I de flesta fall är diagnosen en välkommen orsaksförklaring till individens symtom men den kan också komma att bli en mall med förväntningar som individen anpassar sig efter. Det finns risk att individen låter sig påverkas negativt av diagnosen. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur terapeutiskt verksamma personer upplever att patienten påverkas av att få diagnosen depression. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med deltagare som valdes målinriktat utifrån följande kriterium: kliniskt verksamma terapeuter med minst fem års erfarenhet inom utredning och/eller behandling av patienter med depressionstillstånd. Resultaten visade att den formella diagnosen enligt terapeuterna sällan upplevdes negativt av patienten utan att den istället normaliserade och förklarade individens tillstånd. Detta kan förklaras av att diagnosen depression idag är relativt utbredd i samhället. Det hade dock varit intressant att se den här problematiken ur patientens perspektiv, huruvida diagnosen upplevs normaliserande i samma grad som terapeuterna i denna studie visat på.

For over a century, researchers have studied methods for revitalizing urban communities. Many studies show that entrepreneurship plays a vital role in sustaining valuable resources that are necessary for community development. The current study adds to previous research by identifying factors that are related to self-reliance and lower crime. I analyze data from the 1991 National Race and Politics Study, which explored attitudes on various issues related to community development and politics. My findings indicate that jobs, more say in government decisions, and hard work are significantly related to self-reliance, while small business, neighborhood organizations, care for the homeless and job training are significantly related to lower crime. These results support the work of previous researchers by showing that crime and neighborhood organizations play important roles in community development. The study goes a step further to identify additional attitudinal variables that are related to self-reliance and lower crime. These results should assist policy makers in determining what factors may help revitalize urban communities that suffer from high levels of unemployment and crime. / text

Modernising discourses of intellectual disability have brought innovative social technologies that promote participation and freedom for people so labelled. This thesis argues there is a key experiential contradiction between these discourses as operationalised in neo-liberalism and the ways that people with intellectual disability embrace self-advocacy and become political actors in their own right. Through its inherently moral claims, self-advocacy supports the experiential voice of the 'other' and reveals itself as a sustaining and enduring pillar in the struggle against human injustice and inequity. These other discourses, in contrast, intensify individualisation, ignore power relations and depoliticise self-advocacy as a politics of resistance. The first part of the thesis critically examines the emergence of intellectual disability as a dimension of human difference and examines how forms of knowledge shape social and policy responses to such people. The second part presents a collaborative action research methodology and a reflective study which challenges the bio-medical, positivist and psycho-reductionist styles of research that have objectified people with intellectual disability. Using this methodology, the voices and experiences of two groups of self-advocates, one in England and the other in Australia are interpreted. Contemporary professional and other governmental interventions demand individual competencies in the pursuit of self-determination. These discourses of empowerment and citizenship are in constant tension with historically conditioned structures which shape the material and social lives of people with intellectual disability. The thesis finds similarities in the ways that self-advocates and their allies interpret these political realities and work within, across and beyond their contradictory trajectories of constraint and freedom. The study suggests that self-advocacy is a complex and sophisticated practice aimed at recognition of the unique lived experience of intellectual disability and the legitimacy of claims to self-representation. It also operates at a deeper level as an emotional process of transformation. Its powerful recuperative character sustains liberated identities for people with intellectual disability, many of whom have experienced lives of abuse, neglect and mis-recognition. Such practices have the potential to contribute to transforming both the centres of policy-making and power and subaltern selves.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between the success of self-reinforcement (as defined by its effectiveness in increasing a given response) and a specific aspect of positive self-esteem that would seem most clearly related to the effectiveness of self-reinforcement, valuing one’s own opinions and judgements highly. Self-esteem implies a positive feeling or attitude about oneself. One factor involved in the acquisition of this positive attitude is the level of the individual’s confidence in the legitimacy of his own opinions. The more confident a person is that his opinions are of value, the more likely it is he will have a high self-esteem.

This study undertook to present and evaluate the ways in which the social needs of the first-grade child are being met by teachers in North Texas. Based on the data presented in the study, eleven definite conclusions have been drawn.

Using ethnographic methods, the present study explored volunteer participation in an urban farm in Austin, Texas, USA. Researchers spent three years documenting the activities of participants via participant observation and interviewing. Guided by the concept of civil leisure, researchers analyzed voluntary participation in the farm as a form of leisure practice that was oriented towards civic issues. Analysis indicated that participation was understood as a means of (1) fostering self-reliance through peer education, (2) establishing and strengthening place-based social networks, and (3) addressing civic concerns related to infrastructure and food security. These findings are interpreted within the context of Bauman's concepts of liquid modernity (2000. Liquid Modernity. Malden, MA: Polity Press) and liquid fear (2006. Liquid Fear. Malden, MA: Polity Press). On the basis of the findings and interpretations, recommendations are made to suggest ways in which municipalities might cultivate residents’ civic impulses, especially as relates to urban agriculture.

