Le droit constitutionnel vit aujourd’hui un rayonnement sans précédents. Cette splendeur est la conséquence d'un long processus historique de maturation juridique qui s’est accéléré durant les derniers temps. La généralisation du mouvement de constitutionnalisation est l’un des principaux résultats de ce processus juridique qui amène le remplacement de cette discipline juridique. Ainsi, la constitutionnalisation est-elle considérée comme un phénomène juridique complexe qui se produit par l'irradiation du pouvoir normatif de la constitution sur tout l'ordre juridique. Actuellement, avec l'adoption généralisée du constitutionnalisme, l’influence de la force normative constitutionnelle est vivement présente dans la plupart des systèmes juridiques. Du même, le processus constitutionnalisant est par conséquence responsable des importantes transformations contemporaines du droit public que particulièrement entraînent une dense spécialisation des disciplines inspirées dans une efficace protection de l’intérêt public. C’est à propos de cette question qu’on perçoit qu'il existe une profonde influence de la valeur juridique constitutionnelle sur le domaine du droit public où est enrichie la notion de chose publique. Pour cela, il existe un rapport naturel et essentiel dans l’évolution commune entre la notion d’État et pouvoir politique. La constitutionnalisation devient actuellement un des phénomènes plus répandus, sa récurrence dans l'ordre juridique révèle une tendance à la consolidation du pouvoir normatif de la Constitution et la ferme détermination à garantir l’efficacité des droits reconnus au texte constitutionnel. Deux arguments permettent d’expliquer l’origine de ce phénomène, le premier, est lié au développement propre des concepts de la théorie constitutionnelle et correspond à ce que l’on pourrait appeler des causes générales. Le second renvoie aux éléments particulières qui caractérisant chaque branche de droit touchée par la constitutionnalisation à ce que l’on pourrait appeler des – causes spécifiques. On observe par exemple une certaine complexité dans le processus de constitutionnalisation du droit administratif qu’on pourrait expliquer en raison de la proximité théorique avec le droit constitutionnel. En termes pratiques dans le cas colombien la constitutionnalisation du droit administratif a des circonstances propres qui tournent autour de la hiérarchie normative. Ainsi, en premier lieu, l'analyse de la constitutionnalisation du droit administratif devra intégrer l'influence des causes générales du processus. Ce qui nous permettra en second lieu à partir des causes communes du processus de constitutionnalisation, de faire ressortir plus aisément les causes spécifiques qui sous-tendent la constitutionnalisation du droit administratif en Colombie. / In the contemporary world, many states, at different latitudes and with varying legal systems, are experiencing a constitutionalization process of the law as a real legal phenomenon, which presupposes a new look at the constitutional law, based on the recognition of the normative force of the constitution’s law as well as the influence which is spreading in the legal order and which can lead to the unification of law.This new vision of constitutionalism represents a real paradigm shift, especially for legal practitioners, for whom the idea of the hierarchy of law sources, or the main legal point of constitutionalization, is to consider the Constitution as the source of the essential sufficient right placed at the centre of the entire legal order to define the conditions of production and application of the law. Yet today, public law and more specifically the discipline of constitutional law is interested in the holistic understanding of the notion of constitution, and its various facets try to identify the influence of constitutional power to know the real impact produced by the process of constitutionalization on the branches of law.As a result, studying the scope of the constitutional phenomenon has become a subject of much debate in the contemporary world. In general, the focus of the debate remains on public law, the intersection of the normative power of the ‘Constitution’ and the content of the branches of law. In the specific case of administrative law, constitutionalization has a particular endogenous connotation: this phenomenon is systemic and produces an effect of internal collision between the different frontiers of the branches of public law. Indeed, it starts by identifying a common base on the bases of constitutional law and administrative law, which will subsequently have to produce a profound adjustment in the relationship between them.In Colombia, the adoption of the 1991 constitution produced a legal and institutional upheaval. Most transformations have been determined by an ambitious list of rights granted to citizens and the implementation of mechanisms to ensure the supremacy of constitutional norms, and to guarantee the protection of fundamental rights, imperative to the social state of law. There is no doubt that the main institutional reform brought by the 1991 Constitution was the creation of the Constitutional Court and, consequently, of its Constitutional High Court. In this way, in Colombia, public law, and especially constitutional law, have undergone significant changes that have now influenced the entire legal system. Yet, constitutionalization is a process that is present in the Colombian legal order, and research aims to study this phenomenon, which is limited to the area of administrative law, particularly for the case of Colombia.The administrative field in Colombia initially responded in the same way to the French model at the institutional, substantial and procedural level; it is the starting point for finding the interest of the analysis of the constitutionalization of the administrative law of the Colombian perspective.Nowadays, the presence of constitutionalization shows the importance of knowing the relationship between the current dynamics between Constitutional Law and Administrative Law in the role of guarantors of the protection of citizens’ rights in the rule of law. This research work seeks to analyse how the jurisdictional power, and more specifically the constitutional and administrative judges, coadministrate through their decisions, in instrumentalism the constitutionalization.

