Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

The diploma thesis follows historical development of Czech glassmaking, with the emphasis to the era of economic transition and the beginning of the 3rd millenium. Before an own description, the current state of world's glassmaking is analyzed according to the significant producers (EU, USA, Japan and China). The intrduction contains description of glass as material, its processing and glass raw materials. The main part of the thesis is a historical excursion to czech glass industy, and description of its development from 1989 to 2013, where main spatial and structural changes are explained. The prognisis of possible future development and current trends, problems and challenges of czech glassmaking are explained as well.

A partir dos anos de 1990, a indústria automobilística brasileira vem experimentando um intenso processo de reestruturação induzida pela intensificação da concorrência no mercado de automóveis em âmbito mundial, expansão da produção para as economias emergentes e mudanças institucionais na economia do país em decorrência da abertura comercial, da estabilização e da alteração do regime cambial. Partindo da hipótese de que as estratégias empresariais devem se adequar ao ambiente de concorrência, o objetivo da dissertação foi o de estudar como ocorreu a adaptação das estratégias das montadoras da indústria automobilística no Brasil e o seu desempenho econômico resultante. Para alcançar o objetivo foi estudada a indústria automobilística em âmbitos mundial e nacional, assim como as mudanças institucionais ocorridas no Brasil, no período 1986-2007. O referencial teórico utilizado para fundamentar a análise está baseado na Teoria Evolucionista, no Paradigma Eclético e em diferentes visões sobre Economia Institucional. Os dados utilizados na análise foram obtidos através das estatísticas publicadas por diversas fontes e em estudos realizados por diferentes autores. Pela análise efetuada foi possível concluir que a adaptação das estratégias ao padrão de concorrência é fundamental para o desempenho econômico. No Brasil, isto passa pela oferta em diversos segmentos de mercado a preços competitivos com destaque para o de ‘carros populares’, adoção de motores flex fuel, acompanhamento das principais inovações tecnológicas introduzidas, organização da produção em condomínios industriais e elevado esforço de vendas. As montadoras que souberam entender e se adaptar a esses requisitos do ambiente de concorrência brasileiro conseguiram obter um desempenho competitivo superior em relação às demais. / From the 1990s, the Brazilian auto industry is experiencing an intense restructuring process induced by fierce competition in the world market for cars, expansion of the production to the emerging economies and institutional changes in the country’s economy due to trade liberalization, economic stabilization and change of the exchange rate regime. Starting from the assumption that business strategies must fit to the selection environment, the goal of the dissertation is to study how the automakers in Brazil had adapted their competitive strategies and what was the resulting economic performance. To achieve that goal this work has studied the world and national auto industry, as well as the institutional changes occurring in Brazil in the period 1986- 2007. The theoretical framework used to support the analysis is based on the Evolutionary Theory, on the Eclectic Paradigm and on the different visions on Institutional Economics. The data used in the analysis were obtained through the statistics published by various sources and in studies conducted by different authors. By the analysis performed it was possible to conclude that the adaptation of strategies to the competition pattern is crucial to the economic performance. In Brazil, that adaptation passes through the supply in various segments of the market at competitive prices with emphasis on the 'popular car', adoption of flex fuel engines, adoption of key technological innovations introduced, organization of production in industrial condominiums and high sales effort. The automakers who have been able to understand and to adapt to these requirements of the Brazilian competition environment, have managed to obtain a competitive performance higher than others competitors.

