A doença vassoura-de-bruxa reduziu expressivamente a produtividade dos cacauais da região sul da Bahia, maior produtora nacional. O controle genético da enfermidade, com o uso de plantas tolerantes e com alto potencial produtivo, tem sido a principal estratégia para o convívio com essa doença. O plantio de mudas clonais, provenientes de estacas enraizadas, tem mostrado ser uma prática promissora para a renovação da lavoura. O Instituto Biofábrica de Cacau (IBC), criado em 1999, tem como um de seus objetivos produzir e comercializar essas mudas. Estudos preliminares mostraram a necessidade de aprimoramento do protocolo, pois foram observados distúrbios nutricionais, apesar do uso elevado de fertilizantes. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a perda de nutrientes; comparar metodologias de extração de nutrientes em substratos; identificar a folha mais adequada para ser utilizada como diagnóstica; comparar formas de adubação; definir níveis críticos (NC) e doses recomendáveis de P e de N. Foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos em viveiro de produção de mudas do IBC, onde se utilizou o clone PH 16, com 12 mudas por parcela útil (uma muda por tubete de 288 cm3), sendo avaliados: diâmetro, altura, área foliar, matéria seca, concentração e conteúdo de nutrientes na planta. O primeiro experimento, implantado em julho de 2005, foi um fatorial 5x5+1: cinco substratos (misturas de fibra de coco – FC e Plantmax®), cinco doses de P no plantio (de zero a 0,8 g dm-3) e um tratamento adicional (P aplicado aos 30 dias); o segundo experimento, instalado em julho de 2006, foi um fatorial 2x5: duas formas de adubação, no substrato e foliar, e cinco doses de uréia, aplicadas semanalmente após o 82º dia. A análise do lixiviado do primeiro experimento identificou variações do pH, da condutividade elétrica e dos nutrientes de acordo com os tratamentos e com o tempo. A terceira folha do primeiro lançamento maduro foi a mais indicada para ser utilizada como folha diagnóstica. Para a maioria dos nutrientes, não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre os teores extraídos dos substratos, por metodologias distintas, com os absorvidos pelas plantas, exceto para P, K, Ca e Cu. A adubação com P em cobertura aumentou sua disponibilidade e absorção, mas não afetou o crescimento das mudas. Os melhores substratos foram os que continham entre 30 a 55% de FC. As doses recomendáveis, calculadas para obtenção de 99% da produção máxima da matéria seca da parte aérea, variaram de 136 a 275 g m-3 de P, aplicadas em préestaqueamento, de acordo com o substrato; e, para N, em aplicação semanal pósenraizamento, foi de 63 mg dm-3 para a adubação no substrato ou de 11,7 g L-1 para a adubação foliar. Para o N, a adubação no substrato foi superior à foliar. O NC de P no substrato variou de acordo com o extrator e o substrato e os NCs foliares foram de: 1,75 g kg-1 de P e 23,1 g kg-1 de N. / The witches' broom disease decreased expressively the cocoa productivity in Bahia south region, the biggest national producer. The disease genetic control, using tolerant plants with high potential productivity, has been the main strategy to cope with this disease. The cloned cutting breeding, originated from rooted cuttings, has proved to be a promising practice for crop renovation. The "Instituto Biofábrica de Cacau" (IBC) or Cocoa Biofactory Institute, founded in 1999, has one of its aims to produce and commercialize these rooted cuttings. Preliminary studies have shown the need of protocol improvement, as it was observed nutritional problems, despite the high use of fertilizers. The objectives of this work were: Evaluate nutrients losses; compare nutrient extraction methodologies in potting mix; identify the most suitable leaf to be used as diagnostic; compare different fertilization practice; define P and N critical levels (CL) and recommendable doses. It was carried out two experiments, both in cloning breeding nurseries of IBC, where it was used clone PH 16, with 12 cuttings by useful plot (one cutting by container of 288 cm3), being evaluated: diameter, height, foliar area, dry matter, concentration and nutrient content in plants. The first trial, implanted in July 2005, was a factorial 5x5+1: five potting mix (mix of coconut fiber – CF and Plantmax®) five doses of P in the planting (from 0 to 0.8 g dm-3) and an additional treatment (P applied on the 30th day); the second experiment, installed in July 2006, there was a factorial 2x5: two fertilization treatments, in potting mix and foliar, and five urea doses, applied weekly after the 82nd day. The first experiment leaching analysis identified variations of the pH, electric conductivity and nutrients according to treatments and time. The third leaf from first ripen sprout was the most indicated to be used as the diagnostic leaf. For most nutrients were not found significant correlation between substrate extract levels by distinct methodologies and the absorbed ones by plants, except for P, K, Ca and Cu. The P fertilization in covering increased its availability and absorption, but did not affect cutting growth. The best substrates were those contained between 30 and 55% of CF. The recommendable doses, assessed to obtain 99% of the maximum production of shoot dry matter, varied from 136 to 275 g m-3 of P, applied in the precutting, according to the substrate; and for N, in weekly pos-rooting application, was 63 mg dm-3 for the substrate fertilization or 11.7 g L-1 for foliar fertilization. For the N, the substrate fertilization was superior to foliar. The CL of P in the potting mix varied according to extractor and substrate and the foliar CLs were: 1.75 g kg-1 of P and 23.1 g kg-1 of N.