Ethylene is the most important organic molecule with regard to production volume. Therefore, the energy spent in its separation processes, based on old-fashioned distillation, takes approx. 33% of total operating costs. Membranes do not require significant thermal energy input; therefore, membrane processes may separate hydrocarbons cheaply and just as reliably as distillation columns. Olefin/paraffin separations are the future targets of commercial membrane applications, provided high-performing materials become available at reasonable prices. This thesis addresses the development of advanced carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes derived from intrinsically microporous polymers (PIMs). Chronologically, Chapter 4 of this work reports the evaluation of PIMs as potential ethylene/ethane selective materials, while Chapters 5 to 7 propose PIMs as carbonization precursors. The gravimetric sorption studies conducted in this work regarding both the polymers and their heated-derivatives revealed that this separation is entirely controlled by diffusion differences. The pristine polymers examined in this study presented BET surface areas from 80 to 720 m2g-1. Furthermore, the effect of using bromine-substituted PIM-polyimides elucidated a boost in ethylene permeability, but with a significant drop in selectivity. The hydroxyl functionalization of PIM-polyimides was confirmed as a valuable strategy to increase selectivity. Functionalized PMDA-HSBF is the most selective polyimide of intrinsic microporosity known to date (= 5.1) due to its hydrogen-bonded matrix. In spite of their novelty, pristine PIMs based on the spirobisindane moiety were not tight enough to distinguish between the 0.2 Å difference in diameter of the ethylene/ethane molecules. Therefore, they did not surpass the upper bound limit performance of known polymeric membranes. Nevertheless, the carbons derived from these polymers were excellent ethylene/ethane sieves by virtue of their narrow and tight pore distribution around the 3.6- 4.4 Å range. PIM-based carbons were typically 10 times more permeable than their corresponding low free-volume analogues treated after the weight-loss of the sample reached a plateau. Furthermore, carbons derived from PIM-6FDA-OH and PIM-6FDA at 800 ºC were as ethylene separating efficient as their lower free-volume counterparts. The pore sintering mechanism that takes place above 600 ºC during the carbonization procedure of these films reduced the entropic freedom of the molecules, as was observed from separation factors of up to 25 under pure-gas conditions and 2 bar of pressure— The best performing CMS membranes reported to date for ethylene/ethane separation. The mixed-gas separation of 1:1 binary ethylene/ethane mixtures revealed a significant decrease of the pure-gas measurements due to a carbon matrix dilation effect. This localized ultramicroporous dilation caused the ethane permeation rate to increase monotonically as the pressure rose to realistic operating values. Nevertheless, the CMS obtained from PIM-6FDA and PIM-6FDA-OH surpassed any diffusion-controlled polymer or carbon that has been reported to date.

