Semantinis tinklas – tai duomenų tinklas, leidžiantis apjungti informaciją esančią įvairiuose šaltiniuose ir pavaizduoti visą surinktą informaciją kaip vientisą turinį. Semantiniame tinkle duomenys susieti ir prieinami per bendrąją tinko architektūrą, panaudojant URI adresus. Didžioji dalis duomenų yra neapjungti ir prienami atskiroms taikomosioms programoms. Apjungus šiuos įvairiuose šaltiniuose laikomus duomenis būtų sukurtas semantinis duomenų tinklas. Duomenims panaudoti, aprašyti bei susieti kuriami įvairūs karkasai, leidžiantys pakartotinai dalintis duomenimis visose taikymo srityse, įmonėse bei bendrijose. Struktūrizuota semantinė informacija naudojama automatiškai arba rankiniu būdu ir apdorojama kompiuterių. Semantinio tinklo metodai ir technologijos leidžia kompiuteriams suprasti pasauliniame tinkle (angl.World Wide Web) laikomos informacijos reikšmę arba kitaip semantiką. Semantinio tinklo technologijos panaudojamos: 1) duomenų integracijai, duomenų laikomų skirtingose vietose ir saugomų skirtingais formatais susiejimui; 2) resursų aptikimui ir klasifikacijai, sukuriant geresnį informacijos paieškos variklį; 3) tinklapių, svetainių ar skaitmeninių bibliotekų katalogavimui aprašant turinį, turinio ryšius; 4) sumaniųjų programinės įrangos agentų žinių mainams palengvinti; 5) turinio reitingavimui; 6) aprašant intelektualinės nuosavybės teises (tinklapiuose); Semantiniotinklų taikymas bei technologijos technologijos yra dar labai naujos, neištirtos, neišbandytos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Semantic Network - is a data network of the information to combined from various sources and displayed as onesolid content. Data, in the Semantic networks is accessed using URIs, via a common network architecture. Semantic networks and technologies are still very new, unexplored, not tested inpractice and lacking of reference material. It isnecesery to analyzehow the technology is advanced and what technology and tools are used for semantic web application development. Objectives of this work: 1) To analyze how HTML data can be published; 2) To analyze the development of semantic web technologies; 3) To create an application automatically scanning the data from the HTML files; 4) To create an application that generates the OWL ontology of the relational database; 5) Apply semantic publishing for data; 6) To analize experimentaly HTML data colleting application and OWL generator.

Cette thèse vise à la mise en œuvre et à l'évaluation de techniques d'extraction de relations sémantiques à partir d'un corpus multilingue aligné. Ces relations seront extraites par transitivité de l'équivalence traductionnelle, deux lexèmes possédant les mêmes équivalents dans une langue cible étant susceptibles de partager un même sens. D'abord, nos observations porteront sur la comparaison sémantique d'équivalents traductionnels dans des corpus multilingues alignés. A partir des équivalences, nous tâcherons d'extraire des "cliques", ou sous-graphes maximaux complets connexes, dont toutes les unités sont en interrelation, du fait d'une probable intersection sémantique. Ces cliques présentent l'intérêt de renseigner à la fois sur la synonymie et la polysémie des unités, et d'apporter une forme de désambiguïsation sémantique. Elles seront créées à partir de l'extraction automatique de correspondances lexicales, basée sur l'observation des occurrences et cooccurrences en corpus. Le recours à des techniques de lemmatisation sera envisagé. Ensuite nous tâcherons de relier ces cliques avec un lexique sémantique (de type Wordnet) afin d'évaluer la possibilité de récupérer pour les unités arabes des relations sémantiques définies pour des unités en anglais ou en français. Ces relations permettraient de construire automatiquement un réseau utile pour certaines applications de traitement de la langue arabe, comme les moteurs de question-réponse, la traduction automatique, les systèmes d'alignement, la recherche d'information, etc. / This study aims at the implementation and evaluation of techniques for extracting semantic relations from a multilingual aligned corpus. Firstly, our observations will focus on the semantic comparison of translational equivalents in multilingual aligned corpus. From these equivalences, we will try to extract "cliques", which ara maximum complete related sub-graphs, where all units are interrelated because of a probable semantic intersection. These cliques have the advantage of giving information on both the synonymy and polysemy of units, and providing a form of semantic disambiguation. Secondly, we attempt to link these cliques with a semantic lexicon (like WordNet) in order to assess the possibility of recovering, for the Arabic units, a semantic relationships already defined for English, French or Spanish units. These relations would automatically build a semantic resource which would be useful for different applications of NLP, such as Question Answering systems, machine translation, alignment systems, Information Retrieval…etc.

No description available.

This diploma work presents design and implementation of web information system for historians (called Electronic Encyclopaedia of History) with data model based on semantic network and of several tools for data analysis in such IS, using graph algorithms and graph mining methods.

