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В данной работе исследуются различные методы изучения процесса интерпретации, особое внимание уделено аспектам взаимодействия в интернет-коммуникации, таким как определение границ публичного и приватного. Также проведен когнитивно-прагматический анализ примеров сообщений и комментариев при использовании базовой концепции основанной на теории релевантности Дэна Спербера и Дейдры Уилсон. / This paper explores various methods for studying the process of interpretation, with special attention paid to aspects of interaction in Internet communications, such as defining the boundaries of public and private. A cognitive-pragmatic analysis of examples of messages and comments was also carried out using the basic concept based on the theory of relevance of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between drugs of choice that family members abused and the non-addicted family member's levels of self-disclosure, self-disclosure avoidance, and trust.

This study explored factors associated with the reluctance of people living with HIV (PLWH) to disclose their (Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) statuses to their sexual partners at Galeshewe Day Hospital in Kimberley in the Northern Cape. The study was an in-depth interview based qualitative research; and purposive sampling technique was utilised to select 13 PLWH aged between 18 and 45. Among males, factors contributing to the reluctance of disclosure to sexual partners are ignorance, fear of rejection, not knowing where to start when disclosing and secrecy. Despite the complexity of disclosure, all participants understood the importance of disclosing to sexual partners as this will prevent new infections. There is a need for HIV prevention strategies to focus on males particularly, to strengthen disclosure counselling services provided to PLWH and to advocate strongly for partner testing / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

本研究重點欲探討時下人人皆有的心理狀態「寂寞感」、「交友軟體的使用動機」與「自我揭露」行為之間的關係、而「交友軟體品質特性」又如何調節影響「交友軟體使用動機」與「自我揭露」行為。本研究採取網路問卷調查的方式，對於交友App有使用經驗的使用者為主要調查對象，共計307有效問卷進行分析。本研究主要發現如下： 1.本研究的受試者以男性、年齡18-25歲、學歷以大專院校者為最多，感情狀況以未婚族群最多，但是還是有非單身甚至已婚交友用戶；使用交友軟體的時間大多兩年之內，平均下載2.66個交友App軟體，其中最常使用的交友App軟體為Beetalk。受試者平均每週上交友軟體的天數為5.07天，每週花費5.43小時。另外，高達94.1%的受試者曾經在交友App平台上與陌生人進一步用其他通訊軟體、社群媒體互動，並有88.9%的受試者曾約現實碰面。 2.寂寞感程度可顯著的正向預測交友軟體使用動機中的日常社交、社會逃避以及尋愛之三個構面。 3.寂寞感程度可顯著的正向預測自我揭露中的誠實度、數量以及正負向之三個構面。 4.關於交友軟體使用動機(日常社交、社會逃避、尋愛)與自我揭露(誠實度、數量、正負向)之間的關係：交友軟體使用動機中日常社交、社會逃避與尋愛之三個構面皆可顯著預測自我揭露中的誠實度：當日常社交和社會逃避動機越高時，自我揭露中的誠實度越高；但是當尋愛動機越高時，自我揭露中的誠實度越低。交友使用動機中日常社交和尋愛之二個構面皆可顯著預測自我揭露中的數量：當日常社交動機越高時，自我揭露中的數量越高；但當尋愛動機越高時，自我揭露中的數量越低。交友使用動機中日常社交之構面可顯著正向預測自我揭露中的正負向。 5.交友軟體品質特性(使用者介面、安全性、形象聲譽、會員素質、尋愛達成率)對交友軟體使用動機與自我揭露的調節效果中，僅只有尋愛達成率對交友軟體使用動機和自我揭露產生調節效果。 6.交友軟體使用動機中僅有日常社交之構面對於寂寞感程度與自我揭露有中介效果。 / The purpose of this study is to explore how “loneliness” which is widely prevalent throughout the society affects the motives of using online dating applications and the behavior of self-disclosure. Furthermore, how the quality of online dating apps operates in between the motives of using online dating apps and the behavior of self- disclosure. Online survey was conducted and 307 respondents completed the questionnaire. The research results are presented as follow: 1.Most of the respondents in the study are male, aged from 18 to 25, graduated from college and are currently single. Still, there are some of them in a relationship and even married. Subjects mostly have been used the dating apps less than 2 years, and averagely downloaded 2.66 dating apps. Furthermore, the most popular dating apps is Beetalk. Respondents use dating apps 5.07 days a week and 5.43 hours a week in average. Besides, there are 94.1% of the respondents have used other social media or social apps to communicate with other users they met in dating apps and 88.9% of the respondents have actually met up in real life. 2.Different degree of loneliness have statistically significant and positive predictable effect on the motives of using online dating apps including “Daily Social Needs”, “Escape to Virtual World”, and “Romance”. 