Ultra-high-resolution subsurface stratigraphy mapped from 3D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can provide insights into the fine-scale heterogeneity of reservoirs and other geologic features. Analog models derived from 3D GPR aid in understanding reservoir compartmentalization that may be sub-seismic but still affect fluid flow. We integrate 2D profiles and 3D GPR volumes with measured stratigraphic sections from outcrop exposure to characterize the fine-scale stratigraphy of an ancient Lake Bonneville shoreline deposit (locally, circa 20 ka based on carbon-14 dating) in the Great Basin (northwestern Utah). The heterogeneity of the deposit is expressed as multiple discordant patterns, separated by unconformities that likely were influenced by fluctuating lake levels on the lake margin. Although the study site is only ~8,000 square meters in area, the detailed stratigraphic relationships can be scaled up to inform the characterization of larger sedimentary deposits with economic reservoir potential. The sands, gravels, and marls composing the stratigraphy were deposited during the transgressive phase of the pluvial lake, which preserved shoreline features such as spits and barrier bars. We interpret our site as a spit that extended out into the Pleistocene lake, at times connecting to a nearby persistently subaerially exposed island to form a tombolo. The deposited strata are well-exposed in a fortuitously located gravel quarry. The site provides an excellent natural laboratory for detailed 3D imaging due to the mostly flat ground surface (the quarry floor), low-clay, low-salinity, and low-moisture content of the site. The GPR data were acquired with a 200-MHz antenna (for 2D profiles) and a 400-MHz antenna (for 3D volumes). For the latter, the line spacing was about 0.3 meters with a trace spacing of 2.5 cm. The GPR dataset offers high-resolution images of clinoform sequence stratigraphy down to about 3 meters below the surface of the quarry. The vertical resolution (Rayleigh criterion) of the data is about 6 cm (for 3D volumes) and 13 cm (for 2D profiles). Migration collapsed diffractions and re-positioned dipping reflectors correctly. Deconvolution suppressed multiple reflections and tightened the waveforms. Using petroleum industry mapping software, amplitudes were binned into voxels to create precise 3D volumes, which facilitated more accurate geometrical interpretation (e.g., true dip direction of reflectors). Facies associations from stratigraphic sections measured just above the GPR acquisition level (quarry floor) help to describe and reconstruct the depositional history of the spit. The lithologic interpretation of the GPR reflectors is constrained by the correlation (or extrapolation) of the measured sections to the subsurface data volumes. Reflectivity is controlled by variations in porosity and matrix content (e.g., quartz vs. clays vs. calcite). Our study furnishes a model of transgressive deposits in a lacustrine environment and an analog for clastic sediments deposited on a larger scale in such environments.

Concrete filled steel tubular columns have been extensively used in modern construction owing to that they utilise the most favourable properties of both constituent materials. It has been recognized that concrete filled tubular columns provide excellent structural properties such as high load bearing capacity, ductility, large energy-absorption capacity and good structural fire behaviour. This paper presents the structural fire behaviour of a series of concrete filled steel tubular stub columns with four typical column sectional shapes in standard fire. The selected concrete filled steel tube stub columns are divided into three groups by equal section strength at ambient temperature, equal steel cross sectional areas and equal concrete core cross sectional areas. The temperature distribution, critical temperature and fire exposing time etc. of selected composite columns are extracted by numerical simulations using commercial FE package ABAQUS. Based on the analysis and comparison of typical parameters, the effect of column sectional shapes on member temperature distribution and structural fire behaviour are discussed. It shows concrete steel tubular column with circular section possesses the best structural fire behaviour, followed by columns with elliptical, square and rectangular sections. Based on this research study, a simplified equation for the design of concrete filled columns at elevated temperature is proposed.