This project addresses the Republic of Serbia’s current accession negotiations with the European Union, and asks how the country’s long and often turbulent history affects that dialogue. Using Filip Ejdus’ concept of historical memory and Benedict Anderson’s “imagined community” theory of nationalism, this paper discusses how Serbia has reached a critical moment in its history by pursuing European integration. This contradicts their historical pull towards their longtime ally Russia. What role does historical memory play in these negotiations, and is integration truly possible? Additionally, how is Serbia’s powerful president, Aleksandar Vucic, using the Europeanization process to strengthen his hand domestically? / Master of Arts

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Challenges to the legitimacy of established collective memory can prove so inflammatory that mass violence, ethnic cleansing and even genocide have followed in their wake. However, if few doubt that the ethno-nationalist memory wars during the 1980s collapse of Yugoslavia contributed to the real wars and ethnic cleansing witnessed in the 1990s, no previous research has been able to explain why this is so. This paper pinpoints the determinant variable and causal link between attacks on memory and subsequent mass violence (or a lack thereof). It uses a theoretical model that ties together memory, legitimacy and power to compare the cases of West Germany’s 1968 student movement and Serbia’s 1986-1989 anti-bureaucratic revolution before establishing that the level of prior state repression is one factor that determines whether memory challenges will turn violent. The paper recommends further theory building over the permeable boundary that separates state and civil society, particularly in terms of how accessible state functions are to those social movements that seek to challenge and delegitimise memory.

<p>Redeterminacijom publikovanog i determinacijom novog materijala iz podfamilije Syrphinae na području Srbije su zabeležene 134 vrste iz 25 rodova. Sedam vrsta (<em>Chrysotoxum orthostylus </em>Vujić, in prep., <em>Chrysotoxum </em>aff.<em> festivum</em>, <em>Chrysotoxum </em>aff. <em>vernale, Dasysyrphus laskai</em> Doczkal &amp; St&aring;hls, in prep., <em>Melanostoma</em> aff.<em> mellinum, Paragus rarus</em> Vujić et al., in prep. i <em>Xanthogramma citrofasciatum </em>B Doczkal, in prep.) su nove za nauku i njihovi opisi se nalaze u pripremi. 14 vrsta su nove za faunu Balkanskog poluostrva, dok su 39 nove za faunu Srbije (uključujući i one koje su nove za Balkan).</p><p>Unutar vrste<em> Chrysotoxum festivum </em>uočena su dva fenotipa &bdquo;svetli&ldquo; i &bdquo;tamni&ldquo; koji se jasno razlikuju na osnovu niza morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera (&scaron;irina lica, &scaron;irina crne trake na licu, popra&scaron;enost čela, boja dlaka na mezonotumu i skutelumu, &scaron;irina oznaka na T2 i T3) kao i na osnovu veličine i oblika krila. Usled jasne divergencije pomenutih fenotipova kao i njihove simpatrije u pitanju su odvojene vrste.</p><p>Jasno izdvajanje fenotipova na osnovu morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera odraslih jedinki uključujući i parametre krila (veličinu i oblik) ustanovljeno je i unutar vrsta <em>Chrysotoxum vernale</em> i <em>Melanostoma mellinum.</em> Unutar vrste <em>Chrysotoxum vernale</em> se izdvajaju dva nezavisna taksona- <em>Chrysotoxum vernale</em> i <em>Chrysotoxum </em>aff. <em>vernale</em>, a unutar vrste <em>Melanostoma mellinum</em>- <em>Melanostoma mellinum </em>i<em> Melanostoma </em>aff. <em>mellinum</em>.</p><p>Zoogeografskom analizom je ustanovljeno da su najbrojnije vrste &scaron;irokog areala, koje čine čak 75,19% od ukupnog broja vrsta, 12 vrsta (9,02%) ima srednjeevropski, 10 severnoevropski (7,52%), a svega dve vrste (1,5%) južnoevropski tip areala. Dve vrste (1,5%) su ograničenog areala.