Regeneration of adult skeletal muscle relies upon a population of quiescent myogenic progenitor cells, called satellite cells (SCs). Upon injury, SCs activate, proliferate, differentiate and fuse to make new myofibers or to repair damaged ones. SCs can also self-renew to repopulate the SC niche. The balance between differentiation and self-renewal is critical to maintain muscle homeostasis and changes in this equilibrium can lead to chronic muscle degeneration. For example, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by rounds of muscle degeneration and regeneration leading to increased muscle wasting. One approach to treat DMD is transplantation of SCs. For this treatment to be viable, transplanted cells must contribute to repairing injured muscle and repopulating the SC niche. Here, we show that the transcription factor CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein beta (C/EBPβ) regulates SC function. C/EBPβ is down-regulated during differentiation and persistent expression of C/EBPβ inhibits differentiation and expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and Myogenin. C/EBPβ also promotes Pax7 expression by directly binding to and regulating Pax7 transcription. Using genetic tools to conditionally excise C/EBPβ expression in SCs, we found that C/EBPβ-null SCs lose quiescence and precociously differentiate at the expense of self-renewal. After a single injury, C/EBPβ-deficient SCs failed to self-renew, resulting in impaired muscle repair after a second injury. C/EBPβ-induced quiescence also requires upregulation of caveolin-1. Furthermore, pharmacological manipulation of C/EBPβ expression with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), increased the number of cells available for transplantation into dystrophic muscle and enhanced the expression of stem cell markers in a C/EBPβ-dependent fashion. IBMX treatment improved cell survival and migration, engraftment into the SC niche and repair of dystrophic muscle. Together, these results demonstrate that C/EBPβ is an important regulator of SC function and that pharmacological manipulation of C/EBPβ improves culture conditions for the expansion and selection of SCs available for cell therapy for the treatment of muscular dystrophies.

xi, 88 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Neuroblasts are the neural stem cells of the Drosophlia central nervous system. They are large cells that divide asymmetrically to renew another neuroblast and generate a smaller ganglion mother cell (gmc) that will divide once to produce two neurons. Combining genetic lineage tracing experiments with cell fate markers I isolated two separate neural stem cell populations with distinct locations and cellular behaviors in the larval brain. In my first chapter I introduce the central nervous system of Drosophila and in the next two sections of chapter I, I introduce the development of the optic lobe and central brain, two separate structures of the central nervous system. In my second chapter I characterize the lineage relationship of cells within the developing larval optic lobe and use cell fate markers to determine the identity of these cells. Next I examine the effect of spindle orientation on cell fate within epithelial cells of the optic lobe. In my third chapter I characterize another novel neural stem cell lineage in the larval brain containing GMCs with greater proliferation potential than a "canonical" GMC, and I term these, transit amplifying gmcs (TA-GMCs). Further I show that the parent neuroblast of these novel TA-GMCs does not asymmetrically segregate the fate determinant Prospero (Pros) thereby producing a GMC with greater proliferation potential. Finally I show that TA-GMCs do asymmetrically segregate the fate determinant Pros, divide slowly and give rise to up to 10 neurons which normal gmcs never do. In my fourth chapter I show preliminary work on the characterization of a mutation that causes excessive production of neuroblasts specifically in novel TA-GMC lineages. These findings reveal novel neural stem cell lineages, patterns of asymmetric cell division and patterns of neurogenesis that could aid in our understanding of neural stem cell biology and tumorogenesis. This dissertation includes both my previously published and my co-authored materials. / Adviser: Chris Doe