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第23135号 / 薬科博第134号 / 新制||薬科||15(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 石濱 泰, 教授 松﨑 勝巳, 教授 加藤 博章 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Z-sections are widely used as secondary members in metal building roof systems. Lateral restraints are required to maintain the stability of a Z-section roof system and provide resistance to the lateral forces generated by the slope of the roof and the effects due to the rotation of the principal axes of the Z-section relative to the plane of the roof sheathing. The behavior of Z-sections in roof systems is complex as they act in conjunction with the roof sheathing as a system and as a light gage cold formed member, is subject to local cross section deformations. The goal of this research program was to provide a means of predicting lateral restraint forces in Z-section supported roof systems. The research program began with laboratory tests to measure lateral restraint forces in single and multiple span sloped roof systems. A description of the test apparatus and procedure as well as the results of the 40 tests performed is provided in Appendix II. To better understand the need for lateral restraints and to provide a means of testing different variables of the roof system, two types of finite element models were developed and are discussed in detail in appended Paper I. The first finite element model is simplified model that uses frame stiffness elements to represent the purlin and sheathing. This model has been used extensively by previous researchers and modifications were made to improve correlation with test results. The second model is more rigorous and uses shell finite elements to represent the Z-section and sheathing. The shell finite element model was used to develop a calculation procedure referred to as the Component Stiffness Method for predicting the lateral restraint forces in Z-section roof systems. The method uses flexural and torsional mechanics to describe the behavior of the Z-section subject to uniform gravity loads. The forces generated by the system of Z-sections are resisted by the "components" of the system: the lateral restraints, the sheathing and Z-section-to-rafter connection. The mechanics of purlin behavior providing the basis for this method are discussed in appended Paper II. The development of the method and the application of the method to supports restraints and interior restraints are provided in appended papers III, IV and V. / Ph. D.

Driving behavior considerably affects the transportation system, especially lane-changing behavior occasionally cause conflicts between drivers and induce shock waves that propagate backward. A freeway merge section is one of locations observed a freeway bottleneck, generating freeway traffic congestion. The emerging technologies, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) and vehicle connectivity, are expected to bring about improvement in mobility, safety, and environment. Hence the objective of this study is to enhance freeway merge section operations based on the advanced technologies. To achieve the objective, this study modeled the non-cooperative merging behavior, and then proposed the cooperative applications in consideration of a connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) environment. As a tactical process, decision-making for lane-changing behaviors is complicated as the closest following vehicle in the target lane also behaves concerning to the lane change (reaction to the lane-changing intention), i.e., there is apparent interaction between drivers. To model this decision-making properly, this study used the game theoretical approach which is the study of the ways in which interacting choices of players. The game models were developed to enhance the microscopic simulation model representing human driver's realistic lane-changing maneuvers. The stage game structure was designed and payoff functions corresponding to the action strategy sets were formulated using driver's critical decision variables. Furthermore, the repeated game concept which takes previous game results into account was introduced with the assumption that drivers want to maintain initial decision in competition if there is no significant change of situations. The validation results using empirical data provided that the developed stage game has a prediction accuracy of approximately 86%, and the superior performance of the repeated game was verified by an agent-based simulation model, especially in a competitive scenario. Specifically, it helps a simulation model to not fluctuate in decision-making. Based on the validated non-cooperative game model, in addition, this study proposed the cooperative maneuver planning avoiding the non-cooperative maneuvers with prediction of the other vehicle's desired action. If a competitive action is anticipated, in other words, a CAV changes its action to be cooperative without selfish driving. Simulation results showed that the proposed cooperative maneuver planning can improve traffic flow at a freeway merge section. Lastly, the optimal lane selection (OLS) algorithm was also proposed to assist lane selection in