Organized cybercrime has no borders in cyberspace. This paper suggests a state-of-the-art architected solution for a global Automated cross-border mutual legal assistance system within Digital Forensic (AUTOMLA). The Enterprise framework with technical viewpoint enables international collaboration between sovereign countries Fusion Centers. The evaluation concludes a user interface built in React, middleware Apollo with schema support linked to graph database Neo4j. GraphQL is the preferred application protocol over REST. Fusion Centers API is deployed as federated gateways, and business functions are implemented as PaaS serverless services.  Its intuitive modeling Forensics in graphs, semantic networks enables causality and inference. All suggested elements in AUTOMLA are forming an internationally agreed collaborative platform; the solution for fast cross-border crime investigations. AUTOMLA deployed on the Internet is a subject for threats. Risks are mitigated in design guided by security frameworks. The recommended development method is agile, distributed in between autonomous teams.

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One of the emerging phenomena of global competition is the increasing participation of firms from emerging economies in various industries and across value chain activities. These MNCs from developing and emerging economies have recently shown an unprecedented increase in numbers (from only 19 firms in 1990 featured in the Fortune 500 list to 47 in 2005) (UNCTAD, 2006). While these Emerging Nation Multinational Companies (EMCs) are gaining a strong foothold in the global economy, some evidence also suggests that their foreign direct investments are being targeted towards advanced economies in both resource industries and higher-value adding activities. On the face of it, the disadvantages of being a late entrant seem overwhelming and based on the stages model of internationalization the EMCs may not be able to compete against global giants whose dominance is rooted in their first-mover status (Bartlett & Goshal, 2000). However, the success of EMCs like the Tata Motors, Lenovo, and the like raise an important research issue as to what are the strategies these EMCs pursue as they begin to compete in the global competitive landscape? In the past, scholars have conducted substantial research on internationalization, Multinational Companies (MNCs), and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which explain the behavior of first-mover MNCs from developed countries based on technological superiority. Those theories were developed within a specific environmental context and do an adequate job to explain a fairly specific set of observed firm behaviors. Each, within its context, may be fairly adequate at explaining those behaviors. However, the emergence of EMCs in the global economic environment highlights that times have changed and the incumbent MNCs (studied earlier) constantly face threats from these emerging giants. As the context changes, so has the ability of the prior internationalization theories to explain behaviors observed in this global economy diminished considerably. Lately, a few researchers have started a new line of research to uncover some distinct characteristics of these EMCs. However, very little is known about the foreign expansion strategies of these EMCs and warrants a need to explore this phenomenon in-depth. In order to bridge this gap in the literature this dissertation uses an inductive approach by conducting multiple case-studies to understand the foreign expansion strategies of sixteen companies that originate from two key emerging nations: India and China. This exploratory approach supported by computerized content analysis of longitudinal text data allows us to observe the significance of specific constructs, begin to detect patterns and regularities in the behavior of EMCs and compare EMCs originating from various emerging nations. Methodologically, the dissertation illustrates the usefulness of semantic network analysis tools, especially centering resonance analysis, in identifying and interpreting the concepts that provide coherence to set of textual data. Further, using factor analysis we identify some key themes that explain the foreign expansion strategies of these EMCs. The results of this study suggest that EMCs' expansion is, on one hand, based on their ability to acquire resources and absorb them to build their own advantage (supply side dynamics). On the other hand, it is also based on EMCs' ability to find some market niches, i.e., entering into markets untapped by traditional MNCs (demand side dynamics). Finally, based on our analysis of these in-depth case-studies we identify some propositions as anchors for further theory building. Specifically, we identify three major anchors, namely, EMCs' ability to `Lick the Dirt'; `Cash Rich Positions of EMCs' and `Strategic Partnerships with Developed Country Firms' that enhance their `Competitive Advantage in Developed Nations'. / Business Administration

