The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of separation-individuation during late adolescence and obstacles to career decision making.

Att människor som levt tillsammans väljer att gå skilda vägar är i dagens samhälle ett vanligtförekommande fenomen. Många berörs på något sätt och det finns skäl att anta att detpåverkar människors beteenden och upplevelser av relationer. Syftet med föreliggande studievar att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur människor upplever sig ha påverkats av enseparation. För att kunna uppfylla syftet användes en fenomenografisk ansats. Data samladesin genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta individer och analyserades med hjälp av entematisk innehållsanalys. Fyra av deltagarna hade föräldrar som separerat då de var barnvarav en av de även själv hade separerat, två individer vars föräldrar separerade i tonårensamt två individer som själva genomgått en separation. Resultatet visade att tilliten irelationer till andra, främst i kärleksrelationer påverkade individerna på ett negativt sätt tillföljd av att de upplevt en separation. Resultatet visade också att individerna har utvecklatstrategier för att hantera separationer och konsekvenser av en separation. De intervjuadebeskrev att anknytningen till föräldrarna på ett eller annat sätt varit bristande. I vissa fallredan i tidig ålder, till båda föräldrarna, men även i de fall där anknytningen varit god tillden ena föräldern verkar det inte vara tillräckligt för att skydda individerna från problem isina egna kärleksrelationer. / In today´s society it is a common phenomenon for people who have lived together to goseparate ways. Several people are affected and there are reasons to believe that it affectspeople’s behaviors and experiences of relationships. The purpose of this study was to get adeeper understanding of how people experience that they have been affected by a separation.To fulfill the purpose a phenomenographic method was used. To collect data, eightparticipants were interviewed, and data was analyzed through a thematic content analysismethod. Four of the participants had parents who had separated when they were children andone of them had also separated from a partner. Two of them had parents who had separatedwhen they were teenagers, and two had separated from a partner. The results showed that thetrust to other people, mainly in romantic relationships, was negatively affected afterexperiencing a separation. The results also showed that these individuals had developeddifferent strategies to cope better with separations as well as consequences of a separation.The participants described that the attachment to their parents was lacking in some way oranother. Some of them experienced lacking attachment at an early age, some to both theirparents, but even when experiencing good attachment to one of their parents it was notenough to protect them from having problems in their own relationships.

A escassez de água nos grandes centros urbanos deve se agravar nos próximos anos. Novas fontes de água são necessárias para suprir a demanda. Nas cidades não há disponibilidade de terrenos para construção de estações de tratamento de águas e esgotos convencionais. Por isso, são necessários novos processos de tratamento. Processos de separação por membranas como osmose reversa e eletrodiálise são usados na dessalinização de águas e efluentes. Para a realização do estudo foi montada unidade de eletrodiálise em escala de laboratório. Na montagem selecionaram-se equipamentos que fossem resistentes à salinidade das soluções. As bombas magnéticas deveriam, ainda, superar a perda de cargas causada pelas membranas. As membranas foram adquiridas no exterior; os equipamentos, no mercado local. Os experimentos foram realizados em duas etapas: exploratória e comparativa. Eles seguiram os planejamentos de fatorial e do tipo Doehlert, respectivamente. Estudou-se a dessalinização de soluções aquosas unitárias (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2 e KCl), com salinidade similar à água marinha (3,5%). Obtiveram-se como respostas os fluxos de sal, de água e consumo de energia em função dos fatores envolvidos no processo. Análises estatísticas propiciaram relacionar os fatores estudados com os resultados empíricos. Os fluxos salinos são proporcionais às densidade de corrente aplicadas e não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si. Observou-se que o fluxo de água é relevante pelo mecanismo de solvatação de íons removidos e pela osmose. O consumo de energia é proporcional à densidade de corrente e maior para os sais bivalentes. / Water shortage in urban centers is expected to get worse in the next years. New water sources are necessary to meet demand. At urban area there are no available lands to build conventional water and sewage treatment plants. Therefore, new treatment processes are needed. Membrane processes like reverse osmosis and electrodialysis are used in water and wastewater desalination. A lab-scale electrodialysis unit was assembled for the study, based on a stack of electrodialysis membranes and support components that are capable of resisting solution salinity. The membrane stack was imported; the other equipment, obtained locally. The experiments were divided in two phases: exploratory and comparative. The experiments followed factorial and Doehlert designs, respectively. The desalination of aqueous solutions containing different inorganic salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2 e KCl) in seawater salinity (3.5% mass) was studied. The responses were the salt and water fluxes and energy consumption in function of the processes variables selected. By means of a statistical analysis, it was possible to obtain the correlations for the studied factors based on the experimental results. The salt fluxes are proportional to the applied current density and they are not significantly different for the salts included in the study. It was observed that the water fluxes are relevant due to solvation of removed ions and osmosis. The energy consumption is proportional to current density and is larger for bivalent salts.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