consideration of real-time downstream traffic data transferred via a long-range wireless communication. Simulation case study on I-66 highway proved that the proposed OLS can improve the system-wide freeway traffic flow and lane allocation. Overall, the present work addressed developing the game model for merging maneuvers in a traditional transportation system and suggesting use of efficient algorithms in a CAV environment. These findings will contribute to enhance performance of the microscopic simulator and prepare the new era of future transportation system. / Doctor of Philosophy / Driving behaviors considerably affect the traffic flow; especially a lane change occasionally forces rear vehicles in a target lane to decrease speed or stop, hence it is considered as one of primary sources causing traffic congestion. U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced that freeway bottleneck including merge section contributes to freeway traffic congestion more than 40 percent while traffic incidents count for only 25 percent of freeway congestion. This study, therefore, selected a freeway merge section, where mandatory lane changes are required, as a target area for the study. The emerging technologies, such as autonomous vehicles (AVs) and vehicle connectivity, are expected to bring about improvement in mobility, safety, and environment. Based upon these backgrounds, the objective of this study was determined to enhance freeway merge section operations based on the advanced technologies. To achieve the objective, first this study focused on understanding driving behaviors of human drivers. Decision-making for lane-changing behaviors is complicated as the closest following vehicle in the target lane also behaves concerning to the lane change (reaction to the lane-changing intention), i.e., there is apparent interaction between drivers. For example, the vehicle sometimes interferes the merging vehicle's lane-changing by decreasing a gap. To model the decision-making properly, this study modeled the non-cooperative merging behaviors using a game theoretical approach which mathematically explains the interaction (e.g., cooperation or conflict) between intelligent decision-makers. It was modeled for two vehicles, i.e., the merging vehicle in acceleration lane and a following vehicle in freeway rightmost lane, with possible actions of each vehicle. This model includes how each vehicle chooses an action in consideration of rewards. The developed model showed prediction accuracy of approximately 86% against empirical data collected at a merge section on US 101 highway. This study additionally evaluated the proposed model's rational decision-making performance in various merging situations using an agent-based simulation model. These evaluation results indicate that the developed model can depict merging maneuvers based on practical decision-making. Since most existing lane-changing models were developed from the standpoint of the lane-changing vehicle only, this study anticipates that a lane-changing model including practical decision-making process can be used to precisely analyze traffic flow in microscopic traffic simulation. Additionally, an AV should behave as a human-driven vehicle in order to coexist in traditional transportation system, and can predict surrounding vehicle's movement. The developed model in this study can be a part of AV's driving strategy based on perception of human behaviors. In a future transportation environment, vehicle connectivity enables to identify the surrounding vehicles and transfer the data between vehicles. Also, autonomous driving behaviors can be programmed to reduce competition by predicting behaviors of surrounding human-driven vehicles. This study proposed the cooperative maneuver planning which future connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) avoid choosing the non-cooperative actions based on the game model. If a competitive action is anticipated, in other words, a CAV changes its action to be cooperative without selfish driving. Simulation results showed that the proposed cooperative maneuver planning can improve traffic flow at a freeway merge section. Lastly, the optimal lane selection (OLS) algorithm was also proposed to provide a driver the more efficient lane information in consideration of real-time downstream traffic data transferred via a long-range wireless communication. Simulation case study on I-66 highway proved that the proposed OLS can improve the system-wide freeway traffic flow and lane allocation. Overall, the present work addressed developing the game model for merging maneuvers in a traditional transportation system and suggesting use of efficient algorithms in a CAV environment. These findings will contribute to enhance performance of the microscopic simulator and prepare the new era of future transportation system.