</p><p>Dve vrste iz podfamilije <em>Syrphinae</em> spadaju u kategoriju strogo za&scaron;tićenih vrsta, dok pet spada u kategoriju za&scaron;tićenih vrsta na području Srbije (Uredbom Ministarstva za za&scaron;titu životne sredine i prostornog planiranja Republike Srbije od 2010. godine o za&scaron;titi strogo ugroženih i ugroženih divljih vrsta biljaka, životinja i gljiva). Razmatrajući status vrsta na evropskom nivou po Speight (2010) većina vrsta (118) pripada kategoriji neugroženih vrsta &bdquo;unthreatened&ldquo;, a po četiri kategoriji ugroženih vrsta &bdquo;threatened&ldquo; i vrsta čija se brojnost smanjuje &bdquo;decreasing&ldquo;.</p><p>Najvećim indeksom diverziteta (3,66) se odlikuje Duba&scaron;nica sa Malinikom, zatim slede Vr&scaron;ačke planine (H=3,62) i Kopaonik (H=3,59). Najniži indeks diverziteta imaju Bosilegrad (1,21) i dolina Tami&scaron;a (1,55) &scaron;to je i očekivano obzirom na broj sakupljenih primeraka i registrovanih vrsta.</p><p>Rad predstavlja sintezu faunističkih istraživanja vrsta iz podfamilije Syrphinae u Srbiji, taksonomsku analizu zabeleženih vrsta kao i razre&scaron;avanje taksonomskih problema unutar mnogih vrsta unutar kojih su oni bili prisutni.</p> / <p>This PhD thesis is about the taxonomic and faunistic revision of the Syrphinae hoverflies (Syrphidae) of Serbia. As a result of this study, 134 species of 25 genera were reported to Serbia. This account comprised seven species new to science: <em>Chrysotoxum orthostylus</em> Vujić, in prep.<em>Chryotoxum </em>aff. <em>festivum</em>, <em>Chrysotoxum</em> aff. <em>vernale</em>,&nbsp;<em> Dasysyrphus laskai</em> Doczkal &amp; St&aring;hls, in prep., <em>Melanostoma</em> aff. <em>mellinum</em>, <em>Paragus rarus</em>&nbsp;Vujić et al., in prep. and <em>Xanthogramma citrofasciatum</em> B Doczkal, in prep.. Additionally,&nbsp;&nbsp; 39 species were new to Serbia, 14 of them also new to the Balkan Peninsula.</p><p>A first approach to solve some taxonomic problems within three different hoverfly taxa is provided in this study. The examined material of <em>Chrysotoxum festivum</em> from Serbia exhibited two different phenotypes, &ldquo;light&rdquo; and &ldquo;dark&rdquo;. These phenotypes were defined by both landmark-based geometric morphometric characters of wings and other adult morphological characters (width of face, width of black stripe on face, frons pruinosity,colour of hairs on mesonotum and scutellum, width of stripes on terga 2 and 3, etc). The presented results together with the sympatry of the studied phenotypes suggested the&nbsp;&nbsp; existence of at least two different taxa within the species, currently known under the name <em>Chrysotoxum festivum</em>. Similarly, traditional characters in adult morphology and morphometric characters of wings (size and shape) showed the existence of two welldefined phenotypes both within the species <em>Chrysotoxum vernale</em> <em>(Chrysotoxum vernale</em> and <em>Chrysotoxum </em>aff. <em>vernale</em>) and the species <em>Melanostoma mellinum </em>(<em>Melanostoma mellinum </em>and <em>Melanostoma</em> aff. <em>mellinum</em>).</p><p>The zoogeographic analysis showed that most of the studied species are widespread in Europe (75,19%), and the rest of species are Central European (9,02%), Northern European (7,52%) or South European (1,5%).</p><p>At European level, 118 species are thought to be unthreatened, four threatened and four with decreasing populations according to the last version of Syrph the Net, the Database of European Syrphidae. In Serbia, two of the studied species are regarded as &ldquo;strictly protected&ldquo; and five as &ldquo;protected&ldquo; under the Regulation on the Promulgation and&nbsp;&nbsp; Protection of the Protected and Strictly Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Serbia).</p><p>The localities of Duba&scaron;nica and Malinik have the highest values for the scored diversity index (H = 3.66), followed by Vr&scaron;ačke planine (H=3.62) and Kopaonik&nbsp; (H=3.59). Bosilegrad and Tami&scaron; have the lowest diversity values, 1.21 and 1.55 respectively, as it was expected by the low species richness and abundance of hoverflies recorded in these localities.</p>

