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This dissertation explores the role of science and technology in democracy and the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) through an illustrative case on a uranium mining controversy in the US state of Virginia. Arguably, traditional STS scholarship has primarily served what we might call an unmasking function by working to expose political, cultural, gender, corporate, and other factors that get masked by the cultural authority of scientific expertise. Following the lead of other STS scholars seeking to move beyond an unmasking-only mode of scholarship, this dissertation offers a novel take on the relationship between expertise and public controversy over technoscience by suggesting that cost-benefit analysis might serve a beneficial pro-democratic ritual role. To explore this question of the role played by expertise and what we might learn and recommend from approaching CBA as a democratic ritual, I consider the case of a uranium mining and milling controversy in Virginia. This controversy surfaced in two distinct historical moments and prominently featured technical studies utilizing expert predictive methods. I analyze these texts from the perspective of the sociopolitical ritual theory developed in the dissertation and then suggest a set of recommendations regarding how we might humanize and deploy CBA within the context of enhancing rituals that serve to maintain liberal democratic political imaginaries. / Ph. D. / This dissertation explores the role of science and technology in democracy and the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) through an illustrative case on a uranium mining controversy in the US state of Virginia. Ultimately, this research offers a novel take on the relationship between expertise and public controversy over technical and scientific projects by suggesting that cost-benefit analysis might serve a beneficial ritual role. After articulating a conceptual framework and analyzing a series of technical studies, a set of recommendations regarding the use of cost-benefit analysis within the context of democratic policy-making is articulated.

The medium of language is important to environmental philosophy, and more specifically, to the establishment and understanding of environmental relationships. The differences between animal and human language point to our unique semantic range, which results from our neuro-linguistic process of signification. An examination of the linguistic implications of the problem of nature and the tenets of semiotics challenges the idea of a clean word to world fit. Because signs are the medium in which meaning is constructed, questions about nature must in part be questions of language. Environmental discourse itself is bound up in sociolinguistic productions and we must attend not only to what language says, but to what it does. NEPA functions as a speech act that systematically invokes an ethical framework by which it colonizes the domain of valuation and fails to provide a genuine opportunity for non-commodity values to be expressed.

The present dissertation investigates the role of television advertising in shaping the cultural values of the Italian society in the circular process of mirroring pre-existing societal values yet inducing new ones, thus contributing to its evolution. It questions its role within the society, its relationship with families, women and youngsters, the kind of language used in communicating, between 1957-1977, the age of Carosello programme. A corpus of two thousand five hundred television adverts was viewed and filed, of which a hundred were selected according to the more frequent themes, their cultural and semiotic relevance, and twenty-two analysed by a semiotic approach, together with some more considered alongside. Chapter One deals with methodology, an overview of the main concepts and tools of applied semiotics and the socio-semiotic perspective adopted. Chapter Two, then, contextualizes television advertising into its broader socio-cultural milieu and the history of television. The following three chapters analyze the selected adverts according to five main recurring themes: Chapter Three, the first steps of TV advertising, its auto-referentiality and its language; Chapter Four, the family and its inner relationships, the couple and the institution of marriage; Chapter Five women‘s emancipation, the new generation of youngsters and new myths. Commercials are analysed by shots and sequences from a narrative and visual perspective in search of their deep underlying generative values. The approach is a holistic one, adapting itself to the prevailing characteristics of every occurrence, although the peculiar nature of the ads of the period entails a prevailing narratological model. All findings are then connected together to identify the main semantic areas indicating cultural values present in the Italian society of the period. The end findings consist of a set of interesting cultural values identified. At first a self-assertiveness of advertising as a way to popularity; then its preferred mode of communication through verbal language rather than pictures; a representation of families according to either the patriarchal or the consumerist model; a fundamental disbelief in marriage and a sexist attitude to women‘s representation; finally, a mistrust in the values of the new generations. All of these eventually pointing to the main semantic area of tradition, an index to the fundamental conservative yet contradictory role of the Carosello adverting which, while contributing to preserve traditional values, it also tended to replace them with its only main consumerist value. At a higher level, on a socio-semiotic perspective it is the role of that semiosphere which, while drawing from society it also contributes in shaping it.

