Boundary layer separation is usually an unwanted phenomenon in most technical applications as for instance on airplane wings, on ground vehicles and in internal flows such as diffusers. If separation occurs it leads to loss of lift, higher drag and results in energy losses. It is therefore important to be able to find methods to control and if possible avoid separation altogether without introducing a too heavy penalty such as increased drag, energy consuming suction etc. In the present work we study one such control method, namely the use of vortex generators (VGs), which are known to be able to hinder turbulent boundary layer separation. We first study the downstream development of streamwise vortices behind pairs and arrays of vortex generators and how the strength of the vortices is coupled to the relative size of the vortex generators in comparison to the boundary layer size. Both the amplitude and the trajectory of the vortices are tracked in the downstream direction. Also the influences of yaw and free stream turbulence on the vortices are investigated. This part of the study is made with hot-wire anemometry where all three velocity components of the vortex structure are measured. The generation of circulation by the VGs scales excellently with the VG blade height and the velocity at the blade edge. The magnitude of circulation was found to be independent of yaw angle. The second part of the study deals with the control effect of vortex generators on three different cases where the strength of the adverse pressure gradient (APG) in a turbulent boundary layer has been varied. In this case the measurements have been made with particle image velocimetry. It was found that the streamwise position where the VGs are placed is not critical for the control effect. For the three different APG cases approximately the same level of circulation was needed to inhibit separation. In contrast to some previous studies we find no evidence of a universal detachment shape factor H12, that is independent of pressure gradient. / QC 20101119

Homeless women and families are among the most disenfranchised groups in society. Further, because of their homelessness and associated problems, many homeless women become separated from their children. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on predictors of entering a shelter with or without children (shelter status) and whether or not one is separated from one or more children (child separation status) on various special need predictors. A second objective was to determine the relationship between shelter status and child separation and to understand the unique experiences of homeless women who are separated from their children. These objectives were achieved via thematic analysis, quantitative methods and qualitative methods. Results suggest that shelter status significantly related to mental illness, drug abuse and domestic violence, but child separation status only significantly relates to drug abuse. The qualitative findings examined the origins of homelessness, child separation and the women's desires to be reunited with their children. Suggestions for further research and program changes are included.

Den aktuella litteraturstudien som är en scoping review syftar till att identifiera,värdera och syntetisera forskning om vilka negativa konsekvenser för skilsmässobarn som uppkommer till följd av föräldrars separation samt vilka omständigheter som bidrar till dessa. Totalt 15 artiklar publicerade mellan 2017 och 2022 identifierades. Utfall och omständigheter kunde urskiljas genom en narrativ samt en variant av en tematisk analys. Skilsmässobarnens konsekvenser till följd av föräldrarnas skilsmässa visade sig i form av psykisk ohälsa, minskat välbefinnande, fysisk ohälsa, försämrad skolanpassning, försämrad relation till föräldrar samt försämrad anpassningsförmåga. Utfallen visade sig bero på omständigheter såsom barnets stigande ålder, om man var flicka eller pojke samt föräldrarnas grad av konflikter. / The current literature study, which is a scoping review, aims to identify, evaluate, and synthesize research on the negative consequences for children of divorced parents that may arise as a result of parental separation, along with the circumstances that act as contributing factors. A total of 15 articles published between 2017 and 2022 were identified. Outcomes and circumstances were established through a narrative and also a variant of a thematic analysis. Seemingly, the consequences for children that experience parental divorce appear in the form of mental and physical illness, reduced well-being, impaired adjustment in school and deteriorating relationships with the parents. The outcomes turn out to be due to circumstances such as the child’s rising age, if the child was a girl or a boy, and the level of parental conflicts.

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Bakgrund: Vård hud-mot-hud med modern direkt efter födseln så kallad nollseparation eftersträvas postpartum då det har positiv effekt på både moder och spädbarn. Vårdformen bidrar till att öka spädbarnets överlevnad, frisättningen av oxytocin vilket främjar moderns läkningsprocess och anknytningen modern och spädbarn emellan. En vårdform som oftast blir fördröjd vid kejsarsnitt vilket i sin tur fördröjer amningens etablerande och anknytningen. Syfte: Föreliggande studies syfte är att kartlägga mödrars erfarenheter av att separeras från sitt spädbarn postpartum. Metod: Kartläggningen har genomförts utifrån Statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärderings schematiska steg som mynnat ut i en tematisk innehållsanalys baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar (n=12). Resultat: Litteraturöversikten resulterade i ett huvudtema: Ett nödvändigt ont samt fyra undertema; En förlust av barnets första tid, Ett påverkat moderskap, En känsla av emotionell stress och Ett utanförskap. Slutsats: Det finns ett glapp mellan evidensbaserad kunskap gällande nollseparation och kliniskt utövande. Således behövs vidare forskning utifrån mödrars och vårdpersonals perspektiv så att samvård optimeras varmed nollseparation kan främjas. / Background: Skin-to-skin care with the mother immediately after birth, so-called zero separation is sought postpartum as it has a positive effect on both mother and infant. The form of care contributes to increasing the infant's survival, the release of oxytocin, which promotes the mother's healing process and the bond between the mother and infant. A form of care that is usually delayed in caesarean sections, which in turn delays the establishment of breastfeeding and the attachment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map mothers' experiences of being separated from their infant postpartum. Method: The survey has been carried out based on the Swedish Agency for Medical and Social Evaluation's schematic steps, which resulted in a thematic content analysis based on scientific articles (n=12). Results: The literature review resulted in one main theme: A necessary evil and four subthemes; A loss of the child's early days, An affected motherhood, A feeling of emotional stress and An alienation. Conclusion: There is a gap between evidence based knowledge regarding zero separation and clinical practice. Thus, further research is needed from the perspective of mothers and health care professionals so that co-care is optimized and zero separation can be promoted.