xi, 93 p. ; ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) protein has been implicated in several human tumors yet very little is known about how aPKC is regulated. One mechanism that has been proposed as the possible source of several types of tumor is the defective asymmetric cell division of a small number of tumor stem cells. aPKC is required for cell polarization from nematodes to mammals, in tissues as diverse as epithelia, embryonic blastomeres, and neural progenitors. In Drosophila central nervous system, mitotic neural stem cells, termed neuroblasts, recruit the polarity proteins aPKC at the cell apical cortex. pack restricts the localization of the differentiation factors Miranda, Prospero, Brat, and Numb to the cell's basal cortex. Later during mitosis, the cytokinetic furrow sets unevenly about the neuroblast apical-basal axis to produce a large cell (neuroblast) which will continue to divide and self-renew, while the smaller ganglion mother cell inherits differentiation factors and terminally divides to give rise to a pair of neurons and/or glia. Asymmetric cell division is not only critical for generating cellular diversity, it also ensures that a stable population of neural stem cell is constantly maintained while allowing neurogenesis to occur. Despite its conserved role in cell polarity and tumorigenesis, relatively little is known about aPKC regulators and targets. In a co-authored work, I show that the small Rho GTPase, Cdc42, indirectly regulates aPKC. However, this stimulation is modest and the mutant phenotypes are not fully penetrant suggesting that other regulators exist. To isolate other aPKC regulators and targets, I used a biochemical approach to identify aPKC-interacting proteins, and identified one positive regulator and one negative regulator of aPKC. I show that Dynamin-associated protein-160 (Dap160; related to mammalian Intersectin) is a positive regulator of aPKC. I also show that a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), negatively regulates aPKC. This dissertation includes both my previously published and my co-authored material. / Adviser: Chris Doe

Le glioblastome est la tumeur cérébrale de mauvais pronostic la plus fréquente et la plus agressive. Les traitements actuels combinent la chirurgie à la radio thérapie et la chimiothérapie. Cependant ces traitements sont peu efficaces. Le taux de récidive est élevé et la survie moyenne est de 15 mois.La récidive s'explique en partie par la présence de cellules initiatrices de glioblastomes (CIG). Ces cellules possèdent des propriétés de cellules souches adultes. Elles s'auto-renouvellent en maintenant un pool de cellules tumorales et se différencient en différents types cellulaires. Elles sont aussi résistantes aux thérapies par l'activation de mécanismes d'élimination des molécules destinées à les détruire. L'engagement des CIGs vers un état tumoral différencié diminue fortement leur potentiel tumorigénique les rendant plus vulnérables.Le facteur de transcription EGR1 est impliqué dans des processus biologiques comme la prolifération et la différenciation. Dans les CIG l'expression d'EGR1 est anormalement élevée. Ce niveau diminue lorsque les cellules se différencient. L'expression d'EGR1 est donc corrélée avec un état souche suggérant sa contribution dans la régulation de la prolifération des CIG ou dans le maintien de cet état.Mon objectif est de caractériser le rôle d'EGR1 dans la régulation de l'état proliférant des CIG.Nous avons démontré l'implication d'EGR1 dans une cascade de régulation impliquant le mir18a* et les gènes SHH et GLI1. Il contribue ainsi à l'autorenouvellement, à la prolifération et au maintien de l'état souche des CiGs. De plus en régulant directement le gène PDGFa, EGR1 entretient ce système régulatoire par une deuxième boucle moléculaire. / Glioblastoma is the most commun and agressive cerebral tumor. The current treatments combine surgery with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However these treatments are poor effective. The relapse is frequent and the rate survival is less than 18 months.The relapse is in part due to the presence of glioblastoma initiating cells (GIC). The cells have stem cell properties. They can self-renew to maintain a pool of tumor cells and they can differentiate in different kind of tumor cells. They are also able to resist to the therapies by activating mechanisms of drug efflux. The commitment of GIC toward a differentiated tumor state decreases strongly their tumorigenic potential.EGR1 transcription factor is involved in many biological processes such as proliferation and differentiation. In the GIC EGR1 expression is abnormally elevated. This level decreases when cells are differentiated. EGR1 expression is strongly correlated with stem state suggesting its contribution in the proliferation regulation of GIC or in the maintenance of this state.My aim is to characterize the role of EGR1 in the regulation of proliferating state of the GIC.We have demonstrated the involvement of EGR1 in the pathway involving the mir18a* and the genes SHH and GLI1. It contributes so to the self-renewal, to the proliferation and to the maintenance of the stem state of GIC. In addition by directly regulating the gene PDGFa EGR1 maintains this system by a second molecular loop.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23103号 / 医博第4730号 / 新制||医||1050(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 滝田 順子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This work demonstrates how the nutrient and physico-chemical environment can indeed affect the self-renewal versus differentiation of haematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro, consistent with the proposed existence of metabolic niches in vivo that contribute to the organization and control of haematopoiesis. The identification of Nme2 as a key link between metabolic and signaling activities should enable more detailed analysis of these relationships in the future.