Die Auswertung von Microarray-Daten beginnt oft mit information retrieval-Ansätzen, welche die Datenmassen auf eine im Hinblick auf eine bestimmte Fragestellung besonders interessante und überschaubare Menge von Genen bzw. probe set IDs reduzieren sollen. Vorraussetzung für eine effiziente Suche im Datenbestand ist jedoch eine Semantisierung bzw. Formalisierung der verwendeten Datenformate. Hier wird eine Ontologie als standardisiertes und semantisch definiertes Repräsentationskonstrukt vorgestellt, welches die Formalisierung von Fachwissen in einem interaktiven Wissensmodell erlaubt, das umfassend abgefragt, konsistent interpretiert und gegebenenfalls automatisiert weiterverarbeitet werden kann. Anhand einer molekularbiologischen Ontologie aus 1200 hierarchisch strukturierten Begriffen und am Beispiel des Toll-Like Receptor-Signalwegs wird aufgezeigt, wie ein solch ein objektorientiertes Beschreibungsvokabular zur Annotierung von Genen auf Affymetrix-Microarrays genutzt werden kann. Die Annotationsbegriffe werden über ontologische Konzepte, deren Eigenschaften und deren semantische Verbindungen (relationale Slots) im Wissensbank-Editor Protégé-2000 modelliert. Annotation bedeutet hier ein Gen formal in einen definierten funktionalen Kontext einzubetten. In der Anwendung der Wissensbank entspricht eine Annotation einem "drag and drop" von Genen in ontologische, die Funktion dieser Gene beschreibende, Konzepte. Die weitergehende kontextuale Annotation erfolgt über eine Vernetzung der Gene zu anderen Konzepten oder Genen. Das so erstellte vernetzte Wissensmodell (die knowledgebase) ermöglicht ein inhaltsbasiertes, assoziatives und kontextgeleitetes "Wissens-Browsing". Ontologisch annotierte Gendaten erlauben auch die Anwendung automatischer datengetriebener Visualisierungsstrategien, wie am Beispiel semantischer Netze gezeigt wird. Eine ontologische Anfrageschnittstelle erlaubt auch semantisch komplexe Anfragen an den Datenbestand bei erhöhter Trefferquote und Präzision. / Functional gene annotations provide important search targets and cluster criteria. We introduce an annotation system that exploits the possibilities of modern knowledge management tools, i.e. ontological querying, inference, networking of annotations and automatic datadriven visualization of the annotated model. The Gandr (gene annotation data representation) knowledgebase is an ontological framework for laboratory-specific gene annotation and knowledgemanagement. Gandr uses Protégé-2000 for editing, querying and visualizing microarray data and annotations. Genes can be annotated with provided, newly created or imported ontological concepts. Annotated genes can inherit assigned concept properties and can be related to each other. The resulting knowledgebase can be visualized as interactive semantic network of nodes and edges representing genes with annotations and their functional relationships. This allows for immediate and associative gene context exploration. Ontological query techniques allow for powerful data access. Annotating genes with formal conceptual descriptions can be performed using ‘drag and drop’ of one or more gene instances onto an annotating concept. Compared with unstructured annotation systems, the annotation process itself becomes faster and leads to annotation schemes of better quality owing to enforcement of constraints provided by the ontology. GandrKB enables lab-bench scientists to query for implicit domain knowledge, inferred from the ontological domain model. Full access to data semantics through queries for properties and relationships ensures a more complete and adequate reply of the system.

領域詞典包含許多專業的詞彙以及對詞彙的定義，但詞典中詞彙間的關係是被隱藏起來的，本研究運用自然語言處理的相關技術，提出運用領域詞典找出詞彙間關係建構特定領域語義網路的方法。 / A domain dictionary contains many professional words and their definitions. In general, there are many hidden relations among words in a dictionary. In this thesis, we use techniques of natural language processing to find out these relations, and bring up a method to construct a domain specific lexical semantic network.