Fine particle separation is a grand challenge in the mining and mineral processing industry. The industry standard process, froth flotation, is extremely robust and adaptable; however, it is inefficient for particles less than 20 microns. Owing to this limitation, some mining sectors, such as coal, opt to discard the ultrafine particles to waste impoundments as the costs to recover and dewater these materials are prohibitive. The Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Process (HHS) is one alternative to flotation that uses a recyclable solvent, rather than air bubbles, to selectively recover fine hydrophobic particles. Prior laboratory, proof-of-concept, and demonstration-scale testing has shown that the HHS process is extremely efficient, having no effective size limitation. The purpose of this research was to continue the development and improvement of the HHS process, through the design, construction, and testing of a mobile pilot plant. The pilot plant would in turn be used to demonstrate the robustness of the HHS process through a systemic study of multiple coal sources and ranks. In addition, the pilot plant would serve as a testbed for inquiry-based process intensification, the development and evaluation of design criteria for the various unit operation. Through the course of this research, a 50 lb./hr. (product rate) pilot plant was constructed and commissioned. Initial investigations focused on the shakedown and design of key unit operations, including the agglomeration and de-emulsification (i.e. Morganizing) steps. Studies showed that the initial design of these units, namely pump induced mixing in agglomeration and packed bed emulsification in the Morganizer, were not adequate to meet production demands, and as such, these stages were redesigned after appropriate fundamental evaluations. After implementing the design changes, the pilot plant was successfully operated over a 7-month period, routinely producing bituminous products with less than6% ash and less than 10% moisture as well as anthracite products with less than 3% ash and less than 4% moisture. This study also evaluated a new approach to de-emulsification using a jig based Morganizer in place of the standard oscillating column Morganizer. The jig utilizes a pulsing mechanism to move liquid to break up agglomerates versus the mechanical disk stack. Preliminary results showed that the jig Morganizer was comparable to the oscillating unit at more than half the size. This new design provides a pathway for reduced cost, footprint, and improved scalability. Lastly, this study evaluated both the HHS process and dual-scan X-ray based particle sorting as means of increasing the REE content of coal-based materials. Data from a pilot-scale x-ray sorter showed the unit was capable of preconcentrating REEs to over 300 ppm, while data from the HHS similarly showed the process was capable of REE recoveries of 85-90% and of preconcentrating REEs above 300 ppm. Altogether, these results indicate That both of these technologies are capable of efficiently and cost effectively preconcentrate REEs from wastes streams at operating coal preparation plants. / Doctor of Philosophy / The mining sector has traditionally been a large producer of waste, with the vast majority of this waste being ultrafine particles that are unable to be recovered using conventional technologies. These particles are often disposed of in large surface impoundments, which are an environmental and social liability in many mining districts. This study has evaluated a novel method of fine particle separation, the hydrophobic-hydrophilic separation (HHS) process. The HHS process uses a recyclable oil to selectively agglomerate fine particles, which are subsequently dispersed and recovered. The oil is then filtered and recycled within the process creating an approach that is both efficient and environmentally friendly. In this study, a mobile pilot HHS plant was constructed and tested, with the results showing that the HHS can effectively recover fine carbon from waste coals, thus turning an environmental liability into a potential value stream for high-end applications. In addition, the study showed that the process can be further improved to reduce costs while improving overall efficiency. Overall, this study has provided the data needed to further commercialize the HHS process. If widely deployed, the HHS process has the potential to both reduce the current amount of waste fines being generated and reclaim the existing impoundments.

A new power system controlled separation scheme is proposed to prevent the propagation of cascading failures across a transmission network should it undergoes a major disturbance, thereby reducing the possibility of a large-scale blackout. This scheme is developed based on a set of conjectures, which state the following: (i) the locations of out-of-step operations are independent of the severity and the location of the initial faults; (ii) these out-of-step operations occur sequentially over a sufficiently long duration so that relay blocking and transfer tripping can take place to minimize the load-generation imbalance in the formed islands. To verify these conjectures, extensive dynamic stability simulations are executed on a 30-bus and a 517-bus system, which exhibit characteristics suitable for this study. Furthermore, we verify that these out-of-step operations do depend on the prevailing system topology and the operating conditions. / Master of Science