estuariens soumis à des impacts agricoles. L'analyse de la MOD a été réalisée à l'aide de 2 techniques analytiques récentes et originales: (i) une méthode électrochimique (DP-CSV), pour caractériser simultanément la glutathione (GSH-like), le thioacétamide (TA-like), et les acides fulviques (FA-like), (ii) une chromatographie liquide d’exclusion stérique couplée aux détecteurs de carbone, azote et UV (LC-OCD-OND-UVD), séparant la MOD en 6 fractions de taille et de nature différentes. Par rapport au système de référence, nos résultats ont montré des teneurs en composés organiques 1,5 à 4 fois plus fortes dans les systèmes agricoles. Ces anomalies sont liées à la pression agricole et au type d’élevage. Ces travaux ont aussi montré des variations saisonnières contrôlées par différents processus: un lessivage des sols en période de fortes précipitations pour les FA-like représentant la fraction majoritaire de la MOD, une purge des horizons profonds par la remontée des nappes phréatiques pour les TA-like et un apport à la fois terrestre et aquatique pour les GSH-like. Le long du gradient salé, les GSH-like et FA-like ont un comportement conservatif alors que d’importantes pertes ont été observées pour les TA-like. / In watersheds under strong agricultural pressure, manuring activities, particularly animal farming, are the main source of dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the composition, the role and the fate of this DOM have been poorly studied. This study focuses on the sources, dynamics and transformation of the DOM and its constituents in riverine and estuarine systems affected by different agricultural practices. The analysis of DOM was performed using two recent and innovative analytical techniques: (i) an electrochemical method (DP-CSV), allowed us to characterize simultaneously three dissolved organic compounds: glutathione (GSH-like), thioacetamide (TA-like), and fulvic acids (FA-like), (ii) a size exclusion liquid chromatography coupled to an carbon, nitrogen and UV detector (LC-OCD-OND-UVD) allowed the DOM pool to be subdivided into 6 major sub-fractions. Relative to the pristine river, concentrations of organic compounds were found to be 1.5 to 4 times higher in impacted systems. These anomalies are related to the agricultural pressure and also to the type of livestock. Our results also showed that the seasonal variations were controlled by different processes: soil washing-out during high precipitation events for FA-like compounds which represent the major part of DOM, formation in deep horizons then rising of groundwater for TA-like compounds and a pedogenic and aquatic origin for GSH-like compounds. Along the salinity gradient, GSH-like and FA-like displayed a conservative behaviour whereas TA-like do not behave conservatively with important removals.

Reconstruction studies of seasonal rainfall utilizing stable isotope based proxy approach suffer from the limitations of time resolutions. Conventional methods and archives limit the achievable resolution to annual scales. However, high resolution reconstruction (seasonal to sub-weekly scale) can be achieved in proxy records where growth rates are high enough to leave spatial signatures in an organically or inorganically deposited layer such as growth bands. In this study, aragonitic skeleton of the gastropod Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, Giant African Land Snails) is investigated with an aim to achieve sub-weekly scale reconstruction of the Indian monsoon rainfall. These terrestrial gastropods are native of Africa and highly invasive. Their evolution in the geological time period dates back to the Pliocene and is presently distributed across the tropical belt. They exhibit a high growth rate in the presence of water and high relative humidity in the environment. As a result, they are ideally suited for the task of palaeo seasonality reconstruction. The isotopic patterns recorded in their growth bands reveal composition of environmental water at seasonal time scales. In vitro studies were carried out on L. fulica to estimate their growth rates and growth responses to changes in the physical conditions within the culture chamber. The Indian monsoon rainfall exhibits characteristic dry spells that are generally sandwiched between periods of active phases of high rainfall during the South West monsoon season. These dry spells are typically characterized by rainfall with low intensity. Isotope fingerprinting of the rain water at daily time resolution, covering the years of 2007-10 exhibited distinct isotopic ratios for the dry and wet spells. Dry spells were clearly demarcated in the record with isotopically enriched signature. In addition, the study indentified the role of three distinct moisture sources on δ18O of rain water at Bangalore, India. The variability in the oxygen isotopic composition of the Indian monsoon rainfall is predominantly controlled by this source moisture variability at inter annual time scales, while temperature and amount of rainfall tend to dominate the variability in the precipitation isotopes at seasonal and weekly scales. Simultaneous isotopic analyses of both rainwater and shell carbonates growth bands were undertaken to understand their relationship to aid in high resolution reconstruction. Carbonate found in the growth bands of the gastropods, which is precipitated under equilibrium condition from rainwater, preserves the signature of rainfall. This provides an