De nos jours, l’échange électronique est le seul média qui offre l’accès à l’information pour tous, partout et tout le temps, mais en même temps il s’est ouvert à de nouvelles formes de vulnérabilités. La régulation des systèmes numériques, en héritage de la régulation cybernétique, maintient les équilibres à l’aide d’une boucle de rétroaction négative. Ainsi, leurs sys-tèmes de défense, désignés sous le terme de zone démilitarisée (DMZ) suivent-ils une régulation cybernétique en émettant ce que l’on appelle des évènements de sécurité. De tels évènements sont issus de sondes de surveillance qui matérialisent la ligne de dé-fense du système régulé. Toutefois, de telles sondes sont des système-experts et ces évènements appris au préalable ne rendent pas toujours compte de la dynamique de l’environnement et plus encore de la psychologie des individus. Plus encore, la multi-plication des systèmes de surveillance a entrainé une production considérable de ces évènements rendant cet ensemble de plus en plus inefficace. Par ailleurs, les systèmes vivants obéissent à une régulation complexe, l’homéostasie, qui les guide dans l’incertain à l’aide de mécanismes de surveillance continue. La force de tels mécanismes repose sur la variété des points de vue qu’ils empruntent ce qui leur permet de conjuguer leurs connaissances préalables à leurs informations de contexte pour comprendre leur environnement et s’adapter. Dans notre thèse, nous proposons d’associer à chaque système communicant, un sys-tème de surveillance continue : Dangerousness Incident Management (DIM) qui rend compte des changements de l’environnement en collectant et analysant toutes les traces laissées par les activités des usagers ou systèmes, légitimes ou non ; de cette manière, un tel système accède à une information étendue et reste sensible à son contexte. Néan-moins, plusieurs difficultés surviennent liées à la compréhension des informations re-cueillies dont le sens est noyé dans une grande masse d’informations, elles sont deve-nues implicites. Notre contribution principale repose sur un mécanisme de fouille de données adapté aux informations implicites. Nous proposons une structure à fort pou-voir d’abstraction fondée sur le principe d’un treillis de concepts. À partir de ce modèle de référence adaptatif, il nous est possible de représenter tous les acteurs d’un échange afin de faire coopérer plusieurs points de vue et plusieurs systèmes, qu’ils soient hu-mains ou machine. Lorsque l’incertitude de ces situations persiste, nous proposons un mécanisme pour guider l’usager dans ses décisions fondé sur le risque et la confiance. Enfin, nous évaluons nos résultats en les comparant aux systèmes de références Com-mon Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) proposés par le National Institute of Stan-dards and Technology (NIST). / Nowadays, the electronic form of exchanges offers a new media able to make easy all information access, ubiquitous access, everywhere and everytime. But, at the same time, such a media - new, opened and complex - introduces unknown threats and breaches. So, how can we start up trust exchanges? From the system theory point of view, the cybernetic regulation maintains the sys-tems equilibrium with negative feedback loops. In this way, the defense line is based on a set of defense components still named Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in order to block flow, to control anomalies and give out alerts messages if deviances are detected. Nev-ertheless, most of these messages concern only anomalies of machines and very little of human. So, messages do not take into account neither psychological behavior nor the dynamic of the context. Furthermore, messages suffer of the "big data" problem and become confused due to too much velocity, volume and variety. Finally, we can limit this problem to the understanding difficulty during the access to the specific knowledge in connection with the message. For example, the identity theft with the XSS attack is an illustration of this unfriendly environment. On the contrary, the living sciences show that organisms follow a positive regulation by where each one itself adapts according to his complexity. For that, they deploy adapted and continuous environment monitoring process still named "homeostasis". During this cycle, inputs capture information, then outputs adjust in response corre-sponding actions : this is the feedback. The strength of such a mechanism lies on the information meaning and in particular on the clues they include. In fact, some of these information include clues by which organisms can explain situations. For example, the information « attention" alludes to dangerous situation. This faculty comes from ad-vanced knowledge having first explicit relationship with this information: this relation forms what we call the "cognitive loop". To illustrate this phenomenon, the cognitive sciences often evoke "a friend immediately recognized by her friend" despite he is swal-lowed up in the crowd. But, the cognitive loop should not be broken. Like the living beings functioning, our work propose a cognitive model named Diag-nostic And Incident Model (DIM). The main idea lies on the context-aware model in order to adapt itself like "homeostasis". DIM has been founded on the principle of the "cognitive loop" where the inputs are the "logs" of numerics systems. So, in order to make easier the comparison between contextual and known situation, we will design "logs" and advanced knowledge by a common model. DIM proposes a conceptual struc-ture to extract clues from massive and various "logs” issued from environment based on advanced knowledge acquisition. Then, we propose the cognitive structure will be applied to the anomaly detection, incident management and diagnosis process.