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-21T17:13:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreiaAmorim.pdf: 2021730 bytes, checksum: d4f2de640b2254f58c621285962a6333 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T17:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreiaAmorim.pdf: 2021730 bytes, checksum: d4f2de640b2254f58c621285962a6333 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / The use of chemical indicators used to evaluate soil quality in a growing alley cropping can identify the causes of land degradation in agricultural systems of the Amazon, the conversion of forest to these agricultural systems, incompatible with soil and climatic conditions of this region. This degradation is considered one of the greatest threats to the rainforest due to depletion of phosphorus (P), the decline in soil organic matter (SOM) and the loss of basic cations. two kinds of high quality waste were used: (Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium), and two species of low quality waste (Clitoria fairchildiana and Acacia mangium). The 1600m2 area was sampled for carrying out chemical analysis and fractionation of organic matter and soil phosphorus. The SOM was separated by density fractionation soil. Fractionation of P in soil was carried out with extraction solutions. The experimental design was randomized blocks: leucena + sombrero (L + S); leucena + acacia (L + A); gliricidia + acacia (G + A); gliricidia + sombrero (G + S) and control treatment without pulses with five treatments and eight repetitions. The corn was used as test culture. Legumes were pruned to 50 cm of soil waste materials were added to the surface and then the corn was sown. All soil samples of the experiment in alleys had low pH values. The results show statistical differences between treatments when to soil organic matter (SOM). The highest levels were found in the treatment leucena + sombrero (L + S), but did not influence the carbon stock of Fractions Take Free (FLL), Intra-aggregate fractions (FLI) and MOP MOS, which showed no statistical difference. Therefore, in accordance cutting alleys, most of the P found in inorganic form, and was also found in fractions moderately labile and difficult. The results indicate that the fractions of P and organic matter are important indicators to evaluate changes in the degree of land degradation in the humid tropics. These results also indicate that the intensive and continuous use of annual crops in soils of the regions of the Amazon without any conservation practice can be considered as a high risk to the sustainability of agricultural systems, mainly because of increased active and potential acidity, reducing labile organic matter and depletion of organic P pools, leading to soil degradation. Soil fertility, physical properties and available P are responsible for the variability of soil degradation. Considering that small farmers are responsible for 70% of agricultural production in the country, the sustainable management of these soils, usually of low fertility by agroecological alley cropping of legumes is an alternative to agriculture as socioeconomic and environmental benefits. / O uso de indicadores químicos serve para avaliar a qualidade do solo em um sistema de cultivo em aleias. A degradação do solo de sistemas agrícolas da Amazônia, pela conversão da floresta para esses sistemas agrícolas, incompatíveis com as condições edafoclimáticas desta região é considerada uma das maiores ameaças para os solos tropicais devido à depleção de fósforo (P), a diminuição da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e a perda de cátions básicos. Esta Tese teve o objetivo de avaliar os principais indicadores químicos de qualidade do solo (matéria orgânica e seus compartimentos, pH, frações do fósforo (P), potássio (K) e o somatório de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio trocáveis (Mg)) após dois anos de plantio em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO Distrocoeso sobre um sistema de cultivo em aleias. Foram utilizadas duas espécies de alta qualidade de resíduos: (Leucaena leucocephala e Gliricídia sepium), e duas espécies de baixa qualidade de resíduos (Clitoria fairchildiana e Acacia mangium). A área de 1600m2 foi amostrada, para realização das análises químicas (IAC, 2001) e fracionamento densimétrico e granulométrico da MOS (MACHADO, 2002). O fracionamento de P no solo foi realizado com soluções extratoras, conforme Hedley et al. (1982) com as modificações de Condron et al. (1985), adaptado de Gatiboni (2003). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições: leucena+sombreiro (L+S); leucena+acácia (L+A); gliricídia+acácia (G+A); gliricídia+sombreiro (G+S) e tratamento controle sem leguminosas. O milho foi utilizado como cultura teste. As leguminosas foram podadas a 50 cm do solo e seus resíduos foram adicionados à superfície e em seguida o milho foi semeado. Todas as amostras do solo do experimento em aleias apresentaram valores baixos de pH. Houve diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para a MOS. Os maiores teores foram encontrados no tratamento leucena+sombreiro (L+S), mas não influenciou nos estoque de carbono das Frações Leve Livre (FLL), Frações Intra-agregadas (FLI) e Matéria Orgânica Particulada (MOP) da MOS, que não apresentaram diferença estatística. Por conseguinte, após o corte das aleias, a maior parte do P foi encontrada numa forma inorgânica, e também foi encontrada nas frações moderadamente e dificilmente lábeis. Os resultados indicam que as frações de P e matéria orgânica são importantes indicadores para avaliar mudanças no grau de degradação da terra nos trópicos úmidos. Estes resultados indicam também que o uso intensivo e contínuo das culturas anuais nos solos das regiões da Amazônia sem nenhuma prática conservacionista pode ser considerado como um risco elevado para a sustentabilidade dos agrossistemas, principalmente por causa do aumento da acidez ativa e potencial, a redução da matéria orgânica lábil e o esgotamento dos pools de P orgânico, levando à degradação do solo. A fertilidade do solo, propriedades físicas e P disponível são responsáveis pela variabilidade da degradação do solo. Considerando-se que os pequenos agricultores respondem por 70% da produção agrícola no país, a adoção do manejo sustentável dos solos cultivados, geralmente de baixa fertilidade natural com sistema em aleias de leguminosas é uma alternativa para a agricultura com benefícios socioeconômicos e ambientais.