opportunity to reconstruct rainfall parameters (i.e. amount and moisture sources) knowing the variability in shell carbonates. Stable isotopic ratios measured across the growth bands of live shell specimens collected from the southern and eastern Indian regions (Bangalore and Kolkata, respectively) were compared with the rainfall isotope ratios at these two locations; signature of dry spells were clearly identified from the study of isotopic composition in the growth bands of the gastropod specimens. The approach was also extended to older samples from historical archives from eastern Indian region (Kolkata, East India). Individual specimens belonging to the same species of gastropod, which were collected during the monsoon season of the year 1918 were used for reconstructing the seasonal pattern in monsoon rainfall over the region. The record of variation in the isotopic composition seen in the shell was compared with the rainfall data from Indian Metrological Division observatory at Kolkata station. The year 1918 was characterized as a major drought year and the signature of dry period was seen preserved in the specimen. The work under taken in this thesis will widen the scope of seasonality reconstruction using terrestrial shell fossils from palaeo records, which have been rarely investigated in paleoclimate studies from the perspective of understanding the seasonal precipitation variability.

Reconstruction studies of seasonal rainfall utilizing stable isotope based proxy approach suffer from the limitations of time resolutions. Conventional methods and archives limit the achievable resolution to annual scales. However, high resolution reconstruction (seasonal to sub-weekly scale) can be achieved in proxy records where growth rates are high enough to leave spatial signatures in an organically or inorganically deposited layer such as growth bands. In this study, aragonitic skeleton of the gastropod Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, Giant African Land Snails) is investigated with an aim to achieve sub-weekly scale reconstruction of the Indian monsoon rainfall. These terrestrial gastropods are native of Africa and highly invasive. Their evolution in the geological time period dates back to the Pliocene and is presently distributed across the tropical belt. They exhibit a high growth rate in the presence of water and high relative humidity in the environment. As a result, they are ideally suited for the task of palaeo seasonality reconstruction. The isotopic patterns recorded in their growth bands reveal composition of environmental water at seasonal time scales. In vitro studies were carried out on L. fulica to estimate their growth rates and growth responses to changes in the physical conditions within the culture chamber. The Indian monsoon rainfall exhibits characteristic dry spells that are generally sandwiched between periods of active phases of high rainfall during the South West monsoon season. These dry spells are typically characterized by rainfall with low intensity. Isotope fingerprinting of the rain water at daily time resolution, covering the years of 2007-10 exhibited distinct isotopic ratios for the dry and wet spells. Dry spells were clearly demarcated in the record with isotopically enriched signature. In addition, the study indentified the role of three distinct moisture sources on δ18O of rain water at Bangalore, India. The variability in the oxygen isotopic composition of the Indian monsoon rainfall is predominantly controlled by this source moisture variability at inter annual time scales, while temperature and amount of rainfall tend to dominate the variability in the precipitation isotopes at seasonal and weekly scales. Simultaneous isotopic analyses of both rainwater and shell carbonates growth bands were undertaken to understand their relationship to aid in high resolution reconstruction. Carbonate found in the growth bands of the gastropods, which is precipitated under equilibrium condition from rainwater, preserves the signature of rainfall. This provides an opportunity to reconstruct rainfall parameters (i.e. amount and moisture sources) knowing the variability in shell carbonates. Stable isotopic ratios measured across the growth bands of live shell specimens collected from the southern and eastern Indian regions (Bangalore and Kolkata, respectively) were compared with the rainfall isotope ratios at these two locations; signature of dry spells were clearly identified from the study of isotopic composition in the growth bands of the gastropod specimens. The approach was also extended to older samples from historical archives from eastern Indian region (Kolkata, East India). Individual specimens belonging to the same species of gastropod, which were collected during the monsoon season of the year 1918 were used for reconstructing the seasonal pattern in monsoon rainfall over the region. The record of variation in the isotopic composition seen in the shell was compared with the rainfall data from Indian Metrological Division observatory at Kolkata station. The year 1918 was characterized as a major drought year and the signature of dry period was seen preserved in the specimen. The work under taken in this thesis will widen the scope of seasonality reconstruction using terrestrial shell fossils from palaeo records, which have been rarely investigated in paleoclimate studies from the perspective of understanding the seasonal precipitation variability.