Investigating individual subjectivity, Ralph Waldo Emerson traveled to Europe following the death of his first wife, Ellen Tucker Emerson, and his resignation from the Unitarian ministry. His experience before and during the voyage contributed to the evolution of a self-intuitive philosophy, termed selbstgefühl by the German Romantics and altered his careful style of composition and delivery to promote the integrity of individual subjectivity as the highest authority in the deduction of truth. He would use this philosophy throughout the remainder of his life to encourage his audience to experience the same process he did.

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以往的研究以独立自我和互联自我为理论构架，比较了中国父母的教养方式和西方父母的教养方式。这些研究普遍认为中国父母不重视子女的独立发展。但是，一小部分相反的证据以及中国城市快速的现代化进程使得这一结论的准确性受到质疑。为了解决这一争论，本研究以“独立多面性思想为指导，从文化的角度区分了两种重要的独立功能自立（即个人能力、努力和责任）和个性（即自信敢言和独特性）。本研究由一个焦点小组研究（研究一）和相关研究（研究二）组成。前者初步收集自立和个性的区别，后者在城市和农村青少年中调查父母提升自立和父母提升个性的结构性和功能性差异。 / 研究一调查了23个中国大学生，结果指示中国人倾向于认为自立是自己处理自己的事情的能力，而个性是独立思考而不人与亦云的能力。研究二调查了314名城市初中生和536名农村初中生。在初中生的报告中，父母提升自立和父母提升个性是两个相关但不相同的概念。比起提升个性，中国城市和农村的青少年报告父母更多地提升（子女的）自立。但城市青少年比农村青少年报告父母更多提升自立和个性。青少年报告的父母提升自立比提升个性更能预测他们的学业功能和互惠孝顺观念（即基于感激和回报而关心支持父母的观念）。青少年报告的父母提升个性能预测他们的情绪功能，但这个作用更常见于城市而非农村。 / 本研究的结果填补了父母对青少年初期的子女多种独立功能社会化的研究空白，阐明了青少年发展中独立功能具有多面性的本质。而且这些结果再次证明了社会文化变迁对父母社会化影响，反映了中国父母教养方式的动态性和复杂性。同时也为今后多文化的研究提供启示。 / Prior research contrasting Chinese parenting with Western parenting within the framework of independence vs. interdependence often portrayed Chinese parents as deemphasizing offspring’s independent development. However, a small body of evidence contradictory to this stereotypical picture and modernization occurring dramatically in urban China cast doubt on this conclusion. In order to enlighten the debate on Chinese parental socialization of independence, the current research, guided by the notion of multifaceted independence, attempted to differentiate two essential forms of independence self-reliance (i.e., individual effort, ability and responsibility) and individuality (i.e., assertiveness and distinctiveness). It included a focus group study as a preliminary step to accumulate evidence of distinction of self-reliance and individuality and a correlational study as a primary step to examine the conceptual and functional distinction between parental promotion of self-reliance and promotion of individuality in the perception of urban and rural Chinese early adolescents. / In the study 1, a focus group study on a sample of 23 Chinese university students showed that Chinese people tended to interpret self-reliance as an ability to handle personal affairs on one’s own and individuality as a capacity to have independent thinking rather than following the crowd. Study 2 was based on the reports of 314 urban and 536 rural early adolescents. Overall, the findings suggest that adolescents’ perceived parental promotion of self-reliance and promotion of individuality were two overlapping yet distinct constructs. The former was reported to a higher degree than the latter cross the urban vs. rural group, but both were reported higher in the urban than in the rural group. Perceived parental promotion of self-reliance (vs. promotion of individuality) was more likely to predict adolescents’ enhanced academic adjustment and reciprocal filial piety attitudes (i.e., attitudes toward caring and supporting parents out of appreciation and reward) reported concurrently cross the urban vs. rural group. Perceived parental promotion of individuality, however, was effective to predict adolescents’ heightened emotional adjustment reported concurrently, but more likely to work in the urban vs. rural context. / The findings fill in the omission of parental socialization of multiple forms of independence when offspring enter into adolescence, and shed light on the multifaceted nature of independence in adolescent development. They also add to extant evidence documenting the effects of sociocultural changes on parental socialization, which reflects the dynamics and complexity of contemporary Chinese parenting and provides implications for future studies with multiple cultural groups. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lin, Li. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-180). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Chinese Parental Socialization of Independence --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conceptualizing Independence into Two Forms: Self-reliance and Individuality --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Effects of Parental Promotion of Self-reliance and Promotion of Individuality on Children’s Psychosocial Functioning --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- Urban-rural Variations --- p..31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Overview of the Current Study --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Study 1--Focus Group on Understanding of Self-reliance and Individuality / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Study 2--Validation of the Conceptual and Functional Distinction between Perceived Parental Promotion of Self-reliance and Parental Promotion of Individuality Implications to Functioning Early Adolescents’ Psychosocial / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- General Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Distinction of Perceived Parental Promotion of Self-reliance and Promotion of Individuality --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effect Size --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3 --- Implications for Cultural Studies in Parental Socialization of Independence --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4 --- Limitations and Future directions --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.152 / References --- p.154 / Chapter Appendix A: --- Parenting Scales --- p.181 / Chapter Appendix B: --- Adolescent Functioning Scales --- p.187