Introduktion: Omedelbart kejsarsnitt är ett akut kirurgiskt ingrepp som utförs när det finns medicinska komplikationer som kräver omgående intervention för att skydda modern eller barnets liv. Proceduren utförs under tidspress och nästan alltid med generell anestesi, vilket innebär att de preoperativa förberedelserna ofta är begränsade. Anestesisjuksköterskans roll är avgörande i dessa situationer för att säkerställa en effektiv hantering av ingreppet. Stressfaktorer för anestesisjuksköterskor är påtagliga i dessa akuta situationer där snabba och korrekta beslut måste fattas under press. Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie har utförts med induktivt förhållningssätt för att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenhet av omedelbart kejsarsnitt. Data analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter vid omedelbart kejsarsnitt kan delas in i fyra kategorier: att känna stress och adrenalinpåslag när larmet går, att samarbeta under operation, att hantera stressmoment, och att arbeta strukturerat och vara förberedd. Diskussion: Studien betonar behovet av tydlig kommunikation och samarbete för att minska stress och förbättra resultatet vid omedelbara kejsarsnitt. Simuleringsövningar och kompetensbaserad utbildning är centrala för att stärka beredskapen hos anestesisjuksköterskan. Slutligen kan personlighetsdrag och emotionell intelligens påverka hur anestesisjuksköterskor hanterar stressiga situationer som vid omedelbart kejsarsnitt. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskor var i aktuell studie väl förberedda och kapabla att hantera omedelbara kejsarsnitt tack vare kunskap och kommunikation, tydliga rutiner och standardisering, erfarenhet och personliga egenskaper. Det visar att förberedelse, kompetens, rutiner och samarbete är avgörande för hantering av dessa akuta situationer. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att optimera hanteringen genom träningsprogram samt förbättra kommunikation och rutiner för att öka anestesisjuksköterskans beredskap inför omedelbart kejsarsnitt.

As the water industry complies with the new arsenic standard and new treatments are installed, unintended consequences might be expected in relation to corrosion control when sulfate/chloride ratio, pH, phosphate, iron, aluminum, bicarbonate and organic matter levels are altered. In some cases, these changes will be beneficial and in other detrimental. This research project is the first to systematically evaluate the effect of some key changes in the chemistry of the treated water in relation to copper and brass corrosion control. A 1.25 year pipe rig experiment was executed to anticipate effects of arsenic treatment on copper pinholes in 10 representative waters. The control water will mimic a synthesized version of Potomac River that is extremely aggressive to copper. Consistent with prior research that pitting is driven by free chlorine in this water and inhibited by phosphate, substitution of chloramine for chlorine or dosing of phosphate completely eliminated deep pits on tubes for the duration of the experiment. Chlorine caused serious pitting if NOM was less than 0.3 mg/L over a range of Cl:SO4 ratio's. Pitting seemed to occur under deposits of iron or aluminum on the copper surface, and if anything, an equimolar amount of iron caused worse pitting than aluminum. Amendment of the aggressive water with 3 mg/L NOM eliminated growth of deep pits (> 0.05 mm). While brass pipes (containing 0.09% lead, 63% copper and 36% zinc) was attacked non-uniformally by an aggressive water at high pH and with high Cl2 content, no significant pitting occurred at any condition tested, even though pitting did occur for copper exposed to the exact same water. The implication is that zinc in the alloy may help to prevent non-uniform attack on copper and copper alloys. The ban on lead-containing plumbing materials in the Safe Drinking Water Act (1986) and the EPA Lead and Copper Rule (1991) have successfully reduced lead contamination of potable water supplies. This part of the work carefully re-examined the lead contamination concern from the standpoint of existing performance standards for brass. The ANSI/NSF 61, Section 8 standard is relied on to protect the public from in-line brass plumbing products that might leach excessive levels of lead to potable water. Experiments were conducted to look at the practical strictness of these test-standards. In-depth study of the standard revealed serious flaws due from the use of a phosphate buffer and a failure to control carbonate dissolution from the atmosphere in the test waters. In order to help prevent undesirable outcomes in the future, standard's improvements are needed to assurance that brass devices passing this test are safe. / Master of Science

No / Rectangular concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) may be subjected to local bearing forces transmitted from brace members while being used as a chord of a truss, and thus development of finite element analysis (FEA) and simple design calculation method for rectangular CFSTs under local bearing forces are very important to ensure the safety and reliable design of such a truss with rectangular CFST chords in engineering practices. A three-dimensional FEA model was developed using ABAQUS software package to predict the performance of thin-walled rectangular CFST under local bearing forces. The preciseness of the predicted results was evaluated by comparison with experimental results reported in the available literature. The comparison and analysis show that the predicted failure pattern, load versus deformation curves and bearing capacity of rectangular CFST under local bearing forces obtained from FEA modelling were generally in good agreement with the experimental observations. After the validation, the FEA model was adopted for the mechanism analysis of typical rectangular CFSTs under local bearing forces. Finally, based on the parametric analysis, simple design equations were proposed to be used to calculate the bearing capacity of rectangular CFST under local bearing forces. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (51421064) and the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2013020125). The financial support is gratefully acknowledged.