Un des enjeux majeurs des procédés membranaires concerne le développement de nouveaux matériaux de filtration stables dont les propriétés texturales et structurales permettent d'orienter la sélectivité des membranes de nanofiltration. En particulier, l'utilisation de matériaux zéoliihiques comme couche filtrante a montré qu'après un traitement chimique adéquat, ces matériaux pouvaient acquérir des propriétés de sélectivité très particulières. Ce travail de thèse propose la synthèse, la caractérisation et l'optimisation de membranes de nanofiltration tubulaires en utilisant une zéolithe de type MFI. Plus particulièrement, des films mono et bicouches de zéolithes de type MFI ont été préparés sur un support tubulaire macroporeux asymétrique en alumine. La diffraction de rayons X et la microscopie électronique à balayage ont permis de déterminer la cristallinité, l'homogénéité et l'épaisseur des filins déposés (7 à 15 i_trn). La manométrie d'adsorption d'azote a été utilisée pour vérifier si la porosité après mise en forme restait accessible, ainsi qu'à déterminer la niasse de zéolithe déposée sur le support tubulaire en alumine. La perméabilité hydraulique, qui caractérise l'hydrodynamique d'une membrane, a été déterminée par filtration d'eau déminéralisée. Cette étape dite « de conditionnement » est nécessaire pour parvenir à un état de performance stable de la membrane (état d'équilibre), La perméabilité hydraulique de la membrane mono et bicouche MFI diminue rapidement au début de la phase de conditionnement, et finit par se stabiliser au bout de 15 heures de filtration pour atteindre une valeur minimale de 1,08 x tem-2 et 1,02 x 10-15 m3.ni-2 respectivement. La sélectivité et les performances de filtration de ces membranes vis-à-vis de différents types de solutés (ioniques, molécules organiques, mélanges) ont été analysées à l'issue de la phase de conditionnement. Les résultats obtenus sont très encourageants, ils ont fait l'objet de plusieurs articles de recherche. / Zeolites are very well-known materials especially for their controlled porosity, their crystalline structures, but also for the different applications where they can be used (catalysis, air treatment,...) . During the past ten years, a lot of developments have been done on the preparation of zeolite membranes for pervaporation applications. The present work explores new developments in the preparation zeolite membranes dedicated to the filtration of salty water. More particularly, we prepared MFI films on specific macroporous alumina tubular supports used for nanofiltration applications. There are different key steps which influence the formation of the MFI films: the cleaning procedure of the substrats, the hydrothermal synthesis conditions, the use of a secondary growth method for when preparing a bi-layered membrane. A complete characterization of the mono and the bi-layered membranes was carried out using various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, mercury porosimetry and nitrogen sorption measurements. Results show that a dense, continuous and highly crystallized thin film of MFI bas been obtained on the u-alumina support after the secondary growth experiment. The weight of zeolite deposited on the support was also estimated by nitrogen sorption measurement using the method of mass assessment. The MFI membrane was stabilized by pure water filtration tests until the hydraulic permeability reached a plateau. This conditioning step was necessary to reach an equilibrium state of the hydraulic membrane performances. Particularly, hydration of the MFI layer was a crucial step of the conditioning process, which leads to the modification of the MFI surface properties. The hydraulic permeability of the mono and bi-layer MFI membrane decreased rapidly at the beginning of the conditioning process, and stabilized alter 15 hours to reach 1.08 x 10.141113.m.2 and 1.02 x 10-15 m3.m-2 respectively. Filtration tests were then carried out with a neutral molecule (VB 12) in order to evaluate the mean pore radius of the mono and the bi-layered membranes. A rejection rate of 5% was obtained with the monolayer MFI membrane, while it reaches a value of 50% with the bi-layered one. These results lead to mean pore radius corresponding to 6.4 and 1.7 mn respectively. It menus that even alter the synthesis of the second MFI layer, the membrane porosity remains higher than the porous diameter of the zeolite. Filtration may occur at the interface of the MFI crystals.

<p>The interactions between polymers and components of biological systems are an important area of interest within the fields of tissue engineering, polymer chemistry, medicine and biomaterials. In order to create such a biomimetic material, it must show the inherent ability to reproduce or elicit a biological function. How do we design synthetic materials in order to direct their interactions with biological systems?</p><p>This thesis contributes to this research with aspects of how polymers interact with biological materials with the help of ionic interactions. Polyesters, biodegradable or not, may after a hydrolytic cleavage interact ionically with protonated amines by the liberated carboxylate functions. Amines are found in proteins and this fact will help us to anchor proteins to polyester surfaces. Another type of interaction is to culture cells in polymeric materials, i.e. scaffolds. We have been working on compliant substrates, knitted structures, to allow cell culture in three dimensions. A problem that arises here is how to get a high cell seeding efficiency? By working on the interactions between polymers, proteins and finally cells, it is possible to create a polarized protein membrane that allows for very efficient cell seeding, and subsequent three dimensional cell cultures. Finally a synthetic route to taylor interaction was developed. Here a group of polymers known as ionomers were synthesized. In our case ionic end groups have been placed onto biodegradable polycarbonates, we have created amphiphilic telechelic ionomers. Functionalization, anionic or cationic, changes the properties of the material in many ways due to aggregation and surface enrichment of ionic groups. It is possible to add functional groups for a variety of different interactions, for example introducing ionic groups that interact and bind to the complementary charge of proteins or on the other hand one can chose groups to prevent protein interactions, like the phosphorylcholine zwitterionomers. Such interactions can be utilized to modulate the release of proteins from these materials when used in protein delivery applications. The swelling properties, Tg, degradation rate and mechanical properties are among other things that will easily be altered with the choice of functional groups or backbone polymer.</p>

The interactions between polymers and components of biological systems are an important area of interest within the fields of tissue engineering, polymer chemistry, medicine and biomaterials. In order to create such a biomimetic material, it must show the inherent ability to reproduce or elicit a biological function. How do we design synthetic materials in order to direct their interactions with biological systems? This thesis contributes to this research with aspects of how polymers interact with biological materials with the help of ionic interactions. Polyesters, biodegradable or not, may after a hydrolytic cleavage interact ionically with protonated amines by the liberated carboxylate functions. Amines are found in proteins and this fact will help us to anchor proteins to polyester surfaces. Another type of interaction is to culture cells in polymeric materials, i.e. scaffolds. We have been working on compliant substrates, knitted structures, to allow cell culture in three dimensions. A problem that arises here is how to get a high cell seeding efficiency? By working on the interactions between polymers, proteins and finally cells, it is possible to create a polarized protein membrane that allows for very efficient cell seeding, and subsequent three dimensional cell cultures. Finally a synthetic route to taylor interaction was developed. Here a group of polymers known as ionomers were synthesized. In our case ionic end groups have been placed onto biodegradable polycarbonates, we have created amphiphilic telechelic ionomers. Functionalization, anionic or cationic, changes the properties of the material in many ways due to aggregation and surface enrichment of ionic groups. It is possible to add functional groups for a variety of different interactions, for example introducing ionic groups that interact and bind to the complementary charge of proteins or on the other hand one can chose groups to prevent protein interactions, like the phosphorylcholine zwitterionomers. Such interactions can be utilized to modulate the release of proteins from these materials when used in protein delivery applications. The swelling properties, Tg, degradation rate and mechanical properties are among other things that will easily be altered with the choice of functional groups or backbone polymer.