Rezension zum 1998 erschienen Werk über den serbischen Komponisten Miloje Milojević

This study explores the usage of the memory of the bombings of Belgrade from WWII in the time period of Yugoslavia from 1995 until 2003. Considering that Belgrade was bombed by two opposing forces during WWII, once by Nazis in 1941, and the second time by the Allies in 1944, and due to the fact that the exploitation of memory of the two bombings was rather unequal during the Socialist Yugoslavia with the latter bombings being a taboo theme, I was interested in answering following questions: how the two memories were used in the times before, during and after the NATO Air Strikes of Yugoslavia, if the memory of the Allied bombings emerged in the public sphere and how it coexists with the one of the Nazi bombings. My primary sources are articles from "Politika" newspaper issues from commemoration dates during the research time frame from 1995 until 2003. The final conclusion shows the dominant usage of the memory of the Nazi bombings throughout the whole time frame even though we could witness the emergence of the memory of the Allied bombings.

<p>Redeterminacijom publikovanog i determinacijom novog materijala iz podfamilije Syrphinae na području Srbije su zabeleţene 134 vrste iz 25 rodova. Sedam vrsta (Chrysotoxum orthostylus Vujić, in prep., Chrysotoxum aff. festivum, Chrysotoxum aff. vernale, Dasysyrphus laskai Doczkal &amp; St&aring;hls, in prep., Melanostoma aff. mellinum, Paragus rarus Vujić et al., in prep. i Xanthogramma citrofasciatum B Doczkal, in prep.) su nove za nauku i njihovi opisi se nalaze u pripremi. 14 vrsta su nove za faunu Balkanskog poluostrva, dok su 39 nove za faunu Srbije (uključujući i one koje su nove za Balkan). Unutar vrste Chrysotoxum festivum uočena su dva fenotipa &bdquo;svetli&ldquo; i &bdquo;tamni&ldquo; koji se jasno razlikuju na osnovu niza morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera (&scaron;irina lica, &scaron;irina crne trake na licu, popra&scaron;enost čela, boja dlaka na mezonotumu i skutelumu, &scaron;irina oznaka na T2 i T3) kao i na osnovu veličine i oblika krila. Usled jasne divergencije pomenutih fenotipova kao i njihove simpatrije u pitanju su odvojene vrste. Jasno izdvajanje fenotipova na osnovu morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera odraslih jedinki uključujući i parametre krila (veličinu i oblik) ustanovljeno je i unutar vrsta Chrysotoxum vernale i Melanostoma mellinum. Unutar vrste Chrysotoxum vernale se izdvajaju dva nezavisna taksona- Chrysotoxum vernale i Chrysotoxum aff. vernale, a unutar vrste Melanostoma mellinum- Melanostoma mellinum i Melanostoma aff. mellinum. Zoogeografskom analizom je ustanovljeno da su najbrojnije vrste &scaron;irokog areala, koje čine čak 75,19% od ukupnog broja vrsta, 12 vrsta (9,02%) ima srednjeevropski, 10 severnoevropski (7,52%), a svega dve vrste (1,5%) juţnoevropski tip areala. Dve vrste (1,5%) su ograničenog areala. Dve vrste iz podfamilije Syrphinae spadaju u kategoriju strogo za&scaron;tićenih vrsta, dok pet spada u kategoriju za&scaron;tićenih vrsta na području Srbije (Uredbom Ministarstva za za&scaron;titu ţivotne sredine i prostornog planiranja Republike Srbije od 2010. godine o za&scaron;titi strogo ugroţenih i ugroţenih divljih vrsta biljaka, ţivotinja i gljiva). Razmatrajući status vrsta na evropskom nivou po Speight (2010) većina vrsta (118) pripada kategoriji neugroţenih vrsta &bdquo;unthreatened&ldquo;, a po četiri kategoriji ugroţenih vrsta &bdquo;threatened&ldquo; i vrsta čija se brojnost smanjuje &bdquo;decreasing&ldquo;. Najvećim indeksom diverziteta (3,66) se odlikuje Duba&scaron;nica sa Malinikom, zatim slede Vr&scaron;ačke planine (H=3,62) i Kopaonik (H=3,59). Najniţi indeks diverziteta imaju Bosilegrad (1,21) i dolina Tami&scaron;a (1,55) &scaron;to je i očekivano obzirom na broj sakupljenih primeraka i registrovanih vrsta. Rad predstavlja sintezu faunističkih istraţivanja vrsta iz podfamilije Syrphinae u Srbiji, taksonomsku analizu zabeleţenih vrsta kao i razre&scaron;avanje taksonomskih problema unutar mnogih vrsta unutar kojih su oni bili prisutni.