In dieser Dissertation wird eine Messung von Beauty-Produktion im Bereich der Photoproduktion in ep Kollisionen am HERA-Speicherring. Die Auflösung des ZEUS Silizium-Mikrovertex-Detektor (MVD) ermöglicht Präzisions-Messungen mit denen sich neue Methoden zur Identifikation der Beauty-Quark entwickeln lassen. Zwei Ziele werden in dieser Arbeit verfolgt: erstens die Entwicklung eines zuverlässigen Verfahrens (Sekundärvertex-Tagging-Methode) zur Identifikation von Jets die aus b-Quarks stammen unter Ausnutzung der MVD-Information und Eigenschaften der Beauty-Quarks, und zweitens die Bestätigung der Anwendbarkeit dieser Methode. Beide Ziele wurden erreicht. Die Messung verwendet einen vom ZEUS-Detektor aufgenommenen Datensatz. Der Anteil der Ereignisse die Beauty-Quarks enthalten wurde mit Hilfe der charakteristischen Verteilung der Zerfallslänge und der invarianten Masse der Zerfallsvertex bestimmt. Dies ist die erste solche Analyse in ZEUS. Totale und differentielle Wirkungsquerschnitte als Funktion des Tranversalimpulses und der Pseudorapidität der Jets wurden gemessen. Weiterhin wurden die Ergebnisse extrapoliert um eine Messung auf b-Quark-Niveau zu erhalten. Alle Ergebnisse werden mit der vorher publizierten Messung verglichen als auch die theoretischen Vorhersagen. Aufgrund der vielversprechenden Ergebnisse dieser ersten Analyse und der mittlerweile erzielten Verbesserungen der Ereignis-Rekonstruktion, wurde eine zweite präzisere Messung möglich.Die noch laufende Analyse profitiert von grösserer Statistik sowie einer verbesserten Kalibrierung des Detektors und hinzugewonnenen Kenntnisse über Spur- und Vertexrekonstruktionsverfahren. Es sind zwar noch weitere Verbesserungen möglich,jedoch ist die bisher erreichte höhere Präzision bereits aus den im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit vorgestellten vorläufigen Ergebnissen ersichtlich. Zudem konnten die Messungen dank erhöhter Statistik und höherer Effizienz auch auf grössere Transversalimpulse Werte ausgedehnt werden. / This thesis presents a measurement of beauty photoproduction (PHP) in ep interactions at the HERA collider. The implementation of the silicon Micro Vertex Detector (MVD)in 2000/2001, provides high precision measurements that allow new identification techniques of the beauty quarks. Two goals are followed in this thesis: first the development of a reliable algorithm (secondary vertex b-tagging) to identify jets originating from b quarks by exploiting exclusively the full MVD potential and the properties of the b quark, and second the determination of its performance by obtaining first measurements of inclusive beauty dijet PHP. The main result presented here is based on the 2004 data set. The fraction of b-events is extracted using the characteristic distributions of reconstructed decay length and invariant mass of the secondary vertex, keeping the analysis inclusive. This is the first such measurement in ZEUS. Total and differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity of the b-jet are measured. The obtained results are compared with a previous published measurement carried out using a completely independent method. Furthermore, the results were extrapolated to obtain a measurement at the b-quark level. This measurement is compared with all previous ZEUS and H1 results as well as with theoretical predictions. Good agreement is found within errors. Motivated by these results a more precise measurement became possible. The new analysis, still ongoing, is based on the 2005 data set and profits of higher statistics as well as of an improved detector alignment and calibration and a better understanding of the tracking/vertexing procedures. The higher precision achieved so far can be already seen in the first preliminary results presented in the second part of this work. Moreover the measurement could be extended to larger values of the transverse momentum, not reached before by other analyses.