A partir dos anos de 1990, a indústria automobilística brasileira vem experimentando um intenso processo de reestruturação induzida pela intensificação da concorrência no mercado de automóveis em âmbito mundial, expansão da produção para as economias emergentes e mudanças institucionais na economia do país em decorrência da abertura comercial, da estabilização e da alteração do regime cambial. Partindo da hipótese de que as estratégias empresariais devem se adequar ao ambiente de concorrência, o objetivo da dissertação foi o de estudar como ocorreu a adaptação das estratégias das montadoras da indústria automobilística no Brasil e o seu desempenho econômico resultante. Para alcançar o objetivo foi estudada a indústria automobilística em âmbitos mundial e nacional, assim como as mudanças institucionais ocorridas no Brasil, no período 1986-2007. O referencial teórico utilizado para fundamentar a análise está baseado na Teoria Evolucionista, no Paradigma Eclético e em diferentes visões sobre Economia Institucional. Os dados utilizados na análise foram obtidos através das estatísticas publicadas por diversas fontes e em estudos realizados por diferentes autores. Pela análise efetuada foi possível concluir que a adaptação das estratégias ao padrão de concorrência é fundamental para o desempenho econômico. No Brasil, isto passa pela oferta em diversos segmentos de mercado a preços competitivos com destaque para o de ‘carros populares’, adoção de motores flex fuel, acompanhamento das principais inovações tecnológicas introduzidas, organização da produção em condomínios industriais e elevado esforço de vendas. As montadoras que souberam entender e se adaptar a esses requisitos do ambiente de concorrência brasileiro conseguiram obter um desempenho competitivo superior em relação às demais. / From the 1990s, the Brazilian auto industry is experiencing an intense restructuring process induced by fierce competition in the world market for cars, expansion of the production to the emerging economies and institutional changes in the country’s economy due to trade liberalization, economic stabilization and change of the exchange rate regime. Starting from the assumption that business strategies must fit to the selection environment, the goal of the dissertation is to study how the automakers in Brazil had adapted their competitive strategies and what was the resulting economic performance. To achieve that goal this work has studied the world and national auto industry, as well as the institutional changes occurring in Brazil in the period 1986- 2007. The theoretical framework used to support the analysis is based on the Evolutionary Theory, on the Eclectic Paradigm and on the different visions on Institutional Economics. The data used in the analysis were obtained through the statistics published by various sources and in studies conducted by different authors. By the analysis performed it was possible to conclude that the adaptation of strategies to the competition pattern is crucial to the economic performance. In Brazil, that adaptation passes through the supply in various segments of the market at competitive prices with emphasis on the 'popular car', adoption of flex fuel engines, adoption of key technological innovations introduced, organization of production in industrial condominiums and high sales effort. The automakers who have been able to understand and to adapt to these requirements of the Brazilian competition environment, have managed to obtain a competitive performance higher than others competitors.

Orientador: Enéas Gonçalves de Carvalho / Banca: Marcelo Silva Pinho / Banca: Ana Paula Macedo de Avellar / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar e analisar as principais evoluções simultâneas nos elementos - demanda, regime tecnológico, atores e instituições - que compõem o Sistema Setorial de Inovação do Setor Automotivo, através de uma metodologia baseada no trabalho de Malerba (2002). Desta forma, utiliza-se uma abordagem que trata a inovação como um processo sistêmico, contínuo e evolucionário. O trabalho conclui que, nos últimos dez anos, o Sistema Setorial de Inovação do setor automotivo passou - e ainda passa - por profundas transformações - fruto da co-evolução dos seus elementos - que alteram continuamente sua estrutura e o tornam mais dinâmico e complexo / Abstract: This research work aims to identify and analyze the main simultaneous evolutions in the elements - demand, technological regime, actors and institutions - that compose the Sectoral Innovation System of Automotive Sector, through a methodology based on Malerba's (2002) work. Thereby, we use an approach that treats innovation as a systemic, continuous and evolutionary process. The work concludes that, in the past ten years, the Sectoral Innovation System of automotive sector has undergone deep transformations - result of co-evolution of its elements - that continually change its structure and make it more dynamic and complex / Mestre

A partir dos anos de 1990, a indústria automobilística brasileira vem experimentando um intenso processo de reestruturação induzida pela intensificação da concorrência no mercado de automóveis em âmbito mundial, expansão da produção para as economias emergentes e mudanças institucionais na economia do país em decorrência da abertura comercial, da estabilização e da alteração do regime cambial. Partindo da hipótese de que as estratégias empresariais devem se adequar ao ambiente de concorrência, o objetivo da dissertação foi o de estudar como ocorreu a adaptação das estratégias das montadoras da indústria automobilística no Brasil e o seu desempenho econômico resultante. Para alcançar o objetivo foi estudada a indústria automobilística em âmbitos mundial e nacional, assim como as mudanças institucionais ocorridas no Brasil, no período 1986-2007. O referencial teórico utilizado para fundamentar a análise está baseado na Teoria Evolucionista, no Paradigma Eclético e em diferentes visões sobre Economia Institucional. Os dados utilizados na análise foram obtidos através das estatísticas publicadas por diversas fontes e em estudos realizados por diferentes autores. Pela análise efetuada foi possível concluir que a adaptação das estratégias ao padrão de concorrência é fundamental para o desempenho econômico. No Brasil, isto passa pela oferta em diversos segmentos de mercado a preços competitivos com destaque para o de ‘carros populares’, adoção de motores flex fuel, acompanhamento das principais inovações tecnológicas introduzidas, organização da produção em condomínios industriais e elevado esforço de vendas. As montadoras que souberam entender e se adaptar a esses requisitos do ambiente de concorrência brasileiro conseguiram obter um desempenho competitivo superior em relação às demais. / From the 1990s, the Brazilian auto industry is experiencing an intense restructuring process induced by fierce competition in the world market for cars, expansion of the production to the emerging economies and institutional changes in the country’s economy due to trade liberalization, economic stabilization and change of the exchange rate regime. Starting from the assumption that business strategies must fit to the selection environment, the goal of the dissertation is to study how the automakers in Brazil had adapted their competitive strategies and what was the resulting economic performance. To achieve that goal this work has studied the world and national auto industry, as well as the institutional changes occurring in Brazil in the period 1986- 2007. The theoretical framework used to support the analysis is based on the Evolutionary Theory, on the Eclectic Paradigm and on the different visions on Institutional Economics. The data used in the analysis were obtained through the statistics published by various sources and in studies conducted by different authors. By the analysis performed it was possible to conclude that the adaptation of strategies to the competition pattern is crucial to the economic performance. In Brazil, that adaptation passes through the supply in various segments of the market at competitive prices with emphasis on the 'popular car', adoption of flex fuel engines, adoption of key technological innovations introduced, organization of production in industrial condominiums and high sales effort. The automakers who have been able to understand and to adapt to these requirements of the Brazilian competition environment, have managed to obtain a competitive performance higher than others competitors.