Present day advanced technologies heavily rely on one particular class of matter, i.e. the crystals. It is the periodic nature of the atoms and the properties arising due to the periodicity in crystals that is exploited to meet various technological feats. The technological revolutions in the semiconductor, optics and communication industries are the examples. The anisotropy in the crystals gives them enhanced properties as required in the field of non-linear optics. The field of non-linear optics became practically a reality after the invention of lasers. The coherent and monochromatic optical beams in the visible and ultraviolet ranges are in high demand due to their application in the fields like material processing, semiconductor lithography, laser micromachining, laser spectroscopy, photochemical synthesis, inertial confinement fusion and other basic scientific studies. In this thesis, work on the growth and characterization of two technologically important non-linear optical crystals has been carried out after developing the necessary instrumentation and some novel techniques for synthesis and growth. Also, studies on the glassy nature of one of the crystals have been carried out. This thesis consists of seven chapters. The first chapter gives a brief introduction to the nonlinear optical phenomenon, crystal growth and glassy state. Instrumentation is the backbone of crystal research technology. Without precision growth equipments large size crystals cannot be grown and without precision characterization instrumentation no conclusion regarding the quality and usefulness of the grown material can be drawn. The work reported in Chapter 2 describes the instrumentation developed for the growth, processing and characterization of crystals grown by solution and melt growth techniques. In low temperature solution growth, crystal growth workstations have been developed using tanks (made of acrylic), heating elements, and stirring propellers. Cooling coils have been inserted into the designed water bath to grow crystals below ambient also. This bath has an advantage to work over a wide range of temperatures, so that maximum retrieval of the material is possible. The growth of large crystals is usually hindered due to spurious nucleation precipitating during the growth process. A novel nucleation-trap crystallizer has been designed and developed that facilitates the continuation of the growth run in spite of extra nucleation precipitating after seeding. In this crystallizer, the spurious nuclei and any other particles generated after the filtration are forced into a well, and the growth of spurious nuclei is arrested by manipulating the temperature of this trap. Achieving adequate heat flow and mass flow profiles is of vital importance for growing good quality crystals. An optimized stirring procedure for the solution or melt is needed for ensuring the desired supply of growth units to the crystal-nutrient interface, and for transporting away any debris of the crystal-growth process. An ACRT set up has been designed and developed. For the growth of crystals by the flux technique and from direct melt, a crystal puller has been designed and developed. The crystal puller consists of a crystal rotation unit, slow and fast pulling mechanisms and a control unit. The pulling assembly is protected from damage caused by possible human errors through interlock mechanisms. The vibration at the shaft of the seed rotation assembly has been minimized by using a dc motor for rotation. A versatile triangular / square wave oscillator has been designed for developing a dc motor control. By implementing this control, the speed of the motor does not vary with supply-voltage variations. A quarter-step switching logic sequence is introduced for stepper motors, which is used for the slow UP/DOWN movement of the puller. This puller can be controlled locally by a control panel provided with the puller, or through a PC remotely by bypassing the local control. Additionally, for the processing and characterization of the grown DKDP crystals, a closed-loop thread-cutter, a ferroelectric loop tracer, and a computer-controlled system for measuring the half-wave voltage have been developed. A novel mercury encapsulant seeding technique that facilitates the processing of solution with immersed seed is invented and has been described in Chapter 3. This technique allows processing of solution with the seed inside the growth chamber, and still avoids contamination of the solution and formation of crystal clusters that are normally generated when seed is inserted after processing of the solution. DKDP and KAP crystal seeds have been used to check the dissolution of seeds, if any, when immersed in pure water for several hours and at high temperatures after introducing the seal. It has been observed that the mercury seal does not allow creeping of water into the seed holder, and there is no dissolution of the seed. This technique has been practically implemented for the growth of crystals from aqueous solution and its usefulness has been demonstrated by growing ammonium acid phthalate, potassium acid phthalate and potassium di-deuterium phosphate crystals. Nonlinear-optical crystals find major use in inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. For such applications, nonlinear crystals with very large damage-resistance are needed. Alternatively, crystals with moderate damage resistance but large size can be used for frequency-conversion for efficient plasma experiments. Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, KH2PO4 (KDP) and its deuterated analog, K(DxH1-x)2PO4 (DKDP) are at present the only nonlinear optical crystals which can be grown to large sizes and are suitable for ICF studies. Also, solid-state light valves, light deflectors, and laser communication devices require large and perfect tetragonal DKDP crystals, with high deuterium concentration for easier operation. Chapter 4 describes the growth and characterization of DKDP crystals. DKDP crystals have been grown by all the three techniques i.e. conventional, platform and novel mercury encapsulant seeding techniques. Details about a new approach for the synthesis of DKDP solution have been given. A comparative study of the grown crystals by mercury-encapsulant technique and other techniques is described. Habit modification was observed due to the placement of seed crystals at an off-centre position and orientation in mercury encapsulant seeding technique and has been discussed. The grown crystals have been characterized for homogeneity, dislocations, transmission, DSC, rockng curve, etc. Due to the higher photon energies and the ability to be more tightly focused, coherent radiations of shorter wavelength (deep-UV) are in demand. The photon energies in this region are sufficient for bond-breaking processes in many materials, and find applications in fields like material processing, semiconductor lithography, laser micromachining, laser spectroscopy, photochemical synthesis, etc. Although excimer lasers (XeCl, KrF, ArF etc.) produce significant power in the deep-UV region, these laser systems involve corrosive gases, and are bulky, apart from requiring regular maintenance. A maintenance-free, compact, solid-state laser is preferable. But this, in turn, requires an efficient NLO crystal in that region. CLBO is one such crystal. Growth of CLBO crystals has been carried out by the flux-growth technique using B2O3-deficient flux, as well as from stoichiometric melt and has been discussed in Chapter 5. It was observed that the nucleation of material on platinum wire or spontaneous nucleation was difficult to achieve in spite of high supercooling. After forcing cracks into the mass deposited on platinum wire nucleation could be achieved. The growth of crystals was carried out on seeds with different orientations. Transmission studies, etch-pit studies and harmonic-generation experiments were performed on the grown crystals. The glass-forming tendency of CLBO has been studied and reported in Chapter 6. DTA experiments show that CLBO melt generally transforms to glass on cooling. Even at a cooling rate as low as 1°C/min, the material does not crystallize but transforms into glass. Ergodicity making and glass transition temperatures were determined for glassy CLBO. Since neither the crystallization peak nor the melting peak was observed in DTA experiments during the heating part of thermal cycle for glassy CLBO, a new approach of seeded crystallization was adopted in the calorimetric experiments to achieve crystallization. Since the size of added nuclei is already above the critical radius, the onset of crystallization peaks is independent of the critical-radius energy barrier. Kissenger method was applied to determine the activation energy of seeded- crystallization process. The transformation of glass CLBO to the crystalline phase is mediated by dendrites. Possibility of bulk crystal growth from the glassy state has been discussed, and a novel idea of surface crystallization is proposed. Chapter 7 summarizes the work carried out and projects the scope for future work.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / There have been many efforts in recent years to modify thunderstorms through cloud seeding. Collective cloud seeding efforts in Arizona before 1971 are reviewed and an operational convective cloud seeding program carried out in Arizona in the summer of 1971 is analyzed. The comprehensive Santa Catalina cloud seeding experiment (1957 to 1964) was a randomized seeding using silver iodide. Results of this experiment are uncertain as numerous interpretations are possible. Numerous individual experiments from 1966 to 1970 at flagstaff were conducted, with uncertain results. An intensive program of seeding individual cumulus clouds with silver iodide was carried out in the summer of 1971 in central and eastern Arizona. No statistically significant changes were noted. Results of the Catalina experiment imply that seeding decreased rainfall on and downwind from the target. Two other experiments were inconclusive. Nine figures show precipitation patterns.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Balfourodendron riedelianum of the family Rutaceae is a native forest species with timber value and is used in the manufacture of luxury furniture, construction, and so forth. Moreover, the species is suitable for medical use, insecticide, landscaping and recovery riparian areas. Despite the importance of this species, there are few studies in relation to seed technology, irrigation in the production of seedlings and field early growth. In this sense, species diaspores were collected in Palma Nova (RS), in the years of 2013 and 2015, and further processed and divided into samples for testing. The study was divided into three articles, in Article I – measurement of biometrics, pre-germination treatments and substrates for the germination of B. riedelianum diaspores; by using a sample of 2013 for physical characterization, through the weight of a thousand seeds (PMS), water content (TU) and biometrics, besides the germination test (G%) on different substrates after breaking dormancy. The dimensions of the B. riedelianum seeds had on average, 18.59; 9.03 and 9.38 mm in length; width and thickness, respectively. The dormancy was broken by immersion in cold water (8 ± 2 ° C) for 48 hours and germinating was conducted on vermiculite substrate. Article II – In the first, two experiments were carried out, the quality of the seeds collected in 2013, which have been stored for two years in cold and humid chamber was evaluated and sampled for TU testing, G% and sanity, and the second evaluated in the lot collected in 2015 the disinfestation of the seeds in the incidence of fungi and germination. Diaspores of B. riedelianum remained viable for 12 months under storage conditions, and disinfection with Orthocide® is indicated in order that provided high G% and IVG. The genus Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. were detected in both experiments. Article III - identified water depth required to optimize the growth of seedlings of B. riedelianum, and evaluated its initial field growth. Combinations were used of heads between 4, 8 and 12 mm day-1, after 180 days of water management application survival evaluation were performed, height, stem diameter, dry mass air, root dry weight and quality index Dickson. The treatments described in the vivarium were conducted in the field, wich 450 days after plantating were evaluated in relation to H, DC, MSA, leaf area and root length, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a fluorescence. The head influenced the growth of seedlings of B. riedelianum, in