Abstract Most male individuals of all species of the genus Scarus which were reversed from females, are called ¡§secondary males¡¨. However, a few individuals of ¡§primary males¡¨ would have male¡¦s reproductive ability, but never process sex reversal in their lifespan, and keeping female¡¦s outlook (initial phase). Because parrotfishes have these two kinds of males existing in the same species, they belong to ¡§diandry¡¨ protogynous hermaphroditisms. Previous studies suggested that the mechanisms that cause primary male might be due to social effect or genetic control. In our experiments, Blue barred parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) and rivulated parrotfish (Scarus rivulatus) were used to study the sex reversal model of parrotfish and the possible reasons that cause the juveniles develop to be primary males. This study including three major parts: (1) the relationship between body size and sexual types of two species. (2) the comparison of the tissue structures of the testes in both male types by histological observation. (3) the possible karyotypes difference, i.e. the genetic differences between primary and secondary male. This study shown that the body size of blue barred parrotfish (initial phase: 100-475 mm; terminal phase: 275-525 mm) were larger than rivulated parrotfish (initial phase: 126-270 mm; terminal phase: 246-350 mm), and there was a wider overlap zone between both color phases in Blue Barred parrotfish (S. ghobban: 47.2%, then S. rivulatus: 10.7%). Histological results showed that no matter primary or secondary males, they all had classical lobular testes. But, by contrast of the pure testis tissue of primary male, there were many mature or atric oocytes that remained in the testis of secondary male. Additionally, a few secondary males of the blue barred parrotfish were discovered whose process of sex reversal occurred earlier or faster than that for normal secondary males. Histological evidence further suggested that these individuals had never had a female reproductive function. Furthermore, these males which had no difference with other secondary males was found on the chromosome level. In our study, a heteromorphic chromosome was observed between primary males and secondary males of the rivulated parrotfish (Scarus rivulatus), which could prove that being a primary male is predetermined by a genetic factor. Based on the ecological interactive diversity of the two species, a preliminary hypothesis was put forth to explain those phenomena. Due to the spawning tactics used, the proportion of primary males in rivulated parrotfish populations is much higher than that in blue-barred parrotfish populations. On the other hand, the appearance of premature males was suggested to be a way of supplying sperm which was lacking in the population of the blue-barred parrotfish.

Sex determination in mammals is regulated by the sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY); the presence of SRY activates the male developmental pathway and suppresses the gene network necessary for female gonad development. Mutations in sex determination genes lead to various abnormal sexual phenotypes, including sex reversal syndrome in which the genetic and phenotypic sex do not match. Sex reversal syndrome has been reported in humans, mouse, and several domestic species. In horses, SRY-negative XY sex reversal syndrome has been well described and is caused by deletions on the Y chromosome. However, the molecular causes of the SRY-positive condition in horses and other mammals are not known. This research investigated five horses affected with SRY-positive XY sex reversal syndrome. Sequencing of the coding exon region of the SRY gene in the five cases showed 99-100% alignment with the sequences of normal males. Genotyping of two closely related individuals with 46 normal male controls on an equine SNP50 Beadchip identified two statistically significant SNPs in a ~16 Mb region on the long arm of horse chromosome 3 (ECA3q). The region was analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci (GRAIL) to select functionally relevant candidate genes for sequencing. Further analysis of the entire horse genome was done through array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), which investigated possible structural rearrangements, such as copy number variants (CNVs). Deletions of olfactory receptor genes were detected on multiple chromosomes and confirmed through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). A homozygous deletion on ECA29 in a region containing genes of the aldo-keto reductase gene family, known to play a role in interconverting sex hormones between active forms and inactive forms, was discovered in two sex reversed animals. The findings were confirmed through qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and experiments to define the specific breakpoints of the deletion through PCR have been initiated. This research represents the first systematic search in the horse genome for mutations and CNVs related to sex determination. The findings contribute to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sex determination in horses and other mammals, including humans.