Esta tese examina a representação política em arenas extraparlamentares, que são fóruns de deliberação com impacto importante sobre as políticas públicas nas democracias contemporâneas. Para tanto, são analisadas as concepções dos representantes que atuam em nome da sociedade civil nos Conselhos Gestores de Políticas Públicas. Com base em diferentes perspectivas teóricas a respeito da representação, foram pesquisadas as seguintes dimensões empíricas: as regras de composição dos Conselhos, o processo de autorização dos conselheiros, a forma como os representantes tomam decisões e prestam contas das suas ações, o controle sobre suas atividades e a visão dos conselheiros a respeito da legitimidade das suas práticas de representação. O estudo constatou que a composição dos Conselhos, o processo de escolha dos conselheiros, a prestação de contas e o controle sobre as ações dos representantes são restritos aos ativistas de organizações civis que acompanham os Conselhos. Apesar dessa restrição, os representantes consideram que defendem interesses gerais e causas universais. Também foi averiguado que quando os conselheiros são ligados a organizações compromissadas com os espaços de discussão em contextos de alta mobilização popular, eles são mais próximos dos usuários dos serviços públicos e dos militantes da área. / This thesis examines the political representation in extra-parliamental arenas, which are deliberation fora with major impact over public policies in contemporary democracies. To achieve this, we analyze the conceptions of the representatives who act on behalf of the civil society in the Sectoral Policy Councils. Based upon the different theoretical perspectives of representation, the following empirical dimensions were researched: the rules of the Councils composition, the councilors authorization process, the way representatives make decisions and the way they are accountable for their actions, the control over their activities and the councilors visions with respect to the legitimacy of their representation practices. The study verified that the composition of the Councils, the process of choosing the councilors, they way representatives make decisions and the way they are accountable for their actions are restricted to activists from civil organizations that follow the Councils. Despite this restriction, the representatives consider they defend general interests and universal causes. It was also verified that when councilors are connected with organizations committed to discussion spaces in contexts of high popular mobilization, they are closer to public services beneficiaries and activists in the area.

Despite the decline of collective bargaining and trade union membership in the British private sector over the past thirty years, and much academic discussion of 'marketisation' in the public sector, national collective bargaining in English local government has remained remarkably robust - as demonstrated by the Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (Millward et al. 2000). Most academic research on employment relations in the public sector has focused on 'change'. In this study I wish to examine the roots of 'continuity' and a surprising institutional survival. After three decades of reform, national collective bargaining still remains central to the local government employment relations architecture, and contrary to the 'hollowing out' thesis, national agreements are still the bulwark upon which both national and local government (and the related actors: trade unions, management, politicians) rely upon to engage in the process of joint regulation in the workplace. The study has three main objectives: Firstly, to explore why the institutional actors support or do not support the national collective bargining framework in English local government. Secondly, the extent to which national collective bargaining is supported and promoted applying an institutional theory analytical framework. Thirdly, what institutional processes explain the resilience of national collective bargaining in English local government? A sectoral study is used to explore the political dynamics that underlie the survival of national collective bargaining in English local government. This follows a 'firm in sector' methodology (Smith et al., 1990), in which a benchmark authority is compared and contrasted with eight other local authorities. The authorities were chosen by taking account of factors such as size (employing more than 2000 workers); type (metroplitan (7)) and shire (2); geography (north (2), midlands (4), south west (1) and south east (2)); and status (are they part of the national collective bargaining framework or outside of it.) The 'firm in sector' methodology allows for the examination of issues at an organisational level, building on the Workplace Employment Relations Surveys, which have focused more at a macro level. The study will drill down in detail within the benchmark authority; however, the study is nevertheless dependent on understanding the wider sectoral landscape in which the benchmark authority is located and therefore considers how its experiences compare with local authorities who chose to belong or not belong to the national collective bargaining framework. The thesis makes three contibutions. Firstly, it raises the issue of continuity within English local government employment relations and why national collective bargaining has continued to survive and remain relevant. Secondly, it considers what makes English local government different from other parts of the public sector, and what we can learn from this difference. Thirdly, it highlights the value of a new institutional perspective, as a tool for employment relations analysis.