一詞多義是所有語言會出現的共有現象，然而，過往較少探討多義詞整體結構與其各義項間的關聯，也鮮少討論句法結構延伸的原因。本篇研究將探討漢語日常使用頻率較高的移動動詞「跑」的多義性，以中研院語料庫之語料為本，客觀的回歸到語言事實作分析，並參照Talmy（1975, 1985, 2000）提出的移動事件框架，檢視「跑」所體現的概念結構及句法結構間的關聯，試圖解釋造成不及物用法至非常規賓語用法背後所展現的機制，此外，本文根據教育部重編國語辭典、中文詞彙網絡知識庫內「跑」的定義及參照Evans（2005）的原則性多義理論，確立「跑」的獨立義項並探討概念結構中不同元素的變化和「跑」多義性之間的關聯，進一步地說明各義項間的相關性與區別性，最後，參照Lakoff（1987）的放射形範疇結構整理出屬於「跑」的語意網絡圖。 本篇研究結果顯示，「跑」共有四種不同的句法結構，分別為最典型的不及物﹝A.名詞短語+跑﹞句式，由趨向介詞帶出名詞短語的﹝B.名詞短語+處所/趨向介詞+名詞短語+跑﹞句式及﹝C.名詞短語+跑+處所/趨向介詞+名詞短語﹞句式、從不及物用法延伸至非常規賓語用法的﹝D.名詞短語+跑+名詞短語（斜格）﹞句式，各句式映射到的概念結構皆不同，是概念結構內不同要素的變化影響句法結構的改變，人類的自然認知過程使路徑延伸出不同種類，造成「跑」的非常規賓語用法以及延伸出不同於字面義的其他義項。此外，本文確立「跑」的七個獨立義項為「以兩腿交互快速向前移動」義、「往特定目標移動」義、「為某事忙碌奔走」義、「迅速離開、逃走、躲避」義、「兩個以上的參與者競速」義、「交通工具或物體的移動」義及「離開原有的位置」義，各義項的出現與整體句法結構、概念結構及語境有很大的關聯，總結來說，「跑」所體現的概念結構、句法結構及語意三者之間的相互影響是造成多義現象的重要因素。 / This study investigates the prevalently used polysemous motion verb PAO “run” in Mandarin Chinese. The data are extracted from Academic Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese. Under the framework of Motion Event Frame （Talmy 1975, 1985, 2000）, the study explicates the mechanism of PAO’s syntactic complexities in a more plausible manner. Four different structures of PAO are detected: the most typical intransitive structure [A. NP+PAO], structures with prepostions [B. NP+P+PAO+NP] and [C. NP+PAO+P+NP], and the unconventional transtive structure [D. NP+PAO+NP（oblique case）]. Each structure manifests different conceptual structures. It is claimed that the extention of Path has caused the usage of unconventional transtive structure and the polysemous phenomenon of PAO. In addition, this paper investigates the relationship between the different senses of PAO and elements in its conceptual structure. The relevance and distinction between the different senses of PAO are built as a radial categorization. PAO is suggested to have seven different senses: move quickly with legs, move to specific places, move for specific reasons, escape, two or more participants race, vehicles or objects move and leave the original location. Each sense is related to the overall syntactic structure, the conceptual structure and different contexts. In conclusion, the interaction between the conceputual structure, the syntactic structure and semantic meanings is a major factor that makes a polysemy.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and computational linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human languages. One of its most challenging aspects involves enabling computers to derive meaning from human natural language. To do so, several meaning or context representations have been proposed with competitive performance. However, these representations still have room for improvement when working in a cross-domain or cross-language scenario. In this thesis we study the use of knowledge graphs as a cross-domain and cross-language representation of text and its meaning. A knowledge graph is a graph that expands and relates the original concepts belonging to a set of words. We obtain its characteristics using a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network as knowledge base. This allows to have a language coverage of hundreds of languages and millions human-general and -specific concepts. As starting point of our research we employ knowledge graph-based features - along with other traditional ones and meta-learning - for the NLP task of single- and cross-domain polarity classification. The analysis and conclusions of that work provide evidence that knowledge graphs capture meaning in a domain-independent way. The next part of our research takes advantage of the multilingual semantic network and focuses on cross-language Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. First, we propose a fully knowledge graph-based model of similarity analysis for cross-language plagiarism detection. Next, we improve that model to cover out-of-vocabulary words and verbal tenses and apply it to cross-language document retrieval, categorisation, and plagiarism detection. Finally, we study the use of knowledge graphs for the NLP tasks of community questions answering, native language identification, and language