3.Different degree of loneliness have statistically significant and positive predictable effect on the different aspects of self-disclosure including: Honesty, Quantity, and Positivity. 4.The motives of using online dating apps including “Daily Social Needs”, “Escape to Virtual World”, “Romance” have statistically significant and predictable effect on the honesty of self-disclosure. “Daily Social Needs” and “Romance” of motives have significant and predicable effect on the quantity of self-disclosure. Only “Daily social needs” have statistically significant and predictable effect on the positivity of self-disclosure. 5.Only the quality of “Love Achievement Rate” of online dating apps have operation effects in between the motives of using online dating apps and the behavior of self- disclosure. 6.Only “Daily social needs” of motives of using online dating apps have mediation effects between loneliness and the behavior of self disclosure.

Thesis (MEd )--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During no other time in history have sexual minority individuals been the recipients of so much attention, scrutiny and unprecedented acceptance and inclusion into mainstream culture. However, despite advances and society's ever increasing tolerance toward sexual minorities, many individuals with alternative sexual orientations remain fearful of disclosing their sexuality. Consequently, adolescents often hide their alternative sexual orientation from others or disclose to only a select few. Adolescents with alternative sexual orientations face unique challenges, such as the coming out process, during which they must recognise, explore, define and disclose their orientation in a way that heterosexual individuals need not. Disclosure of an alternative sexual orientation is a struggle for most lesbian, gay and bisexual youth due to fears of discrimination, ostracism and violence from others. Despite a growing body of scientific literature on homosexuality in general, little is known about the disclosure process and its impact on an adolescent. This study seeks to help fill the gaps by giving voice to the adolescent by exploring the experience of disclosure. Furthermore, this study seeks to provide insight and knowledge to mental health professionals to aid adolescent clients throughout the disclosure process. This study's research methodology can be described as qualitative research which is embedded within an interpretive/constructivist paradigm. Purposive sampling was used to select five male and five female research participants. The methods of data collection that were employed comprised semi-structured individual interviews and reflective notes. Furthermore, content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study suggest that many unique issues besides the normative challenges that lesbian and gay adolescents share with heterosexual adolescents characterise their development. This research study suggests that there are several milestones that are characteristic of lesbian and gay identity development, the negotiation of which may hinder development in other areas. The male and female participants described a similar trajectory to coming out, consistently identifying a feeling of being different during early childhood which resolved into an awareness of same-sex attraction that concluded in their self-labelling as gay or lesbian. The findings of this study suggest that the process of disclosure is continuous and emergent. The reactions of parents ranged from extreme outrage and expulsion from the home to support and acceptance of the fact that their child had disclosed his/her homosexual orientation. From the findings of this study it would appear that the participants' parents were initially ill prepared and unable to support their child during his/her disclosure. The participants voiced various strategies to support an adolescent in the position of disclosing to family. There are several implications of this study's findings for mental health professionals working with lesbian, gay and bisexual adolescents and youth. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aandag, noukeurige betragting, aanvaarding en ongekende insluiting binne die hoofstroom van die kultuur wat tans deur seksuele minderheidsgroepe ervaar word, is ongekend in die geskiedenis. Ten spyte van vooruitgang en die toenemende verdraagsaamheid teenoor die seksuele minderheid in die samelewing, vrees diegene wat 'n alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie toon steeds om hulself bloot te stel. Gevolglik hou adolessente dikwels hul alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie geheim of onthul hulle dit slegs aan 'n uitgesoekte paar persone. Adolessente met 'n alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie kom op 'n wyse wat nie vir heteroseksuele individue nodig is nie, voor unieke uitdagings soos die openbaarmaking van hul oriëntasie te staan wanneer hulle dit moet erken, verken, definieër en aan die moet lig bring. Die erkenning van 'n alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie plaas die meeste lesbiese, gay en biseksuele jeugdiges voor 'n stryd vanweë die vrees vir diskriminasie, verstoting en geweld deur andere. Ten spyte van die algemene toenemende hoeveelheid wetenskaplike literatuur oor homoseksualiteit, is daar weinig kennis van die verklaringsproses en die impak daarvan op 'n adolessent. Hierdie studie poog om die ervaring van verklaring te ondersoek om die adolessent se stem te laat hoor en sodoende die kennisgaping te oorbrug. Verder poog die studie ook om insig en kennis aan professionele persone binne die gebied van die geestesgesondheid te bied, om hulle in staat te stel om adolessente kliënte met die verklaringsproses by te staan. Die navorsingsmetodologie wat vir die studie gebruik is, kan as kwalitatiewe navorsing binne 'n interpretiewe/konstruktiwistiese paradigma beskou word. Doelgerigte toetsing is ingespan om vyf manlike en vyf vroulike deelnemers vir die navorsingspoging te werf. Data is met behulp van semigestruktureerde onderhoude en reflektiewe notas ingesamel. Verder is inhoudsanalise gebruik om die data te ontleed. Die bevindings van die studie dui daarop dat die ontwikkeling van gay en lesbiese adolessente benewens die normatiewe uitdagings wat deur hulle sowel as heteroseksuele adolessente aangespreek moet word, ook deur unieke kwessies gekenmerk word. Hierdie navorsingstudie suggereer dat verskeie mylpale kenmerkend is van die ontwikkeling van lesbiese en gay identiteit en dat die bewerkstelliging daarvan ontwikkeling in ander areas kan stuit. Die manlike en vroulike deelnemers aan die studie het langs soortgelyke bane tot die verklaring van hul oriëntasie gekom en het die gewaarwording dat hulle tydens hul vroeë jeug reeds 'n gevoel dat hulle anders was konsekwent geïdentifiseer. Hierdie gevoel het tot 'n bewustheid van die aantrekking van dieselfde geslag ontwikkel en tot self-etikettering as gay of lesbies gelei. Die bevindings van die studie stel voor dat die verklaringsproses voortdurend en opdoemend van aard is. Die reaksies van ouers wissel vanaf uiterste verontwaardiging en verdrywing vanuit die tuiste tot ondersteuning en aanvaarding van die wete dat hul kind sy/haar homoseksuele oriëntasie verklaar het. Die bevindings laat blyk ook dat die ouers van die deelnemers aanvanklik gebrekkig voorbereid was en nie in staat was om hul kind tydens die verklaring te ondersteun nie. Die deelnemers het verskeie strategieë voorgestel vir die ondersteuning van 'n adolessent wat hom/haar op die punt van hierdie verklaring aan die gesin bevind. Die studie se bevindings het ook verskeie implikasies vir professionele persone wat binne die gebied van die geestesgesondheid met lesbiese, homoseksuele en biseksuele adolessente en jeugdiges te doen het.