Denna studies syfte är att undersöka hur konstruktionen av femininitet förändras i Disneys filmatiseringar av Aladdin producerade år 1992 och 2019. Utifrån detta syfte har frågeställningen formulerats till att identifiera likheter och skillnader mellan dessa två filmatiseringar gällande hur femininitet framställs hos den kvinnliga huvudkaraktären. Detta görs med ett intersektionellt perspektiv där Hirdman (1988) och Said (1978) används som teoretiska perspektiv. Undersökningen görs genom innehållsanalys och semiotisk analys som metod. Det huvudsakliga resultatet visar på både likheter och skillnader, där den betydande skillnaden är att den kvinnliga huvudkaraktären får en ökad jämställdhet. Likheter mellan filmerna är tydliga då kvinnan framställs utifrån det klassiska kvinnliga kroppsidealet. Slutsatsen blir att en förändring går att identifiera inom området genus då den kvinnliga huvudkaraktären tillskrivs nya egenskaper, som tidigare tillhört mannen. Trots detta, är beroendet av en man fortfarande tydligt. I versionen från 2019 finns fortfarande en tydlig separation mellan öst och väst, där öst framställs som avvikande och annorlunda i jämförelse med väst. / The purpose of this study is to analyze how the construction of femininity changes in Disney's filmizations of Aladdin produced in 1992 and 2019. Based on this purpose, the question has been formulated to identify similarities and differences between these two filmizations regarding how femininity is portrayed in the female main character. This is done with an intersectional perspective where Hirdman (1988) and Said (1978) are used as theoretical perspectives. The study is done through content analysis and semiotic analysis as a method. The main result shows both similarities and differences, where the significant difference is that the female main character is given increased gender equality. Similarities between the filmizations are visible when the female main character is portrayed with the classic female body ideal. The conclusion is that a change can be identified in the area of gender when the female main character is attributed to new traits, which previously belonged to the male. Despite this, the dependence of a man is still evident. In the 2019 version there is still a clear separation between east and west, where east is described as different compared to the west.

Thesis (LLM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Although the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 does not specifically make reference to the phrase “separation of powers”, the constitutional scheme, however, subscribes to the doctrine of separation of powers. The manner in which the Constitution allocates powers and functions to the different organs of the state is indicative of the application of the doctrine of separation of powers. This study was aimed at investigating whether the separation of powers principle was not trampled upon in the light of the decision in EFF2. The study finds that there was judicial overreach in EEF2. The majority judgment encroached into the exclusive domain of Parliament. The court, in exercising its checks and balances role, failed to observe its own constitutional limits by dictating how Parliament should run its affairs. The study recommends that courts must respect the duties and functions of other organs of the state. Courts must understand that each organ of the state has a duty to perform. Only when an organ of the state has performed a duty or function in a manner that offends or violates the Constitution can the court intervene.

La polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP) est une voie de signalisation conservée au fil de l’évolution et qui joue un rôle crucial dans l’établissement de la polarité des cellules et tissues en régulant la dynamique du cytosquelette. De nombreuses études ont démontré l’implication de la PCP dans les mécanismes développementaux importants comme la gastrulation ou la neurulation chez les mammifères, et la mutation des gènes centraux qui composent la PCP mène à de sévères malformations de nombreux organes, et par conséquent une mort néonatale. Van Gogh-like 2 (vangl2) est un des gènes centraux de la PCP et code pour une protéine transmembranaire de la voie de la PCP, et sa mutation conduit à une absence de fermeture de la gouttière neurale et la mort à la naissance chez les mammifères, y compris l'homme. Certaines études suggèrent que Vangl2 jouerait un rôle dans le guidage axonal, mais aussi l’arborisation dendritique des neurones de l’hippocampe et le nombre des épines dendritiques.Dans ce travail, je montre que Vangl2 est enrichi dans l’hippocampe adulte de souris, et plus précisément dans le gyrus denté (DG) et le stratum lucidum du CA3. De nombreuses études suggèrent que le réseau formé par ces sous-structures sous-tend des processus cognitifs spécifiques impliqués dans l’encodage et le rappel de la mémoire : le pattern separation et le pattern completion. Le pattern separation est un processus d’encodage d’informations similaires en représentations différentes, permettant la formation de souvenirs distincts malgré les similitudes entre les évènements. Le processus de pattern completion permet, à partir de stimuli partiels, de se remémorer un souvenir dans son intégralité. De récentes études suggèrent que la maturation des nouveaux neurones issus de la neurogenèse adulte dans le DG joue un rôle critique dans le maintien d'une balance qui existerait entre ces deux processus cognitifs. Bien que les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les deux processus soient encore mal compris, la connectivité du DG et du CA3 semble essentielle.J’ai ainsi formulé et testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'absence d'expression de Vangl2 affecterait ces processus mnésiques. Pour ceci, j'ai généré plusieurs mutants murins n'exprimant pas le gène vangl2 dans différentes régions du cerveau, que j'ai ensuite testé dans des paradigmes comportementaux requérant l’utilisation des processus de pattern separation et de pattern completion. Mes résultats suggèrent que Vangl2 dans le DG est essentiel dans le maintien d'une balance existante entre les deux processus, en régulant la maturation des neurones du DG. / Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is an evolutionary conserved pathway known to play a crucial role in the establishment of tissue polarity via a regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics. PCP signaling is essential during critical developmental stages, such as gastrulation or neurulation, to shape tissues and organs, and disruption of core PCP genes in mammals leads to severe malformations and neonatal death. Van Gogh-like 2 (vangl2) is one of the core PCP genes coding for a transmembrane protein, and its mutation leads to a failure of the neural tube closure in mammals, including humans. It has also been suggested that Vangl2 plays a role in axonal guidance, dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons and dendritic spines number. I showed that Vangl2 protein is enriched in the hippocampus in the adult stage, precisely in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 stratum lucidum subregions. These subregions have been proposed to sustain two cognitive processes involved in memory functions: pattern separation and pattern completion. Pattern separation allows the encoding of similar or overlapping inputs in distinct neuronal representations, allowing formation of new memory without interference of a previous similar encountered event. Pattern completion is described as the ability to guide the recall of an entire memory using partial sensory cues. Recent studies suggest a critical role for the maturation of adult-born granule neurons of the DG in the balance that may exist between pattern completion and pattern separation. Although the mechanisms of both cognitive processes are still debated, the connectivity between DG and CA3 appears to be essential. I thereby tested the hypothesis that in absence of Vangl2 in the brain, these two processes would be affected. I generated several conditional mutant mice in order to excise vangl2 gene in specific areas of the hippocampus, and tested them in behavioral paradigms requiring pattern separation or pattern completion processes. My data support my hypothesis that Vangl2 in the DG is essential for a balance between pattern separation and pattern completion, through the regulation of the maturation of DG neurons.

No description available.

The proper packaging of the genome in eukaryotic nuclei is essential for proper gene expression and cell function. Chromatin at the large scale is divided into two major compartments heterochromatin and euchromatin. Heterochromatin compromises the transcriptionally inactive tightly packaged regions of chromatin, while euchromatin is the transcriptionally active region of chromatin. The Heterochromatin Protein family (HP1) proteins are epigenetic hallmarks of constitutive heterochromatin. Recent evidence suggests human HP1α undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation suggesting a role for HP1 phase separation in the formation of compacted heterochromatin within HP1 droplets. Phase separation is a biophysical property of proteins with intrinsically disordered domains which are protein domains that lack a defined secondary structure and have the ability to undertake multiple conformations. In this thesis, I investigated the ability of C. elegans HP1 homologs HPL-2A and HPL-1 to phase separate utilizing directed mutations to elucidate the intermolecular interactions that govern this phenomenon and different assays to assess their phase separation. I concluded that HPL-2A is a bona fide phase separating protein that selectively condenses chromatin. HPL-2A’s phase separation depends on specific interactions, mainly dimerization and the presence of lysine and arginine residues in the hinge region. HPL-2A has a specific IDR that drives its phase separation which is the hinge region as the CTE and NTE are not essential for its phase separation.