Seven families of XX and YY homozygous Oreochromis niloticus were produced by mitotic gynogenesis from XY neofemales and their genetic status was verified by multilocus DNA fingerprinting and progeny testing. Two of these gynogenetic families and their corresponding diploid controls were used with 64 AFLP primer combinations in different levels of screening (XX/YY grand pool; XX/YY family pool; XX/YY gynogenetics and XX/XY control individuals) to search for sex-linked or sex-specific markers. Grand pool screening did not reveal any sex-linked markers. Subsequent family pool and individual level screening identified four sex-linked AFLP markers from two primer combinations, three Y-linked (OniY425, OniY382, OniY227) and one X-linked (OniX420). Two of these (OniX420, OniY425) were shown to be allelic. Single locus PCR markers were developed for all of those markers. Linkage analysis of these markers and the sex locus within the source families revealed tight linkage, with estimated map distances of 13cM, 17cM and 20cM for OniY382, OniY227 and OniX420/OniY425 respectively. However, these sex-linked AFLP markers failed to consistently identify sex in unrelated individuals. To develop an effective system for parentage analysis in normal and gynogenetic progeny, AFLPs and multiplexed polymorphic microsatellite loci were investigated. Both were found to be effective, but microsatellites were more appropriate since they are codominant and some loci showed high gene-centromere recombination rates, suitable for discriminating meiotic from mitotic gynogenetics, while AFLPs are dominant markers. Spontaneous diploidization of the maternal chromosome set (SDM) was observed in gynogenetic progeny of one XY neofemale. Maternal inheritance and ploidy status were verified by multilocus DNA fingerprinting and chromosome karyotyping. Close genetic linkage between the red gene and an autosomal sex-reversal gene(s) in gynogenetic progeny and influences of autosomal sex-reversal gene(s) producing males in a fully inbred XX clonal line were previously reported in O. niloticus. To test if the same autosomal sex-reversal locus was responsible in both cases, a series of test crosses was carried out involving XX clonal neomale(s) and homozygous red females. The results indicated the involvement of more than one autosomal sex-reversal locus, one of which is linked to red body colour.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-13T13:30:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Jun Ho Peixoto Kim.pdf: 556086 bytes, checksum: 40fb05bf52fd0ed0c7918ec97c36a3ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T13:30:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Jun Ho Peixoto Kim.pdf: 556086 bytes, checksum: 40fb05bf52fd0ed0c7918ec97c36a3ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-05 / Biotechnology has been spread by all branches of aquaculture, especially in the reverse sexual and masculinization of fish. The male of the species Betta splendens presents vibrant color in your body and fins larger than the females, these characteristics, sought by breeders ornamental. Studies aimed at masculinization, as well as techniques and protocols for the reversal of sexual beta through hormonal induction are of great applicability in ornamental aquaculture. The reversal occurred for a single bath of immersion with 500 μ g / L of the hormone 17 - metiltestosterona (MT) during 24 hours in fish with 2, 4, 10, 30 to life, even in their eggs. Despite the sexual phenotypic proportion of 100% of males, the more young fish subjected to the treatment, the greater his mortality. Besides the growth of all fish processed have been significantly lower than the control. Masculinization were used in concentrations of 10, 30 and 60 mg / kg of ration MT in adult females in the beta. At the end of 90 days, all females treated showed growth of the body and fins significantly larger than those of control, in addition to submitting male phenotypic characteristics, including about the reproductive behavior. The present study showed that instead of reverting sexual, the masculinization of adult females of beta can be used by producers seeking to increase their profits. / A biotecnologia tem se espalhado por todos os ramos da aqüicultura, especialmente no que se refere à reversão sexual e masculinização de peixes. O macho da espécie Betta splendens apresenta coloração vibrante em seu corpo e nadadeiras maiores em relação as fêmeas, características essas, procuradas pelos criadores ornamentais. Estudos visando a masculinização, bem como técnicas e protocolos para a reversão sexual do beta através de indução hormonal são de grande aplicabilidade na aqüicultura ornamental. A reversão se deu por um único banho de imersão com 500 μg/L do hormônio 17 -metiltestosterona (MT) durante 24 horas em peixes com 2, 4, 10, 30 de vida, inclusive em seus ovos. Apesar da proporção sexual fenotípica de 100% de machos, quanto mais jovens os peixes submetidos ao tratamento, maior sua mortalidade. Além do crescimento de todos os peixes tratados ter sido inferior significativamente ao controle. Na masculinização foram utilizadas concentrações de 10, 30 e 60 mg/Kg de MT na ração em fêmeas adultas de beta. Ao final de 90 dias, todas as fêmeas tratadas apresentaram crescimento do corpo e nadadeiras significativamente maiores que as do controle, além de apresentarem características fenotípicas masculinas, inclusive quanto ao comportamento reprodutivo. O presente trabalho demonstrou que ao invés da reversão sexual, a masculinização de fêmeas adultas de beta pode ser utilizada por produtores que buscam aumentar os seus lucros.