O objetivo deste estudo é a identificação dos mecanismos responsáveis pela construção da imagem da dúvida na subjetividade da prosa breve machadiana, por meio da análise de alguns contos do escritor. Busca o efeito de sentido dúvida em suas prováveis recorrências para mapear aquilo que, hipoteticamente, chamamos gramática da possibilidade em Machado de Assis. A pesquisa obedece a um percurso que envolve duas frentes: uma teórica e outra prática. A primeira está centrada na determinação de traços semióticos específicos de alguns tipos de discurso. Isso vai caracterizar a estética realista-naturalista, a do romantismo e a estética machadiana. Tal gesto se justifica na medida em que a dúvida machadiana, foco de nossa pesquisa, realiza-se precisamente no diálogo que Machado de Assis estabelece com essas estéticas, e também com o senso comum de seu tempo: a dúvida é construída, em seu texto, pelo abalo das verdades que alicerçam tais discursos. O exame desse diálogo é feito, nesta pesquisa, à luz dessa tipologia, dada, semioticamente, pelo tipo de contrato veridictório sustentado por essas estéticas: o objetivante (para o realismo-naturalismo); o subjetivante (para o romantismo) e o semiótico (para a estética de Machado). Por meio dessa tipologia identificamos, no e pelo discurso de Machado, possíveis refração e reflexão dos valores investidos em cada um dos contratos, por intermédio do estudo das escolhas sintático-semânticas de construção feitas pelo escritor. A segunda frente de desenvolvimento é o da abordagem dos contos, feita segundo a leitura semiótica de análise de linha francesa, noções de análise do discurso e conceitos desenvolvidos pelo lingüista e filósofo Bakhtin. Na interseção desses dois percursos, mostramos de que maneira um traço específico desse tipo de contrato semiótico a dúvida se realiza no especial projeto do dizer de Machado / The main objective of this study is to identify the mechanisms which are responsible for the image of doubt´s construction within the subjectivity in Machado de Assis\'s short prose through the analysis of a few of his short stories. It will find the doubt as a sense effect in its probable recurrences, while attempting to map out what has been hypothetically called \"the grammar of possibility\" in the works of Machado de Assis. This research follows a path with two approaches: a theoretical one and a practical one. The first one is focused in identifying the specific semiotic aspects in a few types of discourses, to characterize the aesthetics of Realistic-Naturalistic, the Romanticism period and the Machado\'s own. This is justified once the Machadian doubt the main focus of this research will become apparent in the Machado´s dialog established among him and these aesthetics, as well as his era´s common sense: that the doubt is made by a shake-up of on the truths supporting such discourses. In this research, an examination of this dialogue is conducted on the guidance of this typology, once it is semiotically, by the kind of veridictory contract supported by these aesthetics: the objectifying one (Realism-Naturalism); the subjectifying one (Romanticism) and the semiotics one (Machado´s own). This typology will help to identify not only in, but by Machado´s discourse as well; the possiblity of refractions and or reflections of the invested values on each one of these contracts through the study of the sintax-semantic choices in the construction and made by the author himself. The second part of this study is the approach to the short stories according to a reading based on the French-oriented semiotics, discourse analysis notions and the linguist and philosopher Bakhtin´s concepts. In the intersection of these two approaches, the very way a specific characteristic of this kind of \"semiotics\" contract the doubt is achieved in the special project of Machado\'s oeuvre is shown.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o papel do timbre no edifício teórico da Semiótica da Canção, entendida aqui como a vertente teórica da semiótica francesa desenvolvida principalmente por A. J. Greimas mas também por demais integrantes da assim chamada Escola de Paris voltada para o estudo da canção popular brasileira. Preconizada pelo semioticista Luiz Tatit, essa linha de estudos vem se consolidando gradativamente como um instrumental analítico especializado no estudo da canção popular tomada como uma unidade orgânica constituída pela integração entre letra e melodia. Após um primeiro período de formulação e consolidação das ferramentas analíticas que constituem a base do modelo, assistiu-se ao surgimento de diversos estudos que buscaram expandir seu escopo de abrangência em direção aos elementos não contemplados até o momento, como é o caso do timbre. Dentre estes, as teses de doutorado de Carmo Jr. (2007), Coelho (2007) e Dietrich (2008) assumem posição de destaque por levantar questionamentos primordiais para delimitar o estatuto semiótico do timbre enquanto elemento produtor de efeitos de sentido. As proposições apresentadas por estes autores foram submetidas a uma revisão crítica a fim de extrair os vetores teóricos e metodológicos que deverão orientar as investigações futuras sobre esse objeto. Desse confronto de perspectivas, elaboramos a hipótese de que o timbre se comporta como elemento pertinente ao domínio das semióticas conotativas, conforme o modelo de análise hierarquizada idealizado pelo linguista Louis Hjelmslev (2006). Essa abordagem visa elucidar os mecanismos pelos quais o timbre participa na construção de efeitos de sentido, embora ele possa ser descartado como dado variável e