</p> / <p> This PhD thesis is about the taxonomic and faunistic revision of the Syrphinae hoverflies (Syrphidae) of Serbia. As a result of this study, 134 species of 25 genera were reported to Serbia. This account comprised seven species new to science: Chrysotoxum orthostylus Vujić, in prep., Chrysotoxum aff. festivum, Chrysotoxum aff. vernale, Dasysyrphus laskai Doczkal &amp; St&aring;hls, in prep., Melanostoma aff. mellinum, Paragus rarus Vujić et al., in prep. and Xanthogramma citrofasciatum B Doczkal, in prep.. Additionally, 39 species were new to Serbia, 14 of them also new to the Balkan Peninsula. A first approach to solve some taxonomic problems within three different hoverfly taxa is provided in this study. The examined material of Chrysotoxum festivum from Serbia exhibited two different phenotypes, &ldquo;light&rdquo; and &ldquo;dark&rdquo;. These phenotypes were defined by both landmark-based geometric morphometric characters of wings and other adult morphological characters (width of face, width of black stripe on face, frons pruinosity, colour of hairs on mesonotum and scutellum, width of stripes on terga 2 and 3, etc). The presented results together with the sympatry of the studied phenotypes suggested the existence of at least two different taxa within the species, currently known under the name Chrysotoxum festivum. Similarly, traditional characters in adult morphology and morphometric characters of wings (size and shape) showed the existence of two well-defined phenotypes both within the species Chrysotoxum vernale (Chrysotoxum vernale and Chrysotoxum aff. vernale) and the species Melanostoma mellinum (Melanostoma mellinum and Melanostoma aff. mellinum). The zoogeographic analysis showed that most of the studied species are widespread in Europe (75,19%), and the rest of species are Central European (9,02%), Northern European (7,52%) or South European (1,5%). At European level, 118 species are thought to be unthreatened, four threatened and four with decreasing populations according to the last version of Syrph the Net, the Database of European Syrphidae. In Serbia, two of the studied species are regarded as &ldquo;strictly protected&ldquo; and five as &ldquo;protected&ldquo; under the Regulation on the Promulgation and Protection of the Protected and Strictly Protected Wild Species of Plants, Animals and Fungi (Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Serbia). The localities of Duba&scaron;nica and Malinik have the highest values for the scored diversity index (H = 3.66), followed by Vr&scaron;ačke planine (H=3.62) and Kopaonik (H=3.59). Bosilegrad and Tami&scaron; have the lowest diversity values, 1.21 and 1.55 respectively, as it was expected by the low species richness and abundance of hoverflies recorded in these localities.</p>

The thesis examines how parties in Serbia and Croatia have responded to the significant challenges brought by European integration since 2000. It seeks to identify and categorise the broad, underlying stances on the substance of the European integration as expressed by relevant, parliamentary parties across both countries. The thesis also intends to discern the most important factors that determined the formation of their attitudes. It explores the interaction and effects of five explanatory variables: party ideology, party strategy, position within the party system, relations with electoral constituencies and socio-economic groups, and transnational and bilateral party linkages. As a qualitative comparative study, it draws on a qualitative content analysis of party programmatic documents as well as interviews with senior party officials, country experts and officials of the EU and European transnational parties. The thesis makes a major empirical contribution to our knowledge on party responses to Europe by looking systematically and comparatively at two under-researched cases. It