Cette thèse montre que bien que les gaz à effet de serre (GES) représentent une pollution de stock qui impose un cout virtuel du carbone croissant dans le temps, il peut être socialement désirable d'investir des maintenant dans le déploiement de mesures couteuses de réductions d'émissions de GES. Ce résultat découle uniquement de la prise en compte de l'inertie inhérente à l'accumulation de capital bas carbone, en l'absence de toute autre imperfection de marché. De plus, cette thèse montre que des gouvernements imparfaits (c'est-à-dire qui ne peuvent pas s'engager sur une trajectoire parfaitement crédible de prix du carbone, ou ne peuvent pas compenser parfaitement les perdants de la mise en place de ce prix) peuvent avoir intérêt à utiliser des instruments de politiques sectoriels qui influencent directement les décisions d'investissements. Ces instruments peuvent être plus effectifs et plus acceptables que le prix du carbone / This thesis shows that while greenhouse gases are a stock pollution that imposes a shadow carbon cost that increases over time, it may be socially desirable to invest now in the deployment of expensive emission-reduction measures. This results solely from taking into account inertia inherent to the accumulation of low-carbon capital, in the absence of any other market imperfection. This thesis also covers the choice of policy instruments that imperfect governments can use to ensure the market implement these investments. It suggests that if governments cannot commit credibly to a carbon price path, or cannot fully compensate the losers from the introduction of a carbon price, then sector-scale policy instruments that incentivize investment in clean capital may be more effective and more acceptable than the carbon price

Bakgrund: Tidigare studier på området socialt entreprenörskap visar på att sociala företag syftar till att skapa socialt värde. Hur detta värde skapas har dock varit svårt att konkretisera. Med anledning av att flera sociala företag med fokus på att öka mångfalden på den svenska arbetsmarknaden grundats de senaste åren, är det av intresse att studera hur dessa företag skapar socialt värde. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för hur sociala företag, i samspel med organisationer i andra sektorer i samhället, kan skapa socialt värde genom sitt arbete för en ökad mångfald. Metod: Studiens forskningsdesign är av kvalitativ karaktär och följer en abduktiv ansats. Studien undersöker ett socialt företag och dess partnerföretag och deras gränsöverskridande samarbete i form av ett mentorskapsprogram. Empiriinsamlingen har utförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer, etnografi samt dokumentstudier. Slutsats: Studien finner fem olika aspekter som beskriver hur socialt värde kan skapas genom ett samarbete över sektorsgränserna i samhället. Den första aspekten som identifierats är möten, vilken är den mest centrala förutsättningen för att kunna skapa socialt värde i ett gränsöverskridande samarbete. Utöver den aspekten finner studien att ansvarstagande, samverkan, nätverksskapande och kulturskillnader är aspekter som bidrar till socialt värdeskapande. / Background: Previous research within social entrepreneurship has shown that social enterprises are aiming to create social value. How the value is created is hard to concretize. Due to the fact that several social enterprises focusing on increasing the diversity of the Swedish labor market have been founded in recent years, the key interest is to study how these enterprises create social value. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how social enterprises, in collaboration with organizations across sectorial boarders in society, can create social value through their aim for a higher diversity on the Swedish labor market. Method: The research design is of qualitative nature and follows an abductive approach. The study investigates a case in the form of a social enterprise and its partner companies and their cross-sectoral cooperation in the form of a mentorship program. Empirical collection has been conducted through qualitative interviews, ethnography and documentary studies. Conclusion: The study finds five different aspects that describe how social value can be created through cooperation across the sectoral boundaries in society. The first aspect identified is the meeting, which is the most central prerequisite for creating social value in cross-sectoral cooperation. In addition to this aspect, the study finds that responsibility, collaboration, networking and cultural differences are aspects that contribute to social value creation.