the vivarium stage, which was confirmed in the field. Seedlings of Balfourodendron riedelianum can be produced initially with water depth of 4 mm day-1, which must be switched to 12 mm day -1after 60 days and remain so until the end of production. / Balfourodendron riedelianum da família Rutaceae é uma espécie florestal nativa com valor madeireiro, sendo utilizada na fabricação de móveis de luxo, construção civil, entre outros. Além disso, a espécie é indicada para uso medicinal, inseticida, paisagismo e recuperação de áreas ripárias. Apesar da importância desta espécie, há escassez de estudos em relação à tecnologia de sementes, à irrigação na produção de mudas e crescimento inicial a campo. Nesse sentido, foram coletados diásporos da espécie em Nova Palma (RS), em 2013 e 2015, após beneficiados e divididos em amostras para a realização dos testes. O estudo foi dividido em três capítulos, no Capítulo I - foi mensurado a biometria, tratamentos pré-germinativos e substratos para germinação de diásporos de B. riedelianum; sendo utilizado uma amostra do lote de 2013 para caracterização física, por meio do peso de mil sementes (PMS), teor de água (TU) e biometria, além do teste de germinação (G%) em diferentes substratos após superação da dormência. As dimensões dos diásporos de B. riedelianum apresentam em média, 18,59; 9,03 e 9,38 mm de comprimento; largura e espessura, respectivamente. A dormência foi superada pela imersão em água fria (8 ± 2 °C), por 48 horas e germinação pode ser conduzida em substrato vermiculita. No Capítulo II - foram realizados dois experimentos, no primeiro, foi avaliado a qualidade dos diásporos coletados em 2013 que foram armazenados durante dois anos em câmara fria e úmida, sendo retiradas amostras para testes de TU, G% e sanidade, no segundo foi avaliado no lote coletado em 2015 a desinfestação dos diásporos na incidência de fungos e na germinação. Os diásporos de B. riedelianum mantiveram-se viáveis durante 12 meses sob as condições de armazenamento, e a desinfestação com Orthocide® é indicado, tendo em vista, que proporcionou elevada G% e IVG. Os gêneros Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp. e Penicillium sp. foram detectados em ambos os experimentos. No Capítulo III – foi identificado a lâmina de irrigação necessária para otimizar o crescimento das mudas de B. riedelianum, e avaliado seu crescimento inicial a campo. Foram utilizados combinações entre as lâminas 4, 8 e 12 mm dia-1, que após 180 dias de aplicação do manejo hídrico realizou-se avaliações da sobrevivência (Sob), altura (H), diâmetro do coleto (DC), massa seca aérea (MSA), massa seca radicular (MSR) e índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Os tratamentos descritos no experimento do viveiro foram conduzidos a campo, que aos 450 dias após o plantio foram avaliados em relação a H, DC, MSA, área foliar e comprimento radicular, teor de clorofila e fluorescência da clorofila a. As lâminas influenciaram no crescimento das mudas de B. riedelianum, na fase de viveiro, o que foi confirmado no campo. Mudas de Balfourodendron riedelianum podem ser produzidas, inicialmente, com lâmina de irrigação de 4 mm dia-1, a qual deve ser alternada para 12 mm dia-1 a partir dos 60 dias, permanecendo assim até o final da produção.

This study evaluated the phitosociology of the Mixed Rain Forest and its mechanisms of regeneration (seeding banks, seed rain and soil seed bank). The data were collected in six conglomerates, being every one subdivided in 16 parcels of 20m x 20m. In the Chapter I it was studied the adult vegetation, where the tree and shrub species with circumference at the height of the chest equal or bigger than 30 cm were identified and measured. The species were classified in ecological groups and, on the basis of the density data, it was made an analysis of the grouping using the TWINSPAR method (Two-Way Indicattor Species Analysis). The groupings were characterized in relation to their horizontal structure. On the area, they 86 species were identified, being 18 pioneers, 25 secondary initials, 16 secondary delayed, 14 climax, and 13 were classified in more than one group. Three groupings were characterized (G1, G2 nd G3), in which gained special prominence the species Siphoneugena reitzii, Araucaria angustifolia and Sebastiania commersoniana, respectively in environments of hillside, of emergent trees and humid environments. In the chapter II based in the groupings formed in the adult vegetation, it was evaluated the mechanisms of regeneration. The seed rain was evaluated during the months of January to December of 2007, by means of the disposition of 96 collectors of 1 m2, in which it was observed the significant difference among the three groups in the quantity of seeds dispersed. In the study of the soil seed bank which was held through the collect of 5 cm of ground (taking out the burlap), it was observed that the group G1 showed significant difference in the quantity of storaged seeds in relation to groups G2 and G3. Seeding banks was showed in 72 showing unities of 2 m x 2 m, in which all the individuals with a size equal or bigger than 20 cm and DAP equal or lesser than 1 cm were identified and counted. The statistic analysis showed that, quantitatively, there was a significant difference among the three groups in relation to numbers of individuals in the seeding bank. For the joint analyses of the adult vegetation and mechanisms of regeneration, it is concluded, initially that the seeding bank, for having presented a bigger similarity with the vegetation, it can be the principal strategy of the maintenance of this forest. The seed rain is a basic strategy to the maintenance of the seeding bank. The seed bank didn´t present a flower potential for substituting the species present in the tree vegetation after alteration of the forest, being an essential strategy to the initial reestablishment of the area., due to the high density of the herbaceous plants. It was considered as tree basic species Araucaria angustifolia, Siphoneugena reitzii, llex brevicuspis, Podocarpus lambertii e Vernonia discolor, in hillside environments; Araucaria angustifolia, Casearia decandra, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, llex paraguariensis and Sebastiania brasiliensis in emergent tree environments; Araucaria angustifolia, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Cryptocarya