secundário até determinado estágio da descrição semiótica. Com esse objetivo em mente, foi realizado um levantamento da presença da conotação nos textos do semioticista A. J. Greimas a fim viii de determinar seu lugar de pertinência no edifício conceitual da teoria e delimitar com maior precisão as potencialidades analíticas desse conceito. As diretrizes teóricas e metodológicas traçadas até esse ponto foram aplicadas em dois momentos. No primeiro, foi analisado como a descrição verbal presente em manuais de instrumentação e orquestração registra de maneira implícita as cifras tensivas subjacentes ao timbre. No segundo, foi analisado o papel do timbre no álbum Música de Brinquedo da banda Pato Fu, observando especialmente quais efeitos de sentido eram produzidos pelas substituições tímbricas do arranjo desse álbum em comparação com o arranjo original. As análises permitem concluir que, enquanto fenômeno da ordem da conotação, o timbre pode criar fisionomias no âmbito do uso, ora pela instauração de assimetrias e irregularidades, ora pelas variações implicadas nas práticas de rearranjo musical. Em ambos os casos, verifica-se que o lugar privilegiado de pertinência do timbre está no campo do uso e da práxis enunciativa. Graças a essas distinções conceituais, a perspectiva linguística e discursiva pode trazer contribuições valiosas para compreender de maneira sistemática o timbre nos processos de significação. / This work aims to discuss the role of timbre (tone color) within the theoretical framework of the Semiotics of Songs, defined as a special field of French Semiotics developed mainly by A. J. Greimas but also by other members of the so-called Paris School of Semiotics and applied to the Brazilian popular song. Developed by the semiotician Luiz Tatit, this line of research is being consolidated as an analytical tool specialized at the study of popular music, this being understood as an organic unity made up of lyrics and melody. After the first phase of the theory, at which the basic analytical tools were formulated and enhanced, several researches sought the expansion of the theorys analytical scope towards issues not discussed until then, e.g. timbre. The doctoral theses of Carmo Jr. (2007), Coelho (2007) and Dietrich (2008) stand out among these studies as they raise essential issues to explain the semiotic role of timbre in the production of meaning effects. The propositions presented by these authors were critically reviewed in order to draw out the methodological and theoretical guidelines, which shall support this work as much as future research on this subject. From this confrontation of perspectives, one can draw the hypothesis that timbre belongs rather to the field of connotative semiotics, according to the analytic model of hierarchic levels outlined by the linguist Louis Hjelmslev (2006). This approach aims to explain how timbre plays a role at the meaning-effects construction, although it can be regarded as a secondary and variable element up to a certain extent of the semiotic description. In order to achieve this goal, the concept of connotation was researched in A. J. Greimas work in order to determine more precisely its role within the theoretical framework of semiotics as much as its analytical possibilities. The theoretical and methodological guidelines drawn out until this point were applied in two different scenarios. The first one analyzed how the verbal descriptions given by orchestration handbooks implicitly encode x tensive algorithms underlying timbre. The second one analyzed the role of timbre in the album Música de Brinquedo of the Brazilian pop band Pato Fu, especially regarding the meaning effects triggered by the timbre shifting in comparison to the songs original arrangement. The result of the analyses leads to the conclusion that, as a connotative phenomenon, timbre can generate physiognomies either by the emerging of irregularities and asymmetrical combinations, or by the variations created through the musical re-elaboration. In both cases, one can verify that privileged place of timbre lies in the domain of usage and enunciative praxis. Such conceptual distinctions show that the linguistic and discursive perspective can bring valuable contributions to a systematic understanding of timbre at meaning processes.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-27T18:02:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Mazzer Nogueira.pdf: 418701 bytes, checksum: 11957f3efac0c000d36d74cc72c622c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-27T18:02:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Mazzer Nogueira.pdf: 418701 bytes, checksum: 11957f3efac0c000d36d74cc72c622c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This is a theoretical research that aims to identify approaches between the following theories: Semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce, historical-cultural of Lev S. Vygotsky, the complex theory of Edgar Morin and the connectivism of Siemens and Downes, prioritizing the issues surrounding education in the contemporary context. The method adopted included careful readings of the existant literature regarding the mentioned theories, the use of reading records and a case study that together allowed the careful and systematic analysis of the materials, as well as the organization of some of the key concepts of each theory, relevant to further discussions. The importance of the social nature of man was highlighted and related to its development. Language is understood as fundamental in the human development process and has been addressed here in a specific