本研究主要目的在探討有戀愛經驗大學生的「成人依附」、「社交能力」、「社會支持」、「寂寞」與「憂鬱」之間的關係。依此目的，本研究先探討不同背景變項的大學生在「逃避依附」、「焦慮依附」、「社交自我效能」、「困擾的自我揭露」、「社會支持」、「寂寞」與「憂鬱」上的差異情形，並以兩個模式探究有戀愛經驗大學生的「成人依附」、「社交能力」、「社會支持」、「寂寞」與「憂鬱」之間的關係。模式一探討「逃避依附、焦慮依附、社交自我效能、困擾的自我揭露、寂寞與憂鬱之關係」；模式二探討「逃避依附、焦慮依附、社交自我效能、困擾的自我揭露、社會支持與憂鬱之關係」。研究採問卷調查法，以台灣十一所大學805位有戀愛經驗的大學生為對象，並以隨機方式將之分為兩組，第一組399人，用來刪題與發展模式；第二組406人，用來驗證模式及探究不同背景變項的受試在各研究變項上的差異。研究工具包括成人依附量表、社交自我效能量表、困擾的自我揭露量表、寂寞量表、社會支持量表和憂鬱量表。資料分析方法為因素分析、信度分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析及結構方程模式。 本研究以第一組樣本探討初始模式發現，初始模式與觀察資料間適配不理想，故根據修正指標進行修正，修正後的模式與資料適配後，再以第二組樣本驗證模式的穩定性，經驗證模式一及模式二具備相當穩定性，且模式一及模式二都與觀察資料適配，並能有效解釋變項間的關係。 主要研究結果如下： 第一，在背景變項方面：（一）女性受試的「困擾的自我揭露」與「社會支持」顯著高於男性；（二）一年級受試的「焦慮依附」顯著高於三年級及四年級的受試；（三）不在戀愛中受試的「逃避依附」、「焦慮依附」與「寂寞」顯著高於在戀愛中的受試，而在戀愛中受試的「社會支持」顯著高於不在戀愛中的受試；（四）無晤談經驗受試的「逃避依附」顯著高於有晤談經驗的受試，有晤談經驗受試的「寂寞」與「憂鬱」顯著高於無晤談經驗的受試。其他部分則無顯著差異。 第二，在模式方面：（一）逃避依附與焦慮依附會透過社交自我效能而間接影響寂寞，再間接影響憂鬱；（二）逃避依附與焦慮依附會透過社交自我效能而間接影響社會支持，再間接影響憂鬱；（三）逃避依附會透過困擾的自我揭露，間接影響社交自我效能，再透過社交自我效能間接影響寂寞，再間接影響憂鬱；（四）逃避依附會透過困擾的自我揭露，間接影響社交自我效能，再透過社交自我效能間接影響社會支持，再間接影響憂鬱；（五）焦慮依附會直接影響憂鬱；（六）焦慮依附會透過寂寞間接影響憂鬱；（七）焦慮依附對憂鬱的影響效果會大過逃避依附對憂鬱的影響效果；（八）困擾的自我揭露對寂寞不具直接影響力，困擾的自我揭露會透過社交自我效能間接影響寂寞；（九）逃避依附、焦慮依附、困擾的自我揭露對社會支持不具直接影響力，逃避依附、焦慮依附、困擾的自我揭露會透過社交自我效能間接影響社會支持。 最後，根據研究結果，針對個人、學校諮商與輔導實務及未來相關研究提出建議，以供參考。 / The Relationships Among Adult Attachment, Social Competencies, Social Support, Loneliness and Depression of College Students Ching-Ju Lee Abstract The main purpose of this research was to study the relationships among “adult attachment,” “social competencies,” “social support,” “loneliness” and “depression” of the college students who had romance. The researcher first investigated the differences in terms of “attachment avoidance,” “attachment anxiety,” “social self-efficacy,” “distress self-disclosure,” “social support,” “loneliness” and “depression” among the participants who had the different background variables. Also studied were the relationships among “adult attachment,” “social competencies,” “social support,” “loneliness” and “depression” of the college students who had romance by using two models. Model one was used to study “the relationships among attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, social self-efficacy, distress self-disclosure, loneliness and depression.” Model two was used to study “the relationships among attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, social self-efficacy, distress self-disclosure, social support and depression.” This study employed questionnaires to collect data. The participants of the study were 805 Taiwan college students who had romance from 11 universities, and were randomly divided into two groups. In group one, there were 399 participants whose data were used to cancel items and develop models, and in group two there were 406 participants whose data were used to test models and study the differences in regards of different research variables among the participants who had the different background variables. The participants were evaluated by Adult Attachment Scale, Social Self-efficacy Scale, Distress Self-disclosure Scale, Social Support Scale, Loneliness Scale and Depression Scale. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, Cronbach α analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA and SEM. The initial models tested by group one did not fit well with the observed data. Therefore, applying the modification index, the researcher modified the models till the models fit the observed data, then tested the models’ stability by group two, and came to confirm the stability of model one and model two. The researcher found both model one and model two fit the observed data, and could effectively explain the relationships among the variables. The main results of this study were as follows: First, about the background variables: 1. The scores of “distress self-disclosure” and “social support” of girls were significantly higher than those of boys. 2. The scores of “attachment anxiety” of freshmen were significantly higher than those of juniors and seniors. 