also makes a more general theoretical contribution by using a new set of cases to test, amend and develop the literature on party positions on the EU. The thesis found that party ideology and strategy were the most important drivers of parties' attitudes towards the EU. Although Serbian and Croatian parties had generally loose ideological underpinnings, a party's ideology was the single most important source of motivation for a response to Europe in the majority of these parties. This was due to the nature of European issues, closely related to identity and statehood issues, in the context of these post-communist and post-conflict societies. Additionally, due to the specific conditions pertaining to the political milieu of candidate countries, a number of former nationalist and Eurosceptic parties fundamentally shifted their long-term positions on the EU. This volte-face was a strategically driven response to internal and external incentives in the context of dynamic electoral competition and strong EU presence, and aimed at maximising their chances of securing executive office. Other factors generally proved to be of secondary importance since their effect was mostly mediated through party ideology and strategy.

The diploma thesis deals with the foreign development cooperation of the Czech Republic. It assesses previous trends of development cooperation analyzing concepts and tools in terms of bilateral assistance or commitments to international organizations. It reviews not only the public sector, but also non-profit organizations and private entities. The aim is to investigate to what extent the economic growth of countries is affected by development assistance and to what by developing countries themselves and if the Czech development aid has fundamentally contributed to the support of democracy, private enterprise, protection of private property and human rights. The part of the thesis is practical application on Serbia, one of the largest recipients of the Czech development cooperation in recent years. In conclusion the thesis evaluates current concepts and introduces solutions and recommendations for further development of the aid, both domestic or global scale.

La thèse veut revenir sur l'histoire complexe du Kosmet en étudiant trois de ses composantes majeures abordées dans une perspective historique : à savoir la question du Kosovo (qui trouve ses racines dans une histoire de longue durée), la crise du Kosovo (telle qu'elle va se nouer dans les années 1980) et la réaction des grandes puissances européennes face à cette crise. Cette approche permet de voir la naissance, l'essor, l'aggravation et, enfin, l'internationalisation de ce problème ; ce faisant, cette approche permettra aussi de montrer l'évolution des nationalismes serbe et albanais ainsi que la formation et les transformations des États nationaux serbe et albanais, c'est­-à-dire de se pencher sur l'émergence et le développement des deux forces motrices, serbe et albanaise, qui jouèrent un rôle clef dans la question du Kosovo ; et elle permettra également de voir comment les grandes puissances européennes, dans le contexte de la disparition de la Yougoslavie socialiste, ont réagi à la crise et ont été progressivement partie prenante de la question du Kosovo et de son règlement. / Kosovo is the disputed borderland between Serbia and Kosovo Albanians. The Serbs refer to Kosovo as the cradle of the Serb nation. The anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo Plain is the most important date in the Serbian national calendar. In 1981 there were major student protests in Pristina, followed by demands for Kosovo to be given republic status. The Serbian Communist leader S. Milosevic became president of Serbia in 1987 and in 1989 the Serbian parliament passed constitutional amendments reasserting Serbian control over Kosovo. In 1998 the Kosovo Liberation Anny unleashed a major guerrilla offensive. The conflict gained widespread international attention and was resolved with the intervention of the NATO.