way, with emphasis on learning new words, considered linguistic signs, in a foreign language. It was analyzed and presented examples of both literature and real life, this experienced by the researcher, which allowed the establishment of approaches and reflections on the theories adopted. Finally, it became evident the need to promote an education able to reconcile different strategies, ideas and experiences of successful learning, recognizing the complexity of the phenomena and driving more discussions and studies for the existence of progress in the classroom and online education / Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica que tem por objetivo identificar aproximações entre as teorias Semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, histórico-cultural de Lev S. Vigostski, o pensamento complexo de Edgar Morin e o conectivismo de Siemens e Downes, priorizando as questões que envolvem a educação no contexto contemporâneo. O método adotado contou com um cuidadoso levantamento bibliográfico das teorias mencionadas, a utilização de fichas de leitura e um estudo de campo que, juntos, permitiram a análise cuidadosa e sistemática dos materiais, além da organização de alguns dos principais conceitos de cada teoria, pertinentes às discussões posteriores. A importância do caráter social do homem foi destacada e relacionada ao seu desenvolvimento. A linguagem é compreendida como fundamental no processo de desenvolvimento humano e foi aqui abordada de maneira específica, com destaque para aprendizagem de palavras em idioma estrangeiro, consideradas signos linguísticos. São apresentados e analisados exemplos tanto da bibliografia quanto real, este vivenciado pela pesquisadora, que permitiram o estabelecimento de aproximações e reflexões sobre as teorias interacionistas adotadas. Por fim, tornou-se evidente a necessidade de se favorecer uma educação capaz de conciliar diferentes estratégias, ideias e experiências de aprendizagens de sucesso, reconhecendo a complexidade dos fenômenos e impulsionando mais discussões e estudos para a existência de progressos na Educação presencial e online

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Maciel Gazoni.pdf: 1119902 bytes, checksum: 4f9aaed6e07679dd3a63ba771c24b3ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study examines programming processes from the point of view of semiotics. Based on key concepts of computation and programming, it presents a critical review of the book Semiotics of Programming by Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii. The starting point is the Peircean argument of the affinity between the structure of logical reasoning and the mechanical processes in the logical machines of Jevons, Marquand e Babbage. The author takes the view that the philosophy of machines developed by Peirce in this context can serve as the basis of a computational semiotics and anchor a semiotics of programming appropriate to overcome prevailing dualist and Cartesian approaches, according to which human reasoning differs essentially from processes in nature in general and from mechanical processes in particular. The study reveals gaps in the semiotic theory of computation by Tanaka-Ishii, proposes ways to overcome them through the application of Peirce s semiotics and argues that the Peircean approach promises a better understanding of the cognitive processes involved in computation and programming / O estudo examina os processos de programação do ponto de vista da semiótica. Com base em conceitos chave da computação e programação, apresenta numa análise crítica do livro Semiotics of Programming de Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii. O ponto de partida é o argumento peirceano da afinidade entre as estruturas do raciocínio lógico e dos processos mecânicos nas máquinas lógicas de Jevons, Marquand e Babbage. O autor defende a tese de que a filosofia das máquinas desenvolvida por Peirce nesse contexto pode servir como base de uma semiótica computacional e ancorar uma semiótica da programação apropriada para ultrapassar abordagens preponderantes dualistas e cartesianas, conforme as quais o raciocínio humano difere essencialmente de processos na natureza em geral e de processos mecânicos em particular. O estudo revela lacunas na teoria semiótica computacional de Tanaka-Ishii, propõe caminhos para preenchê-las através da aplicação da semiótica de Peirce e postula que a abordagem peirceana promete uma melhor compreensão dos processos cognitivos envolvidos na computação e na programação

The goal and purpose of this essay is to study if and how multimodality is used within a Swedish school in Kalmar. This is accomplished by observing the different modalities inside the classroom and how the use of different modalities affects the teaching. Unstructured observations combined with a material-based thematic presentation leads up to an analysis based on social semiotics and multimodality. The essay shows how the teaching uses lots of modalities: sound, images, movies, speeches and literary text in lots of different ways. These different types of modalities are used in a multimodal context, providing good conditions for learning.