variety identification. The contributions of this thesis manifest the potential of knowledge graphs as a cross-domain and cross-language representation of text and its meaning for NLP and IR tasks. These contributions have been published in several international conferences and journals. / El Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (PLN) es un campo de la informática, la inteligencia artificial y la lingüística computacional centrado en las interacciones entre las máquinas y el lenguaje de los humanos. Uno de sus mayores desafíos implica capacitar a las máquinas para inferir el significado del lenguaje natural humano. Con este propósito, diversas representaciones del significado y el contexto han sido propuestas obteniendo un rendimiento competitivo. Sin embargo, estas representaciones todavía tienen un margen de mejora en escenarios transdominios y translingües. En esta tesis estudiamos el uso de grafos de conocimiento como una representación transdominio y translingüe del texto y su significado. Un grafo de conocimiento es un grafo que expande y relaciona los conceptos originales pertenecientes a un conjunto de palabras. Sus propiedades se consiguen gracias al uso como base de conocimiento de una red semántica multilingüe de amplia cobertura. Esto permite tener una cobertura de cientos de lenguajes y millones de conceptos generales y específicos del ser humano. Como punto de partida de nuestra investigación empleamos características basadas en grafos de conocimiento - junto con otras tradicionales y meta-aprendizaje - para la tarea de PLN de clasificación de la polaridad mono- y transdominio. El análisis y conclusiones de ese trabajo muestra evidencias de que los grafos de conocimiento capturan el significado de una forma independiente del dominio. La siguiente parte de nuestra investigación aprovecha la capacidad de la red semántica multilingüe y se centra en tareas de Recuperación de Información (RI). Primero proponemos un modelo de análisis de similitud completamente basado en grafos de conocimiento para detección de plagio translingüe. A continuación, mejoramos ese modelo para cubrir palabras fuera de vocabulario y tiempos verbales, y lo aplicamos a las tareas translingües de recuperación de documentos, clasificación, y detección de plagio. Por último, estudiamos el uso de grafos de conocimiento para las tareas de PLN de respuesta de preguntas en comunidades, identificación del lenguaje nativo, y identificación de la variedad del lenguaje. Las contribuciones de esta tesis ponen de manifiesto el potencial de los grafos de conocimiento como representación transdominio y translingüe del texto y su significado en tareas de PLN y RI. Estas contribuciones han sido publicadas en diversas revistas y conferencias internacionales. / El Processament del Llenguatge Natural (PLN) és un camp de la informàtica, la intel·ligència artificial i la lingüística computacional centrat en les interaccions entre les màquines i el llenguatge dels humans. Un dels seus majors reptes implica capacitar les màquines per inferir el significat del llenguatge natural humà. Amb aquest propòsit, diverses representacions del significat i el context han estat proposades obtenint un rendiment competitiu. No obstant això, aquestes representacions encara tenen un marge de millora en escenaris trans-dominis i trans-llenguatges. En aquesta tesi estudiem l'ús de grafs de coneixement com una representació trans-domini i trans-llenguatge del text i el seu significat. Un graf de coneixement és un graf que expandeix i relaciona els conceptes originals pertanyents a un conjunt de paraules. Les seves propietats s'aconsegueixen gràcies a l'ús com a base de coneixement d'una xarxa semàntica multilingüe d'àmplia cobertura. Això permet tenir una cobertura de centenars de llenguatges i milions de conceptes generals i específics de l'ésser humà. Com a punt de partida de la nostra investigació emprem característiques basades en grafs de coneixement - juntament amb altres tradicionals i meta-aprenentatge - per a la tasca de PLN de classificació de la polaritat mono- i trans-domini. L'anàlisi i conclusions d'aquest treball mostra