Maintenance of the hematopoietic system is dependent upon the proper regulation and orchestrated functions of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool. A number of extrinsic signaling pathways and intrinsic regulators have been found to regulate HSC processes. However a full understanding of the ability of HSC to balance the processes of self-renewal, quiescence, and lineage specification is not yet clear. We therefore set out to identify novel HSC regulators by comparative gene expression analysis of whole genome transcriptomes generated for long-term (LT)-HSC (Hoechst low/- Lin- Sca1+ cKit+ CD34-), short-term (ST)-HSC (Hoechst low/- Lin- Sca1+ cKit+ CD34+), and non-HSC (Hoechst+) of the bone marrow. These studies identified IGF2 as one of the most differentially expressed genes within LT-HSC, suggesting a potential role for IGF2 in the regulation of HSC. Using a combination of lentiviral-mediated overexpression and knockdown experiments, we found IGF2 to confer enhanced self-renewal in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of IGF2 resulted in an increased percentage of multi-lineage colonies within colony-forming unit (CFU) assays without affecting lineage specification. In vivo, serial bone marrow transplantation revealed that IGF2 within HSC enhances short-term and long-term donor contribution. Analysis of the expression of key cell cycle regulators revealed that IGF2 induced upregulation of p57 expression specifically within HSC. This upregulation could be attributed to differences in the methylation status of the p57 promoter in HSC compared to other progenitor and mature blood cell populations. p57, a member of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors, has recently been shown to be required for the regulation of HSC quiescence and long-term self-renewal. Analysis of bone marrow obtained from primary and secondary transplant recipients showed that overexpression of IGF2 resulted in an increased percentage of quiescent HSC. Treatment of HSC overexpressing IGF2 with LY294002, a PI3K-Akt inhibitor, prevented IGF2-mediated upregulation of p57 expression. These findings demonstrate that within HSC, IGF2 induces p57 expression through activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway to regulate HSC quiescence. We have identified a novel role for IGF2 in HSC function, providing new insights into the biology of HSC and opening potential platforms for the development of better therapies involving HSC-mediated hematopoietic reconstitution.

Treatments for skeletal tissue injuries include surgery and rehabilitation but in adult patients, the healing process is slow and incomplete, and the underlying biological mechanisms are largely unknown. Skeletal tissues contain stem cells responsible for their maintenance and repair, but the identity and location of these stem cells, and what molecular mechanisms regulate their fate decisions remain unclear. To design more effective regenerative therapies for skeletal conditions, understanding the fundamental biology of skeletal stem cells (SSC) in postnatal organisms is required. Our project aims at identifying and characterizing these SSC populations in postnatal murine and human tissues using lineage tracing techniques, combined with multicolor 3D confocal microscopy and computational image analysis, in vitro assays, and single cell transcriptomics. We hypothesized that the postnatal skeleton contains self-renewing and multipotent Sox9+ SSCs that persist in adulthood. We showed that the adult mouse skeleton contains Sox9+ cells self-renewing, multipotent skeletal stem cells (SSCs) with osteogenic and chondrogenic potential. They are located adjacent to the growth plates and in periosteum and persist in adulthood. Transcriptome analysis revealed that these cells express other putative SSCs markers, as well as genes involved in skeletal development, stem cell self-renewal, and fate decision. This data provides testable drug targets to pharmacologically manipulate SSCs fate decisions in situ. In addition, we showed that human tissues contain SSCs similar to murine tissues. This is the first experimental proof of self-renewal in postnatal Sox9+ SSCs in vivo. These findings provide actionable insights for the use of culture-expanded stem cell product for regenerative medicine product or pharmacological targeting of these stem cells in situ. We believe our data will help improve stem-cell based and tissue engineering therapies, increasing success rate of regenerative orthopaedic surgeries while reducing reoccurrence of injuries.

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