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o papel do timbre no edifício teórico da Semiótica da Canção, entendida aqui como a vertente teórica da semiótica francesa desenvolvida principalmente por A. J. Greimas mas também por demais integrantes da assim chamada Escola de Paris voltada para o estudo da canção popular brasileira. Preconizada pelo semioticista Luiz Tatit, essa linha de estudos vem se consolidando gradativamente como um instrumental analítico especializado no estudo da canção popular tomada como uma unidade orgânica constituída pela integração entre letra e melodia. Após um primeiro período de formulação e consolidação das ferramentas analíticas que constituem a base do modelo, assistiu-se ao surgimento de diversos estudos que buscaram expandir seu escopo de abrangência em direção aos elementos não contemplados até o momento, como é o caso do timbre. Dentre estes, as teses de doutorado de Carmo Jr. (2007), Coelho (2007) e Dietrich (2008) assumem posição de destaque por levantar questionamentos primordiais para delimitar o estatuto semiótico do timbre enquanto elemento produtor de efeitos de sentido. As proposições apresentadas por estes autores foram submetidas a uma revisão crítica a fim de extrair os vetores teóricos e metodológicos que deverão orientar as investigações futuras sobre esse objeto. Desse confronto de perspectivas, elaboramos a hipótese de que o timbre se comporta como elemento pertinente ao domínio das semióticas conotativas, conforme o modelo de análise hierarquizada idealizado pelo linguista Louis Hjelmslev (2006). Essa abordagem visa elucidar os mecanismos pelos quais o timbre participa na construção de efeitos de sentido, embora ele possa ser descartado como dado variável e secundário até determinado estágio da descrição semiótica. Com esse objetivo em mente, foi realizado um levantamento da presença da conotação nos textos do semioticista A. J. Greimas a fim viii de determinar seu lugar de pertinência no edifício conceitual da teoria e delimitar com maior precisão as potencialidades analíticas desse conceito. As diretrizes teóricas e metodológicas traçadas até esse ponto foram aplicadas em dois momentos. No primeiro, foi analisado como a descrição verbal presente em manuais de instrumentação e orquestração registra de maneira implícita as cifras tensivas subjacentes ao timbre. No segundo, foi analisado o papel do timbre no álbum Música de Brinquedo da banda Pato Fu, observando especialmente quais efeitos de sentido eram produzidos pelas substituições tímbricas do arranjo desse álbum em comparação com o arranjo original. As análises permitem concluir que, enquanto fenômeno da ordem da conotação, o timbre pode criar fisionomias no âmbito do uso, ora pela instauração de assimetrias e irregularidades, ora pelas variações implicadas nas práticas de rearranjo musical. Em ambos os casos, verifica-se que o lugar privilegiado de pertinência do timbre está no campo do uso e da práxis enunciativa. Graças a essas distinções conceituais, a perspectiva linguística e discursiva pode trazer contribuições valiosas para compreender de maneira sistemática o timbre nos processos de significação. / This work aims to discuss the role of timbre (tone color) within the theoretical framework of the Semiotics of Songs, defined as a special field of French Semiotics developed mainly by A. J. Greimas but also by other members of the so-called Paris School of Semiotics and applied to the Brazilian popular song. Developed by the semiotician Luiz Tatit, this line of research is being consolidated as an analytical tool specialized at the study of popular music, this being understood as an organic unity made up of lyrics and melody. After the first phase of the theory, at which the basic analytical tools were formulated and enhanced, several researches sought the expansion of the theorys analytical scope towards issues not discussed until then, e.g. timbre. The doctoral theses of Carmo Jr. (2007), Coelho (2007) and Dietrich (2008) stand out among these studies as they raise essential issues to explain the semiotic role of timbre in the production of meaning effects. The propositions presented by these authors were critically reviewed in order to draw out the methodological and theoretical guidelines, which shall support this work as much as future research on this subject. From this confrontation of perspectives, one can draw the hypothesis that timbre belongs rather to the field of connotative semiotics, according to the analytic model of hierarchic levels outlined by the linguist Louis Hjelmslev (2006). This approach aims to explain how timbre plays a role at the meaning-effects construction, although it can be regarded as a secondary and variable element up to a certain extent of the semiotic description. In order to achieve this goal, the concept of connotation was researched in A. J. Greimas work in order to determine more precisely its role within the theoretical framework of semiotics as much as its analytical possibilities. The theoretical and methodological guidelines drawn out until this point were applied in two different scenarios. The first one analyzed how the verbal descriptions given by orchestration handbooks implicitly encode x tensive algorithms underlying timbre. The second one analyzed the role of timbre in the album Música de Brinquedo of the Brazilian pop band Pato Fu, especially regarding the meaning effects triggered by the timbre shifting in comparison to the songs original arrangement. The result of the analyses leads to the conclusion that, as a connotative phenomenon, timbre can generate physiognomies either by the emerging of irregularities and asymmetrical combinations, or by the variations created through the musical re-elaboration. In both cases, one can verify that privileged place of timbre lies in the domain of usage and enunciative praxis. Such conceptual distinctions show that the linguistic and discursive perspective can bring valuable contributions to a systematic understanding of timbre at meaning processes.