<div>Liquid desiccant air dehumidification (LDAD) is a promising substitute for the conventional dehumidification systems that use mechanical cooling. However, the LDAD system shares a little market because of its high installation cost, carryover problem, and severe corrosion problem caused by the conventional liquid desiccant. The research reported in this thesis aimed to address these challenges by applying membrane technology and ionic liquid desiccants (ILDs) in LDAD. The membrane technology uses semi-permeable materials to separate the air and liquid desiccants, therefore, the solution droplets cannot enter into the air stream to corrode the metal piping and degrade the air quality. The ILDs are synthesized salts in the liquid phase, with a large dehumidification capacity but no corrosion problems. In order to study the applicability and performance of these two technologies, both experimental and modeling investigations were made as follows.</div><div>In the study, experimental researches and existing models on the membrane-based LDAD (MLDAD) was extensively reviewed with respects of the characteristics of liquid desiccants and membranes, the module design, the performance assessment and comparison, as well as the modeling methods for MLDAD.</div><div>A small-scale prototype of the MLDAD was tested by using ILD in controlled conditions to characterize its performance in Oak Ridge National Lab. The preliminary experimental results indicated that the MLDAD was able to dehumidify the air and the ILD could be regenerated at 40 ºC temperature. However, the latent effectiveness is relatively lower compared with conventional LDAD systems, and the current design was prone to leakage, especially under the conditions of high air and solution flow rates.</div><div>To improve the dehumidification performance of our MLDAD prototype, the two-dimensional numerical heat and mass transfer models were developed for both porous and nonporous membranes based on the microstructure of the membrane material. The finite element method was used to solve the equations in MATLAB. The models for porous and nonporous membranes were validated by the experimental data available from literature and our performance test, respectively. The validated models were able to predict the performance of the MLDAD module and conduct parametric studies to identify the optimal material selection, design, and operation of the MLDAD.</div><div><br></div>