Les particules fines (PM₂.₅) présentes dans l'air extérieur peuvent être inhalées puis retenues au niveau pulmonaire, conduisant à l'apparition ou à l'aggravation de différentes pathologies cardio-respiratoires. La composition complexe des PM₂.₅ rend d'autant plus difficile l'étude de leurs mécanismes d'action. Cette thèse s'inscrit donc dans une démarche d'identification des processus impliqués dans un éventuel potentiel cancérigène des PM₂.₅, en lien avec leur composition chimique. Nous avons étudié la toxicité de six échantillons de PM₂.₅, collectés sous influence industrielle, urbaine ou rurale au cours des saisons printemps-été 2008 et automne-hiver 2008-2009. L'étude de la fraction biologique a révélé la diversité et la richesse des particules en contaminants fongiques et bactériens. Le test d'Ames nous a permis de mettre en évidence une forte mutagénicité des PM₂.₅, vraisemblablement liée aux composés nitro-aromatiques. Sur la base de tests de cytotoxicité préalables, nous avons étudié l'effet de 3,75 et 15 µg/cm² de particules sur la lignée de cellules épithéliales bronchiques humaines BEAS-2B. Nous avons mis en évidence une induction génique de différents enzymes impliquées dans l'activation métabolique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, associée à une augmentation d'activité catalytique. Cette induction semble conduire à la formation d'adduits encombrants à l'ADN. De plus, les PM₂.₅ induisent des cassures simple- et double-brin de l'ADN, la formation de micronoyaux, ainsi que des perturbations de l'activité télomérase. Ces effets génotoxiques sont associés à des altérations épigénétiques que sont une hyperméthylation du promoteur de P16ᴵᴺᴷ⁴ᴬ, des modifications post-traductionnelles de l'histone 3 et des changements dans l'expression des miRNA étudiés. Considérant l'influence de la composition des PM₂.₅, les composés organiques semblent être responsables des effets génotoxiques les plus importants, alors que les métaux paraissent avoir des effets épigénétiques supérieurs. En conclusion, il apparaît que les échantillons de PM₂.₅ étudiés, de par l'action conjointe de leurs fractions organique et inorganique, sont susceptibles d'induire in vitro de multiples lésions décrites dans les étapesd'initiation et de promotion de la cancérogénèse broncho-pulmonaire. / Fine airborne particulate matter (PM₂.₅) can be inhaled and retained in deep lung for long periods, leading to onset or exacerbation of cardio-respiratory diseases. However, the complex composition of PM₂.₅ makes difficult the study of their mechanisms of action. This work fits into a global approach aiming to identify the toxicity mechanisms involved in a putative PM₂.₅ carcinogenicity, in association with PM composition. We study six PM samples collected either under industrial, urban or rural area, in spring-summer 2008 or autumn-winter 2008-2009 seasons. Biological fraction analysis revealed numerous and diverse bacterial and fungal components. We carried out Ames tests revealing a high mutagenic potency for PM samples, presumably linked to their nitro-aromatic content. Based on previous cytotoxicity assays, we studied PM effect on bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, at two concentrations (3.75 and 15µg/cm²). We demonstrated gene induction of several xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolic activation. This was associated with an increase in their catalytic activity, leading to bulky DNA-adducts formation in exposed cells. Furthermore, PM₂.₅ lead to DNA single- and double-strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and disturbed telomerase activity. In addition to these genotoxic effects, our study revealed epigenetic alterations such as P16ᴵᴺᴷ⁴ᴬ promoter hypermehylation, histone 3 post-translational modifications, and miRNAs expression changes. Considering the impact of chemical composition on PM toxicity, organic compounds lead to the highest genotoxicity, whereas metals seem to induce more pronounced epigenetic modifications. Altogether, our results indicate that the studied PM₂.₅ samples, through cooperative action of organic and inorganic fractions, may lead in vitro to multiple alterations involved in initiation and promotion steps toward pulmonary carcinogenesis.