本體論的目的在表達一個大家能共用分享的概念，且為知識表達的重要基礎，可用來協助電腦搜尋、交換資訊及了解文字。本體論的應用使網路上的資源都能夠透過電腦明確的被定義出來，使機器透過本體論語言的描述，了解自然語言，加強資料檢索效率並達到知識共享的效果。 本體論建置的困難點主要是有太多不同專業領域的領域本體知識需要被定義，所以非常的耗力費時。為了加強建置效率，需要依賴系統化的方法論來進行建置本體工程，並驗證其品質。 為了使電腦能夠理解人類語言，許多研究者透過文字探勘技術發展能讓電腦理解的電子詞典，經過分析後將詞典中的詞彙連結成語意網絡，並將語意網路將應用於各種不同的研究領域。 因此，本研究嘗試利用文字探勘技術協助建置本體知識，而結論包含可利用文字探勘技術半自動化的協助建置公司治理議題詞庫、語意網路，及以公司治理語意網路作為建置本體知識的基礎，並經由建置方法的提出，將語意網路轉化為公司治理本體知識。 / The purposes of ontology are offering reusable and sharable concepts, and being the base of knowledge representation. It serves a smart way of information searching and exchanging, the resources on internet can easily defined, and computer can understand people’s natural language by the application of ontology, improving the efficiency of data indexing. In order to let computer understand natural language, many researchers have worked hard on electronic lexicons containing computer’s logic through text mining technology, by analyzing lexicons for finding out relative vocabularies and connecting them into a semantic network. Therefore, this research try to utilize text mining technology to support on ontology engineering, the results are developing a text mining technology to support the building of corporate governance’s lexicon and semantic network semi-automatically, and take corporate governance semantic network as the bases of ontology engineering, and introduce a method to turn semantic network into corporate governance ontology.

This thesis explores the Danish labor movement’s use of Twitter during the collective bargaining in spring 2018 from a mobilisation perspective. This is done to investigate 1) the form of contentious politics practiced by the Danish labor movement, and 2) the role of trade unions in the Danish labor movement. One specific hashtag, #ok18, is analyzed. This investigation mainly builds on framing theory as developed by Snow & Benford (1986; 2000) and its connection to the logic of collective action, and the logic of connective action developed by Bennet & Segerberg (2013). Three methods were used to analyze the labor movement on Twitter: a social network analysis of @mentions, semantic network analyses of Twitter streams, and a quantitative content analysis. This study finds that the most important and central actors within the labor movement on Twitter are trade unions. Nothing indicates that Danish public employees used Twitter to organize independently of trade unions. Furthermore, the labor movement used Twitter to articulate collective action frames that served as shared “schemata of interpretation” for the collective bargaining. In addition, several framing processes that changed the collective action frames were identified. These results all indicate that the labor movement’s mobilisation on Twitter during the collective bargaining of 2018 is best described by the logic of collective action. There were no indications of personalization of politics or of an increased symbolical inclusiveness. The successful mobilisation in Spring 2018 might therefore be interpreted, with the big proviso that that this study only investigates Twitter, as the first small steps towards a revitalization of conventional trade union politics in Denmark.

Développer des ressources lexico-sémantiques pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles est un enjeu majeur du domaine. Ces ressources explicitant notamment des connaissances que seuls les humains possèdent, ont pour but de permettre aux applications de TALNune compréhension de texte assez fine et complète. De nouvelles approches populaires de construction de ces dernières impliquant l'externalisation ouverte (crowdsourcing) émergent en TALN. Elles ont confirmé leur efficacité et leur pertinence. Cependant, les ressources obtenues ne sont pas exemptes d'informations erronées ou de silences causés par l'absence de certaines relations sémantiques pertinentes et primordiales pour la bonne qualité. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous prenons comme exemple d'étude le réseau lexico-sémantique du projet JeuxDeMots et nous proposons un système de consolidation endogène pour ce type de réseaux.Ce système se base principalement sur l'enrichissement du réseau par l'inférence et l'annotation de nouvelles relations à partir de celles existantes, ainsi que l'extraction de règles d'inférence permettant de (re)générer une grande partie du réseau. Enfin, un langage dédié de manipulation du système de consolidation et du réseau lexico-sémantique est conçu et un premier prototype a été implémenté. / Developing lexico-semantic resources is a major issue in the Natural Language Processing field.These resources, by making explicit inter alia some knowledge possessed only by humans, aim at providing the ability of a precise and complete text understanding to NLP tasks. Popular resources-building strategies involving crowdsourcing are flowering in NLP and are proved to be successful. However, the resulted resources are not free of errors and lack some important semantic relations. In this PhD thesis, we used the french lexico-semantic network from the project JeuxDeMots as a case-study. We designed an endogenous consolidation system for this type of networks based on inferring and annotating new semantic relations using the already existing ones, as well as extracting and proposing inference rules able to (re)generate a considerable part of the network. In addition, we conceived a domain specific language for manipulating the consolidation system along with the network itself and a prototype was implemented.