Abstract not available

<p>Varje skola har skyldighet att inneha en aktuell krisplan att tillgå vid händelser och situationer som kan utlösa en krisreaktion hos en eller flera individer på skolan. Det finns inga direktiv från varken arbetsmiljöverket eller skolverket kring hur dessa krisplaner skall vara utformade eller vilka händelser och situationer som bör tas upp. Detta ger varje enskild skola stora friheter i utformningen av krisplanerna. Jag har inhämtat krisplaner från fem grundskolor med årskurser från förskoleklass till årskurs fem och gjort kritiska diskursanalyser av dessa varpå jag upptäckt stora skillnader och även likheter mellan dessa vilka jag ger en redogörelse för i mitt resultat. Jag har fokuserat på tre utkristalliserade teman:</p><ul><li>Elevs dödsfall</li><li>Uppföljning av elever som mår dåligt till följd av inträffat dödsfall</li><li>Situationer som en enskild skola är ensam om att lyfta upp</li></ul><p>Vidare för jag en diskussion kring krisplanernas utformning och de utkristalliserade teman jag funnit och kopplar dessa till psykologisk forskning kring barns känslor, krisreaktioner samt barnens bearbetningsprocess vid en kris.</p><p>Jag söker även efter indikationer på att barn som mår dåligt till följd av att föräldrarna separerar lyfts upp i krisplanerna. Då jag inte finner några indikationer på att dessa barn omfattas av krisplanernas åtgärder för jag en diskussion om dessa barns specifika reaktioner på separationen i slutdiskussionen. Jag diskuterar även huruvida barnen får vara delaktiga i utformandet av krisplanerna på skolan utifrån barnkonventionens tredje artikel som belyser att barns bästa alltid skall komma i främsta rummet samt tolfte artikeln som lyfter fram att barns åsikter alltid skall tas i beaktande i situationer som rör dem.</p> / <p>Each school is obligated to maintain an emergency plan in case of events and situations that could lead to a state of crisis with one or among several individuals at school. There are no directives from the department of work environment or the department of education on how an emergency plan should look like or what topics to be covered. This gives each school the freedom of choice to form the emergency plan in their own manner. I have gathered emergency plans from five elementary schools ranging from preschool to fifth grade and upon critical analysis, great differences was noticed but also some similarities which I will describe in my results. Focus was put into three recurring themes noticed:</p><ul><li>Death of a pupil</li><li>Follow up of pupil´s feeling depressed as a result of occurred death</li><li>Emergency plan topics covered by one individual school only</li></ul><p>There is a discussion around how the emergency plans are formed and around the three themes which then are connected with psychological research around children’s emotions when a state of crisis occur and their ability to handle and process a state of crisis.</p><p>I also seek indications that children feeling depressed as a result of parents separating are considered in the emergency plan. As no indications where found that this was covered in the emergency plans there is a discussion around children’s specific reactions to a separation within the end discussion. There is also a discussion if children can take part in the creation of the emergency plans at their school on the basis of the children’s convention, third article which points out that the children’s best must be of the highest interest and the twelfth article which points out that the children´s opinion must be considered in situations where they are affected.</p>

Varje skola har skyldighet att inneha en aktuell krisplan att tillgå vid händelser och situationer som kan utlösa en krisreaktion hos en eller flera individer på skolan. Det finns inga direktiv från varken arbetsmiljöverket eller skolverket kring hur dessa krisplaner skall vara utformade eller vilka händelser och situationer som bör tas upp. Detta ger varje enskild skola stora friheter i utformningen av krisplanerna. Jag har inhämtat krisplaner från fem grundskolor med årskurser från förskoleklass till årskurs fem och gjort kritiska diskursanalyser av dessa varpå jag upptäckt stora skillnader och även likheter mellan dessa vilka jag ger en redogörelse för i mitt resultat. Jag har fokuserat på tre utkristalliserade teman: Elevs dödsfall Uppföljning av elever som mår dåligt till följd av inträffat dödsfall Situationer som en enskild skola är ensam om att lyfta upp Vidare för jag en diskussion kring krisplanernas utformning och de utkristalliserade teman jag funnit och kopplar dessa till psykologisk forskning kring barns känslor, krisreaktioner samt barnens bearbetningsprocess vid en kris. Jag söker även efter indikationer på att barn som mår dåligt till följd av att föräldrarna separerar lyfts upp i krisplanerna. Då jag inte finner några indikationer på att dessa barn omfattas av krisplanernas åtgärder för jag en diskussion om dessa barns specifika reaktioner på separationen i slutdiskussionen. Jag diskuterar även huruvida barnen får vara delaktiga i utformandet av krisplanerna på skolan utifrån barnkonventionens tredje artikel som belyser att barns bästa alltid skall komma i främsta rummet samt tolfte artikeln som lyfter fram att barns åsikter alltid skall tas i beaktande i situationer som rör dem. / Each school is obligated to maintain an emergency plan in case of events and situations that could lead to a state of crisis with one or among several individuals at school. There are no directives from the department of work environment or the department of education on how an emergency plan should look like or what topics to be covered. This gives each school the freedom of choice to form the emergency plan in their own manner. I have gathered emergency plans from five elementary schools ranging from preschool to fifth grade and upon critical analysis, great differences was noticed but also some similarities which I will describe in my results. Focus was put into three recurring themes noticed: Death of a pupil Follow up of pupil´s feeling depressed as a result of occurred death Emergency plan topics covered by one individual school only There is a discussion around how the emergency plans are formed and around the three themes which then are connected with psychological research around children’s emotions when a state of crisis occur and their ability to handle and process a state of crisis. I also seek indications that children feeling depressed as a result of parents separating are considered in the emergency plan. As no indications where found that this was covered in the emergency plans there is a discussion around children’s specific reactions to a separation within the end discussion. There is also a discussion if children can take part in the creation of the emergency plans at their school on the basis of the children’s convention, third article which points out that the children’s best must be of the highest interest and the twelfth article which points out that the children´s opinion must be considered in situations where they are affected.

Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes represent the most attractive pure component materials to compete against polymer membranes for high performance gas separations. CMS membranes are formed from the thermal decomposition of polymer precursors and can therefore be formed into continuous defect free membranes with excellent gas separation performance. Over the last 20 years, CMS membranes have been produced in a variety of geometries and have a wide range of separation performance applicable to several important gas separations. Though research into CMS membrane formation is quite extensive, the relationship between synthesis factors and separation performance is still not well understood. The goal of this study was to elucidate the effect of two different synthesis factors on the separation performance of CMS membranes to allow more control over separation performance. The foci of this study were to clarify (1) the effect of pyrolysis atmosphere and (2) the effect of polymer precursor composition. Dense flat CMS membranes were synthesized from 6FDA:BPDA-DAM precursor at 550 oC using several pyrolysis atmospheres including vacuum pyrolysis (<0.05 torr), helium and argon flowing at atmospheric pressure, and helium and argon flowing at reduced pressures. The separation performance of CMS membranes produced under different pyrolysis atmospheres suggests that the amount of oxygen available during pyrolysis has a significant affect on the microstructure of membrane. CMS membranes were produced from 6FDA:BPDA(1:1)-DAM and 6FDA:BPDA(1:1)-DAM under identical pyrolysis conditions to determine the utility of polymer precursor composition as an engineering tool to fine-tune the performance of CMS membranes. In a second study utilizing 6FDA-6FpDA and 6FDA-6FmDA precursors, the separation performance of CMS membranes was shown to be dependent on the intrinsic precursor free volume. These studies have shown that two factors to be considered when choosing a polymer precursor are the intrinsic free volume of the polymer and the composition of the by-products evolved during pyrolysis.

Abstract Whether the public affairs are executed by central or local government in Taiwan is based on the constitution, law and orders. The clauses of constitution were derived from the ¡§Principle of proper separation of competence¡¨, asserted first by Dr. Sun Yet-sen. From these clauses local and central governments in Taiwan should deal with different things which are properly divided according to their nature. But those clauses were not executed because of the unpredicted failure in mainland. For the reasons to initiate and regulate the local-self government institution, many acts and decrees had enacted after 1949, which gradually twisted the meaning of previous clauses that are ought to be obeyed. Besides, the increasing chaos happened recently about the struggle of expenditure in local and central authorities, showed the problems as the result of deviation. This thesis elaborates on the articles of institution which combines the clauses in the constitution and the ultimate aim of local self-government, includes democracy, separation of power in vertical level, and how the local governments are protected by law. This thesis also describes and analyses the whole juristic construction in separating local and central affairs, and, with a new-institutionalist approach, tries to find the key factors which make this institution evolved, changed and disobeyed the principles which they should be fulfilled. With these factors, this thesis finds that the deviation of the institution which is ought to be fulfilled is evolved by the ¡§path¡¨, the way it changed the previous aim or purpose. Consequently, once the ¡§path¡¨ had formatted, the actors of institution-local governments and central governments, will not obey the constitutional clauses and will keep exercising the deviated system of institution about the separation of central and local affairs.