This report consists of a presentation of prices paid for the various classifications and grades of cattle sold in the Fort Worth Livestock Market during 1952; a comparison of 1951-1952 prices showing a sharp decline in the price of all grades and classifications which began in June of 1952; and an examination of some of the major factors contributing to the decline in cattle prices as reflected in the Livestock Market, Fort Worth, Texas. From a study of cattle prices that prevailed in the Fort Worth market during 1951 and 1952, and a consideration of some of the factors contributing thereto, the following conclusions are drawn: First, prices of all grades of cattle soared to unusually high levels during 1951, thereby accentuating the drop in price which occurred in the latter part of 1952. Second, the withholding of cattle from slaughter, during a cattle build-up process, rather than a scarcity of cattle in this country was primarily responsible for extremely high prices in 1951. Third, cattle production in this country has progressed in cycles of eight to ten years duration of each; the period under consideration was on the build-up side of the present cycle which began in 1949; and prices for 1951 and 1952 were definitely affected by cyclical influences.

This study explores shallow lake numerical hydrodynamic processes that support model development and validation, extreme events and effects of water circulation in Lake Victoria. Lake Victoria is the second largest freshwater lake in the world, and the largest in East Africa. It is the major freshwater reservoir and source for domestic, agriculture, industrial, fishery, and transport. The resources support livelihoods and ecosystem services for over 40 million people. The lake is severely affected by water quality degradation by pollution. This thesis aims at improving the understanding by following recommendation of the Lake Victoria Environment Management Project, Lake Victoria Basin Commission climate change adaptation strategy and action plan 2018-2023, Lake Victoria Basin Commission operational plan 2015-2020, and Lake Victoria Basin Commission report. These reports suggested detailed lake bathymetry survey, modelling of lake flow, study of lake hydrometeorological processes by modelling and simulation, to identify extreme weather events, assess water circulation effect, and study lake pollution near the shore. A numerical hydrodynamic model was built in the COMSOL Multiphysics (CM) software for assessing lake flows and water turn-over from river inflows which carry pollution. The work included the development of systematic methods for lake bathymetry that are relevant for lake numerical and hydrodynamic modelling. The hydrometeorological driven simulation model was employed to assess lake water balance, water circulation and soluble transport. Paper 1 creates a bathymetry from several methods and from several data sources, and a vertically integrated free surface flow model was implemented in CM. The model was used to investigate outflow conditions, mean velocities driven by river inflow, outflow, precipitation and evaporation. It is shown to be exactly conservative and give water level variation in reasonable agreement with measurements. The results indicate that the shallow water model is close to linear. An outflow model, linear in water level, predicts water level reasonable agreement with measurements. The findings suggest that the model should consider wind stress driven flow to provide