Monoclonal antibodies are large, complex biomolecules that can be difficult to characterize. Characterization is important because of the various post translational modifications that can occur during manufacturing, processing, and storage. Some modifications can lead to efficacy and safety issues and therefore are heavily monitored. A leading way to monitor various modifications is by using liquid chromatography. The high sensitivity, reproducibility, and ability to quantitate analytes makes it very attractive for monoclonal antibody characterization. The large molecular size of monoclonal antibodies (150 kDa) makes them challenging to separate efficiently and with high enough resolution to be helpful. New column technologies that would help improve protein separation efficiencies and slectivities would greatly help in this challenging process. In this thesis, three novel bonded phases are developed for the separation of monoclonal antibodies including a weak anion and cation exchanger (WAX, CEX) for the separation of charged species as well as a novel hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for the separation of glycoforms. Column develop is achieved by optimizing selectivity and improving efficiency of separations by altering particle surface chemistry.

No description available.

Av de 110 000–120 000 barn som föds årligen i Sverige, avslutas ca 18,6 procent av förlossningarna med kejsarsnitt och ca tio procent av alla barn behöver vårdas på neonatalvårdsavdelning. Vid en normal förlossning främjas amningen och anknytningen mellan mor och barn genom hud mot hudkontakt som stimulerar barnets medfödda beteenden. Oxytocinfrisättningen stimuleras vilket underlättar moderns återhämtning och främjar bindningen till barnet. När mor och barn behöver separeras direkt efter födseln uteblir dessa normala förhållanden.   Syftet med denna studie var att belysa konsekvenserna för relationen mellan mor och barn av tidig separation efter födseln. Metoden som tillämpades var litteraturöversikt med systematisk design. Artikelsökningen genomfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycInfo vilket genererade 16 artiklar till studiens resultat. Artiklarnas kvalité granskades via en kvalitetsgranskningsmall för att säkerställa god kvalité och öka resultatets tillförlitlighet. För att samla in, analysera och sammanställa data från de olika studierna användes en integrerad analys.   Resultatet har sammanställts i form av två huvudkategorier och fem underrubriker som tillsammans underbygger studiens syfte. Studiens resultat visar på att separation har både kortsiktiga och långsiktiga konsekvenser. Separationen påverkar moderns förmåga att binda till sitt nyfödda barn, begränsar hennes möjlighet att delta i omvårdnaden av barnet, ökar risken för depression, hindrar tidig hud mot hudkontakt samt har en negativ inverkan på amningen.  Slutsatsen från studien är att separation medför flertalet konsekvenser för mor och barns fysiska och mentala hälsa. Vårdpersonal bör vara medvetna om att separation bör undvikas i den mån det är möjligt. Om separation inträffat bör vårdpersonal ha kunskap om konsekvenserna för att erbjuda stöd som minimerar de negativa konsekvenserna. / Of the 110 000-120 000 babies born annually in Sweden, approximately 18.6 percent of births ends with a caesarean section and approximately ten percent of all newborns need to be cared for in the neonatal care unit. During a normal delivery, breastfeeding and attachment between mother and child are promoted through skin-to-skin contact that stimulates the child's innate behaviors. Oxytocin release is stimulated which facilitates the mother's recovery and promotes bonding. When mother and child are separated early after birth, these normal conditions are absent. The aim of this study was to highlight the consequences for the relationship between mother and child of early separation after birth. The method applied was a literature review with systematic design. The article search was conducted in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycInfo, generating 16 articles for the study's result. The quality of the articles was reviewed using a quality assessment template to ensure good quality and increase reliability. An integrated analysis was used to collect, analyze, and summarize data from the various studies. The results have been summarized in two main categories and five subheadings that together support the purpose of the study. The results showed that separation has both short-term and long-term consequences. Separation affects the mother's ability to bond with her newborn, limits her ability to participate in the baby's care, increases risk of depression, hinders early skin to skin contact, and has a negative impact on breastfeeding. The conclusion of the study is that separation has numerous physical and mental health consequences for both mother and baby. Healthcare professionals should be aware that separation should be avoided as far as possible. If separation occurs, healthcare professionals should have knowledge of the consequences it causes so they can offer support that minimizes the negative consequences.