Gescannte und vektorisierte technische Zeichnungen werden automatisch unter Nutzung eines Netzes von Modellen in eine hochwertige Datenstruktur migriert. Die Modelle beschreiben die Inhalte der Zeichnungen hierarchisch und deklarativ. Modelle für einzelne Bestandteile der Zeichnungen können paarweise unabhängig entwickelt werden. Dadurch werden auch sehr komplexe Zeichnungsklassen wie Elektroleitungsnetze oder Gebäudepläne zugänglich. Die Modelle verwendet der neue, sogenannte Y-Algorithmus: Hypothesen über die Deutung lokaler Zeichnungsinhalte werden hierarchisch generiert. Treten bei der Nutzung konkurrierender Modelle Konflikte auf, werden diese protokolliert. Mittels des Konfliktbegriffes können konsistente Interpretationen einer kompletten Zeichnung abstrakt definiert und während der Analyse einer konkreten Zeichnung bestimmt werden. Ein wahrscheinlichkeitsbasiertes Gütemaß bewertet jede dieser alternativen, globalen Interpretationen. Das Suchen einer bzgl. dieses Maßes optimalen Interpretation ist ein NP-hartes Problem. Ein Branch and Bound-Algorithmus stellt die adäquate Lösung dar.

Este estudo explora a relação existente entre léxico e cultura por meio da análise em campos léxicos de neologismos verificados na língua portuguesa falada por bilíngües português-fala dialetal italiana (RCI-RS). Os dados foram extraídos de 24 entrevistas sociolingüísticas do BDSer realizadas na zona rural de Caxias do Sul, mais especificamente nas comunidades de Bevilácqua, São Braz e Santo Homobom. Foram considerados 42 neologismos por empréstimo - segundo conjugação da classificação proposta por Haugen (1972) e por Guilbert (1975) - ocorridos em unidades lexicais simples. Para estabelecer a relação entre práticas culturais e ampliação lexical os dados foram estruturados em campos léxicos, conforme Biderman (1981), integrados no formato de rede. Essa estruturação exigiu a realização de estudo etnográfico para que se identificasse o quadro de práticas sociais de que faz parte o emprego das unidades, justificando, dessa forma, a organização dos campos léxicos. Após a realização do estudo etnográfico, os dados foram divididos em duas redes semânticas representativas do equipamento cultural básico da comunidade de Bevilácqua. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-13T19:39:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Janaina R Alberti.pdf: 792605 bytes, checksum: 78ef03445e72ebed4b375e6c91fdd4d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T19:39:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Janaina R Alberti.pdf: 792605 bytes, checksum: 78ef03445e72ebed4b375e6c91fdd4d4 (MD5) / The present study explores the relation between lexis and culture through the analysis of neologisms by borrowing (Haugen, 1972; Guilbert, 1975) in lexical fields. The neologisms are verified in Portuguese in the speech of Italian descendants who live in a rural area of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. The data were collected from 24 sociolinguistic interviews of the BDSer corpus (UCS - DELE - Mestrado em Letras e Cultura Regional). The 42 units which were analyzed are borrowings from Italian dialects still spoken in the area. To establish the relation between cultural practices and lexical innovation, the data are structured in lexical fields which are, in turn, integrated in a network format, according to Biderman (1981). The research implied an ethnographical study in order to make possible the identification of social practices associated to the use of the units, justifying, thus, the organization of the lexical fields. The data were divided into two semantic networks which represent the basic cultural equipment of Bevilácqua, one of the studied communities.

Este estudo explora a relação existente entre léxico e cultura por meio da análise em campos léxicos de neologismos verificados na língua portuguesa falada por bilíngües português-fala dialetal italiana (RCI-RS). Os dados foram extraídos de 24 entrevistas sociolingüísticas do BDSer realizadas na zona rural de Caxias do Sul, mais especificamente nas comunidades de Bevilácqua, São Braz e Santo Homobom. Foram considerados 42 neologismos por empréstimo - segundo conjugação da classificação proposta por Haugen (1972) e por Guilbert (1975) - ocorridos em unidades lexicais simples. Para estabelecer a relação entre práticas culturais e ampliação lexical os dados foram estruturados em campos léxicos, conforme Biderman (1981), integrados no formato de rede. Essa estruturação exigiu a realização de estudo etnográfico para que se identificasse o quadro de práticas sociais de que faz parte o emprego das unidades, justificando, dessa forma, a organização dos campos léxicos. Após a realização do estudo etnográfico, os dados foram divididos em duas redes semânticas representativas do equipamento cultural básico da comunidade de Bevilácqua. / The present study explores the relation between lexis and culture through the analysis of neologisms by borrowing (Haugen, 1972; Guilbert, 1975) in lexical fields. The neologisms are verified in Portuguese in the speech of Italian descendants who live in a rural area of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. The data were collected from 24 sociolinguistic interviews of the BDSer corpus (UCS - DELE - Mestrado em Letras e Cultura Regional). The 42 units which were analyzed are borrowings from Italian dialects still spoken in the area. To establish the relation between cultural practices and lexical innovation, the data are structured in lexical fields which are, in turn, integrated in a network format, according to Biderman (1981). The research implied an ethnographical study in order to make possible the identification of social practices associated to the use of the units, justifying, thus, the organization of the lexical fields. The data were divided into two semantic networks which represent the basic cultural equipment of Bevilácqua, one of the studied communities.