more accurate lake flow behavior. Paper 2 performed an assessment of the hydro-meteorological processes and extreme weather events that are responsible for changing the characteristics of lake water balance, and changing streamflow variations, and lake transportation. We compare historical data over a long time with data from the model including water balance, sources of data uncertainty, correlations, extreme rain and inflow years, and seasonal variations. Solute loading and transportation was illustrated by tracing the water from the river inflows. The results indicate that the lake rainfall has a strong seasonal variation with strong correlations between tributary inflows and precipitation, and between lake outflow and water level. The tracer transport by mean flow is very slow. Flow increases somewhat in wet periods and is faster in the shallow Kenya lake zone than in the deeper Uganda and Tanzanian lake zones, where the major inflow, from the Kagera River, appears to strongly influence transportation. / Denna studie undersöker med numerisk metodik hydrodynamiska processer i den mycket grundaVictoriasjön och hur de påverkas av extrem väderlek, inflöden, och nederbörd. Victoriasjön är denandra största sötvattensjön i världen, och den största i Afrika. Den är färskvattenförråd och källa förhushåll, jordbruk, industri, fiske och transporter. Resurserna ger livsuppehåll och ekosystemtjänsterför mer än 40 miljoner människor. Sjön är utsatt för allvarliga föroreningar som försämrarvattenkvaliteten. Detta arbete avser att förbättra förståelsen genom att följa rekommendationer somgivits ut av Lake Victoria Environment Management Project (LVEMP), och Lake Victoria BasinCommissions (LVBC) rapporter om strategi för anpassning till klimatförändringar, åtgärdsplan2018-2023 och översiktsplan 2015-2020. Rapporterna föreslår detaljerad genomgång avdjupkartor, modellering av strömning i sjön i syfte att identifiera extrema väderhändelser,undersöka vattencirkulationen, och studera föroreningarna nära stränder. En hydrodynamisknumerisk modell har byggts i simuleringspaketet COMSOL Multiphysics (CM) för uppskattning avströmning och vattenutbyte från förorenade inflöden. Arbetet innefattade utveckling av metoder förvattendjups-modeller för hydrodynamiska studier. Simuleringsmodellen drivs avhydrometeorologiska data och används för vattenmängds-balans, cirkulation ochföroreningstransport.Artikel 1 skapar vattendjupskartan från flera data-mängder med olika metoder. En vertikaltintegrerad modell med fri yta implementerades i CM. Modellen ger vertikalt medelvärdesbildadehastigheter drivna av flodinflöden, utflöde, nederbörd och avdunstning. Modellen representerarvattenbalansen exakt och ger variationer i vattennivå i rimlig överensstämmelse med mätningar.Resultaten antyder att modellen är nära linjär och tids-invariant. En utflödesmodell ansatt somlinjär i vatten-nivån kan anpassas noggrant till historiska data. Bättre realism kan uppnås omvindens pådrivande verkan inkluderas.Artikel 2 går igenom de hydro-meteorologiska processer och extrema väder-händelser som ändrarvattenbalans, strömningsmönster och transport. Vi har jämfört data över femtio år med modellens,inkluderande vattennivå, källor för osäkerhet i data, korrelationer, år med extrema regn ochinflöden, och årstidsvariationer. Resultaten tyder på att nederbörden varierar kraftigt medårstiderna, och signifikanta korrelationer ses mellan nederbörd och inflöden, och mellan utflöde ochvattennivå.Transport av lösliga föroreningar illustrerades genom spårning av vatten från de olika inflödena.Spårämnestransport med vertikalt medelvärdesbildade hastigheter är mycket långsam.Strömningen ökar något i våta årstider och är snabbare i den grunda zonen i Kenya än i de djuparedelarna i Uganda och Tanzania. Det största inflödet som kommer från Kagera tycks ha stor inverkanpå transporten. / <p>QC 20191106</p>