evidències que els grafs de coneixement capturen el significat d'una forma independent del domini. La següent part de la nostra investigació aprofita la capacitat\hyphenation{ca-pa-ci-tat} de la xarxa semàntica multilingüe i se centra en tasques de recuperació d'informació (RI). Primer proposem un model d'anàlisi de similitud completament basat en grafs de coneixement per a detecció de plagi trans-llenguatge. A continuació, vam millorar aquest model per cobrir paraules fora de vocabulari i temps verbals, i ho apliquem a les tasques trans-llenguatges de recuperació de documents, classificació, i detecció de plagi. Finalment, estudiem l'ús de grafs de coneixement per a les tasques de PLN de resposta de preguntes en comunitats, identificació del llenguatge natiu, i identificació de la varietat del llenguatge. Les contribucions d'aquesta tesi posen de manifest el potencial dels grafs de coneixement com a representació trans-domini i trans-llenguatge del text i el seu significat en tasques de PLN i RI. Aquestes contribucions han estat publicades en diverses revistes i conferències internacionals. / Franco Salvador, M. (2017). A Cross-domain and Cross-language Knowledge-based Representation of Text and its Meaning [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84285 / TESIS

<p>How does collective action operate in digital space, particularly for those social movements at the cutting edge of technologically innovative contentious politics? This dissertation analyzes activist (and hacktivist) groups engaged in what I call <i>digital contention</i> with state and corporate institutions over the future of Internet policy and governance, or what they see as “the freedom of the Internet.” Based on case studies of the Digital Rights movement and the Anonymous hacktivist collective, I use a combination of computational and qualitative analyses of online texts, along with participant-observation at meetings and protest events, to explore how certain collective action dynamics are changing in digital space. Specifically, these include how movements internally perceive political opportunities and threats, as well as how they construct frames to communicate to external audiences. I find that: 1) Political opportunity is less important than threat for activists in digital contention, which is likely due to the lower costs of collective action; and 2) The digital divide and technological knowledge gap create a barrier to frame resonance which digital activists address either through “strategic inclusiveness” or “communities of anonymity,” both of which encourage diversity among participants while also reifying other inequalities in different ways. These findings have significance for the study of social movements, communication and technology studies, and Internet policy. I argue that they portend changing dynamics that may ultimately affect all forms of collective action, and indeed the balance of power in whole societies, in the future as digital technology continues to spread into every facet of our lives.</p>

Gescannte und vektorisierte technische Zeichnungen werden automatisch unter Nutzung eines Netzes von Modellen in eine hochwertige Datenstruktur migriert. Die Modelle beschreiben die Inhalte der Zeichnungen hierarchisch und deklarativ. Modelle für einzelne Bestandteile der Zeichnungen können paarweise unabhängig entwickelt werden. Dadurch werden auch sehr komplexe Zeichnungsklassen wie Elektroleitungsnetze oder Gebäudepläne zugänglich. Die Modelle verwendet der neue, sogenannte Y-Algorithmus: Hypothesen über die Deutung lokaler Zeichnungsinhalte werden hierarchisch generiert. Treten bei der Nutzung konkurrierender Modelle Konflikte auf, werden diese protokolliert. Mittels des Konfliktbegriffes können konsistente Interpretationen einer kompletten Zeichnung abstrakt definiert und während der Analyse einer konkreten Zeichnung bestimmt werden. Ein wahrscheinlichkeitsbasiertes Gütemaß bewertet jede dieser alternativen, globalen Interpretationen. Das Suchen einer bzgl. dieses Maßes optimalen Interpretation ist ein NP-hartes Problem. Ein Branch and Bound-Algorithmus stellt die adäquate Lösung dar.