aschersoniana, llex brevicuspis, Sebastiania commersoinana e Siphoneugena reitzii in lands of bigger moistness. Through these informations one gives credit that such species will have greater possibility of stablishment in places with similar environment characteristics. / Este estudo avaliou a fitossociologia de Floresta Ombrófila Mista e os seus mecanismos de regeneração (banco de plântulas, chuva de sementes e banco de sementes do solo). Os dados foram coletados em seis conglomerados, sendo cada um subdividido em 16 parcelas de 20 m x 20 m. No Capítulo I, estudou-se a vegetação adulta onde as espécies arbóreas e arbustivas com circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) igual ou maior de 30 cm foram identificadas e medidas. As espécies foram classificadas em grupos ecológicos e, com base nos dados de densidade, foi realizada uma análise de agrupamento utilizando o método TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). Os agrupamentos foram caracterizados em relação à sua estrutura horizontal. Na área, foram identificadas 86 espécies, sendo 18 pioneiras, 25 secundárias iniciais, 16 secundárias tardias, 14 clímax, e 13 foram classificadas em mais de um grupo. Foram caracterizados três agrupamentos (G1, G2 e G3), em que se destacaram as espécies Siphoneugena reitzii, Araucaria angustifolia e Sebastiania commersoniana, respectivamente, em ambientes de encosta, de árvores emergentes e úmido. No capítulo II, partindo dos agrupamentos formados na vegetação adulta, foram avaliados os mecanismos de regeneração. A chuva de sementes foi avaliada durante os meses de janeiro a dezembro de 2007 por meio da disposição de 96 coletores de 1 m², na qual foi observada diferença significativa entre os três grupos na quantidade de sementes dispersadas. No estudo do banco de sementes do solo, realizado mediante a coleta de 5 cm de solo (retirando a serapilheira), observou-se que o grupo G1 demonstrou diferença significativa na quantidade de sementes estocadas em relação aos grupos G2 e G3. O banco de plântulas foi amostrado em 72 unidades amostrais de 2 m x 2 m, em que todos os indivíduos com altura igual ou maior que 20 cm e DAP igual ou menor 1 cm foram identificados e contados. A análise estatística mostrou que, quantitativamente, houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos quanto ao número de indivíduos no banco de plântulas. Pela análise conjunta da vegetação adulta e mecanismos de regeneração, conclui-se, inicialmente, que o banco de plântulas, por ter apresentado maior similaridade com a vegetação, pode ser a estratégia principal de manutenção dessa floresta. A chuva de sementes é uma estratégia fundamental à manutenção do banco de plântulas. O banco de sementes não apresentou potencial florístico para substituir as espécies presentes na vegetação arbórea após alteração da floresta, sendo uma estratégia essencial ao restabelecimento inicial da área, dada a elevada densidade de plantas herbáceas. Foram consideradas como espécies arbóreas fundamentais Araucaria angustifolia, Siphoneugena reitzii, Ilex brevicuspis, Podocarpus lambertii e Vernonia discolor, em ambientes de encosta; Araucaria angustifolia, Casearia decandra, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Ilex paraguariensis e Sebastiania brasiliensis, em ambiente de arvores emergentes; Araucaria angustifolia, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Cryptocarya aschersoniana, Ilex brevicuspis, Sebastiania commersoniana e Siphoneugena reitzii em terrenos de maior umidade. Por meio dessas informações, acredita-se que tais espécies terão maior chance de estabelecimento em locais com características ambientais semelhantes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3112.pdf: 4538374 bytes, checksum: de855e1830eb260ab2d2aa15c63fa695 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Guadua tagoara (Nees) Kunth is a large sized bamboo native of the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest, with a semi-scandent habitat, pachymorphic rhizome and thorns for fixation on trees. Nowadays this bamboo is considered an invasive species in secondary forests, where its populations are supposedly in expansion. The general objective of this study, developed in Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO), RJ, was to investigate the life history of G. tagoara from two perspectives: (a) to know the ecological basis of its supposed invasive potential and (b) to discuss it in the context of theoretical ecology and evolution of mast seeding plants. This dissertation was based primarily on three moments of the G. tagoara life cycle, studied in the scales of clump, genet and ramet. The investigated aspects of its life history were: mast seeding followed by parental death (monocarpy), regeneration from seed, synchrony and reproductive interval, development, morphological plasticity and intra and infra-specific diversity. At least at PARNASO, the life cycle of G. tagoara is strictly monocarpic, its regeneration from seeds occurred mainly in the interior of the senescent clumps. The majority of reproductive events were concentrated in 2004, suggesting a pattern known as flowering distribution for this region. The spatial gregarism of G. tagoara seems to be associated to the intra-clump reproductive synchrony, and the selective advantage of monocarpy seems to be the creation of regeneration sites for the following cohort. The same seems to be valid for other monocarpic species of Guadua with a tendency for gregarism. It was not possible to establish a reproductive interval for G. tagoara, but four possible flowering patterns were proposed for its life history. Although the adult genets have long spacers (necks), the rhizomes in the 2004 and 2006 cohorts did not present this character. Culm ramification occurred before rhizome ramification, and the thorns appeared just in the second year of the young genets. These cohorts (2004 and 2005) differed among them in structural characters, except in the number of living culms per genet, and presented characteristics here considered to be adaptations for the regeneration inside the clumps or other kinds of gaps. The morphological plasticity presented by the different patterns of ramification, by the reiterative growth and by the deviance from obstacles during elongation was observed in the culms of adult genets. The reiterative growth was also seen in the 2004 and 2005 cohorts, as well as articulated culms and the presence of invertebrates in their interior, including the internodes filled with water. Climatic seasonality doesn t restrict the growth of G. tagoara, but it is potentialized in the rainy season. Adult genets of this bamboo seem to grow during the whole year in PARNASO. Morphological plasticity observed in their culms can be considered a foraging behavior searching for light and space in the canopy. G. tagoara also has a large opportunistic growing behavior, expressed in ramets and genets, and can be considered a structural parasite of trees. Morphological elasticity, potential for clonal growth and integration of phalanx and guerilla strategies seem to be key aspects of its life history and its expansion and dominance in secondary forests. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the expansion of G. tagoara in secondary forests is facilitated by activities altering the structure of the forest. I suggest that the selfperpetuating disturbance cycle proposed to explain the formation and expansion of forests dominated by Guadua spp. in the Amazon forest must also act in the G. tagoara dominated forests, but in this latter case the anthropogenic activities seem to be very important for the origin and expansion of dominance. Some possible causes of its intra and infraspecific diversity of G. tagoara were discussed, based on the knowledge acquired about its life history, as well as some possible relations between its life cycle and the forest dynamics. The need and viability of the management of its populations were also discussed. / Guadua tagoara (Nees) Kunth é um bambu de grande porte nativo da Floresta Atlântica, de hábito semi escandente, rizoma paquimórfico e dotado de espinhos para fixação nas árvores. Atualmente este bambu é considerado uma espécie invasiva em áreas de florestas secundárias, onde suas populações supostamente estariam em expansão. O objetivo geral deste estudo, desenvolvido no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO), RJ, foi investigar a história de vida de Guadua tagoara sob duas perspectivas: (a) conhecer a base ecológica do seu suposto potencial invasiso e (b) discuti-la no contexto teórico da ecologia e evolução das plantas mast seeding. Esta dissertação baseou-se principalmente em três momentos do ciclo vital de G. tagoara, abordados nas escalas de taquaral, geneta e rameta: frutificação maciça seguida de morte parental (monocarpia), regeneração por sementes e desenvolvimento dos genetas adultos. Os aspectos estudados em sua história de vida foram: frutificação maciça, monocarpia, regeneração por sementes, sincronia e intervalo reprodutivos, desenvolvimento, plasticidade morfológica e diversidade intra e infra - específica. Pelo menos no PARNASO, o ciclo de vida de G. tagoara é estritamente monocárpico, e sua regeneração por sementes ocorreu principalmente no interior dos taquarais senescentes. O florescimento foi assincrônico em escala populacional, mas marcadamente sincrônico dentro dos taquarais. O ano de 2004 concentrou a maior parte dos taquarais reprodutivos, sugerindo para esta região um padrão conhecido como distribuição do florescimento. O gregarismo espacial de G. tagoara parece associado à sincronia reprodutiva intra taquaral, e a vantagem seletiva da monocarpia parece ser a criação de sítios de regeneração para a coorte seguinte. O mesmo parece valer para outras espécies monocárpicas de Guadua com tendência ao gregarismo. Não foi possível estabelecer um intervalo reprodutivo para G. tagoara, mas quatro possíveis padrões de florescimento foram propostos para sua história de vida. Embora os genetas adultos possuam espaçadores (pescoços) longos, nas coortes de 2004 e 2005 o rizoma não apresentou esta característica. A ramificação dos colmos ocorreu antes da ramificação do rizoma, e o surgimento dos espinhos ocorreu a partir do segundo ano de vida destes genetas. Estas coortes diferiram entre si em termos estruturais, com exceção do número de colmos vivos por geneta, e apresentaram características interpretadas aqui como adaptações à regeneração no interior dos taquarais ou em outras clareiras. A plasticidade morfológica representada por distintos padrões de ramificação, pelo crescimento reiterativo e pelo desvio de obstáculos durante o elongamento foi observada nos colmos de genetas adultos. O crescimento reiterativo também foi observado nos colmos das coortes de 2004 e 2005, nas quais também foram observados colmos articulados e a presença de raízes nos nós aéreos. Tanto nas coortes jovens quanto nos genetas adultos foram observadas perfurações nos colmos e a presença de invertebrados em seu interior, inclusive nos entrenós preenchidos com água. A sazonalidade climática não restringe o desenvolvimento de G. tagoara, mas o potencializa na época mais chuvosa do ano. Os genetas adultos deste bambu parecem crescer durante todo o ano no PARNASO. A plasticidade morfológica observada nos seus colmos pode ser considerada como um comportamento forrageador por espaço e luz no dossel da floresta. G. tagoara possui grande potencial de crescimento oportunista, o qual pode se expressar nas escalas de rametas e genetas, e pode ser considerado um parasita estrutural de árvores. A plasticidade morfológica, o potencial de crescimento clonal e a integração das estratégias falangeal e guerrilheira parecem ser aspectos-chave da sua história de vida e da sua expansão e dominância em florestas secundárias. Os resultados deste estudo dão suporte à hipótese de que a expansão de G. tagoara em florestas secundárias seja facilitada por atividades antrópicas que alterem a estrutura da floresta. Eu sugiro que o ciclo de distúrbios auto-perpetuante proposto para explicar a formação e expansão das florestas dominadas por Guadua spp. na Amazônia também deve atuar nas florestas dominadas por G. tagoara, mas nesse caso as ações antrópicas parecem ter grande relevância na origem e expansão da dominância. A partir dos conhecimentos obtidos sobre a história de vida de G. tagoara, foram discutidas algumas possíveis causas da sua diversidade intra e infraespecífica, e algumas possíveis relações entre o seu ciclo de vida e a dinâmica florestal. A necessidade e a viabilidade do manejo de suas populações também foram discutidas.