3. The scores of “attachment avoidance”, “attachment anxiety”, and “loneliness” of the students who were not in love were significantly higher than those of the students who were in love, and the scores of “social support” of the students who were in love were significantly higher than those of the students who were not in love. 4. The scores of “attachment avoidance” of the students who had no counseling experience were significantly higher than those of the students who had counseling experience while the scores of “loneliness” and “depression” of the students who had counseling experience were significantly higher than those of the students who had no counseling experience. There were no significant differences among other variables. Second, about the models: 1. Attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety could affect social self-efficacy, and could thus in turn affect loneliness through social self-efficacy, and could indirectly continue to affect depression through loneliness. 2. Attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety could affect social self-efficacy, and could thus in turn affect social support through social self-efficacy, and could indirectly continue to affect depression through social support. 3. Attachment avoidance could affect distress self-disclosure, and could thus in turn affect social self-efficacy through distress self-disclosure, loneliness through social self-efficacy, and depression through loneliness. 4. Attachment avoidance could affect distress self-disclosure, and could thus in turn affect social self-efficacy through distress self-disclosure, social support through social self-efficacy, and depression through social support. 5. Attachment anxiety could directly affect depression. 6. Attachment anxiety could indirectly affect depression through loneliness. 7. The effect of attachment anxiety affecting depression was higher than that of attachment avoidance affecting depression. 8. Distress self-disclosure could not directly affect loneliness, while it could indirectly affect loneliness through social self-efficacy. 9. Attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety and distress self-disclosure could not directly affect social support, whereas they could indirectly affect social support through social self-efficacy. Finally, based on the results of the study, the researcher made some further suggestions for individuals, school counseling and future researchers.

根據經濟部統計，在全球經濟不景氣的情況下，彩妝業在2009與2008年同期相比，仍成長了2.72%，以金額來說，台灣彩妝一年有新台幣720多億元市場，而保養品的市場量則一直維持在美妝品市場40%以上比例，兩者合計之金額足見美妝市場之大。因此對於行銷人員來說，瞭解現代女性選擇美妝產品的方式成為一個重要的課題。 本研究認為，若能瞭解網友信任美妝部落格、部落客的原因，就可取得部落格行銷之先機。本研究發現20-29歲女性在制訂美妝產品購買決策時，除了價格因素外，最重要的因素來自於網友評價。美妝部落格部落客成為美妝領域的「意見領袖」，將影響力由虛擬網路世界深入實體世界。我們將影響部落格可信度因素分為：(1)使用時間、(2)使用動機：資訊搜索、人際互動與娛樂消遣、(3)部落格特性：更新快速、自主控制、互動性、多媒體與分眾化、(4)自我揭露、(5)商業意圖揭露等五大要素。結果發現「資訊蒐集」、「人際互動」、「多媒體」、「主題性」與「自我揭露」等五個變項對可信度有正向影響；而「內容詳盡」與「商業意圖揭露負面感知」對可信度影響為負向。 本研究建議在部落格行銷上，應改進過去多用「量產」的口碑行銷方式贏得市面上的曝光量與正面評價，以提升文章深度。多媒體方面可以提升圖文的質感，主題性上可以形塑部落客在美妝領域的專業角色，並利用自我揭露的方式拉近與網友的距離等方式提高可信度。另外要注意內容過於詳盡易帶給網友不信任的負面觀感，而商業意圖不僅是政府開始注意的議題，也是美妝部落格可信度的殺手。 / According to a Ministry of Economic Affair’s study, cosmetic industry in Taiwan is continuously growing under the global economic recession in recent years. The makeup product market is greater than NT 720 billion a year in Taiwan, in which the proportion of the skin care product market in cosmetic industry remains 40%., which may show the potential of this industry. Therefore, it is important for marketers to understand the behavior of consumers in this industry, especially women’s, accounting for most of the share. Women between 20 and 29 will consider other users’ evaluation of products when they have to make decisions on purchasing cosmetic products. Therefore, it is natural to infer that cosmetic blogs and bloggers will become “opinion leaders” in cosmetic areas, and they may exert their influence on consumers’ consumption. If we know why and how users trust in cosmetic blogs and bloggers, we may help the cosmetics marketing in blogosphere. . Factors affecting blog credibility were divided into five dimensions: (1) time, (2) motivation: information exchange, personal relationship and social recreation, (3) blog feature: quick update, independent control, interactive, multimedia and fragmentation, (4) self-disclosure, (5) business intention disclosure. We found that “information exchange”, “personal relationship”, “multimedia”, “fragmentation” and “self-disclosure” have positive effects on credibility. On the contrary, content of blog feature—“detailed content” and “disclosure of intention to sell” have negative effects. Consequently, this study suggests that from a multimedia perspective, bloggers should improve quality of posts, and upgrade blogger’s professional images. Furthermore, using self-disclosure strategies may improve relationships between bloggers and visitors. Last but not least, detailed content easily brings negative impression, and intentions to sell in blogs were not only monitored by government but viewed as defect of credibility by visitors.

本研究應用Petronio的傳播隱私管理理論(CPM)，探討在影音社交網站YouTube的情境中，使用者在資訊揭露與隱私之間的緊張關係，試圖了解使用者在影音社交網站YouTube情境中的隱私管理是如何，並從使用者的性別、使用動機、網路使用經驗、感知匿名/辨識、及感知風險程度的隱私考量，探討是否會對使用者在影音社交網站YouTube情境的隱私管理有所影響。 本研究嘗試從初探性的角度，針對上傳自己影音的使用者，發展出測量YouTube上傳自己影音的隱私測量量表在於了解目前使用者的使用現狀，而什麼樣的影響因素，會影響到這些使用者在上傳影音時的隱私管理行為，以供未來研究做為參考與指教。 本文完成有效樣本共有617位使用者，其中包含527位有上傳過自己影音的使用者，90位沒有上傳過自己影音的使用者；研究發現女性使用者會比男性使用者揭露較少，且個人資訊連結較少；而愈沒有消遣娛樂使用動機的使用者，對於個人資訊界線控制會愈多；具有自我表現使用動機的使用者，對於個人資訊揭露程度就會愈多，而不愈具有消遣娛樂使用動機的使用者，個人資訊連結會愈多，具有自我表現使用動機的使用者，個人資訊連結就會愈多。 此外在使用者自我感知與各自隱私管理行為之間關係中，發現上傳影音的使用者，不會因為個人內容所感知到的風險程度，而進行自我資訊控制等隱私管理行為；反而會因為從他人的影音內容中辨識出他人，以及因為外在環境感知到的風險程度，而進行自我資訊控制以及自我資訊揭露程度行為的隱私管理。 / This study applies Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management theory to explore how YouTubers manage their disclosure in YouTube videos; whether YouTubers’ gender, motivation, internet experience, the degree of perceived identification and perceived risk have any impact on their privacy management behaviors in social networking site, YouTube. In addition, this study uses Child, Pearson & Petronio’s (2008) WPMM scale as reference; attempts to create an explanatory scale to measure YouTubers’ privacy concern and management for future research. There are 617 YouTubers completed an online survey, including 527 YouTubers who have their video available in YouTube and 90 YouTubers who do not have their video available in YouTube. Results show female YouTubers disclose their personal information much less than male and have less linkage behavior. As for YouTubers’ motivation, users who do not regard using YouTube as entertainment will control their information; and users who often present themselves in YouTube will disclose their information. Additionally, users being used to presenting themselves will open more access and linkage to their personal information. What’s more, YouTubers who can identify others from their own videos and perceive threat or risk from internet environment have the tendency to have their information controlled and limited, not to disclose more personal information and disallow others have the access to their video in YouTube. Following the results of the present study, suggestions for future research in the online management of privacy, especially in YouTube context, are also listed and discussed.