Die Messung des inklusiven ttbar-Wirkungsquerschnitts bei 13.6 TeV wird anhand von 29 fb⁻¹ an Daten des ATLAS-Detektors am LHC aus dem Jahr 2022 präsentiert. Für diese Messung sind das Zählen der Ereignisse und die genaue Bestimmung der Luminosität erforderlich, wobei die Luminositätsunsicherheit die größte Unsicherheitsquelle darstellt. Die Luminositätsbestimmung erfolgt nach dem etablierten Verfahren aus Run 2 in drei Schritten: absolute Kalibrierung mit van der Meer Scans, Transfer dieser Kalibrierung auf die physikalischen Datenaufnahmebedingungen und Stabilitätsüberprüfung. Die vorläufige Luminositätsunsicherheit für 2022 beträgt 2.2 %, hauptsächlich bedingt durch den Kalibrierungstransfer und Nicht-Faktorisierbarkeits-Effekte. Der ttbar-Wirkungsquerschnitt wird mit der b-Jet-Zählmethode im Dilepton-Endzustand gemessen und ergibt sigma(ttbar) = 850 ± 3 (stat.) ± 18 (syst.) ± 20 (lumi.) pb, was 1.5 Sigma unter der Standardmodellvorhersage liegt. Das Verhältnis der Z-Produktion zum ttbar-Wirkungsquerschnitt, sensitiv auf das Gluon-zu-Quark-PDF-Verhältnis, beträgt R(ttbar/Z) = 1.145 ± 0.003 (stat.) ± 0.021 (syst.) ± 0.002 (lumi.) und stimmt mit dem Standardmodell überein. Zusätzlich wird das Verhältnis des Wirkungsquerschnitts bei 13.6 TeV zu 13 TeV gemessen: R(13.6/13) = 1.0253 ± 0.0347, 2.4 Sigma von der Vorhersage entfernt. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen das Standardmodell und unterstreichen die Bedeutung präziser Luminositäts- und Wirkungsquerschnittsmessungen in der Teilchenphysik. / The inclusive ttbar cross-section measurement at 13.6 TeV, based on 29 fb⁻¹ of data recorded by ATLAS at the LHC in 2022, is presented. This measurement requires event counting and accurate luminosity determination, with luminosity uncertainty as the largest source of error. The luminosity calibration follows the established Run 2 procedure, involving three stages: absolute calibration via van der Meer scans, calibration transfer from specific scan conditions to physics data-taking conditions, and stability checks. The preliminary luminosity uncertainty for 2022 is 2.2%, mainly due to calibration transfer and non-factorisation effects. The ttbar cross-section is measured using b-jet counting in the dilepton final state, yielding sigma(ttbar) = 850 ± 3 (stat.) ± 18 (syst.) ± 20 (lumi.) pb, which is 1.5 sigma below the Standard Model prediction. The ratio of Z production to the ttbar cross-section, sensitive to the gluon-to-quark PDF ratio, is R(ttbar/Z) = 1.145 ± 0.003 (stat.) ± 0.021 (syst.) ± 0.002 (lumi.), consistent with the Standard Model. Additionally, the cross-section ratio between 13.6 TeV and 13 TeV is R(13.6/13) = 1.0253 ± 0.0347, 2.4 sigma from the predicted value. These results support the Standard Model and emphasize the importance of precise luminosity and cross-section measurements in particle physics.