Resumo: O lambari Astyanax altiparanae Garutti e Britski (2000) vem ganhando a atenção de pesquisadores e produtores, devido a sua alta taxa de sobrevivência, rápido crescimento, fácil aceitação de alimento artificial, carne saborosa e grande procura como isca viva. As fêmeas apresentam taxas de crescimento mais elevadas do que os machos tornando sua criação mais vantajosa. O processo de diferenciação sexual pode ser controlado pela administração de hormônios sexuais, em peixes sexualmente indiferenciados, alterando o curso da diferenciação no sentido do sexo desejado. Neste trabalho, o desenvolvimento gonadal foi acompanhado nas primeiras 180 horas pós eclosão - hpe (7,5 dias pós eclosão - dpe) das larvas, na tentativa de se conhecer o momento da diferenciação sexual e/ou a melhor fase para aplicação de hormônio feminizante. Foram mantidas 1.000 larvas recémeclodidas em tanques de incubadoras sob aeração constante e temperatura ambiente. Dez exemplares foram diariamente fixados em solução Karnovsky modificada, incluídos em historesina, e corados com HE. Os resultados revelaram que as 12 hpe, o cordão gonadal já está alocado permanecendo por todo o período estudado. Durante o período inicial de aproximadamente 206ºC dias de vida da larva não observou-se, por meio de análise histológica, diferenciação sexual em A. altiparanae. Nesta fase foi possível observar, a abertura da boca que se deu às 19 hpe e a transição alimentar que ocorreu entre 43 e 60 hpe. Em um segundo estudo, a produção de lotes monossexos femininos do lambari foi avaliada, pelo método direto, utilizando o estrógeno, valerato de estradiol, na tentativa de provocar a feminização dos machos. Para isto, foram utilizadas 1.000 larvas de lambari que foram distribuídas em quatro tanques de incubadoras com temperatura média de 21.8 ± 2ºC... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The lambari Astyanax altiparanae Garutti and Britski (2000) has been getting attention of researchers and producers, due to its high rate of survival, fast growth, easy acceptance of food artificial, tasty meat and high demand as live bait. Females have higher growth rates than males making its creation more advantageous. The process of sexual differentiation can be controlled by administration of sex hormones in fish sexually undifferentiated, altering the course of differentiation towards the desired sex. In this study, the gonadal development was observed in the first 180 hours post-hatching - hph (7,5 days post-hatching - dph) of the larvae, in attempt to know the time of sexual differentiation and/or the best stage for the application of female hormone. 1.000 larvae, which were newly-hatched in tanks of incubators under constant aeration and ambient temperature, were kept. Ten specimens were daily fixed in solution Karnovsky modified, included in historesin, and stained with HE. The results showed that 12 hph, the gonadal cord is already allocated by remaining throughout the study period. During the initial period of, approximately, 206ºC-day life of the larva, it is not observed, by means of histological analysis, sexual differentiation in A. altiparanae. At this stage, it was possible to observe the opening of the mouth, which happened at 19 hph, and the food transition, which occurred between 43 and 60 hph. In a second study, the production of female monossex lots of lambari was evaluated by the direct method, using estrogen, estradiol valerate, in an attempt to cause the feminization of males. For this purpose, 1.000 lambari larvae, which had been distributed in four tanks of incubators, in an average temperature of 21.8 ± 2ºC, were used. Initially, the larvae were fed by nauplii of Artemia salina and, 72 hph, their food was replaced by a diet containing 35% crude protein... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Patricia Pasquali Parise Maltempi / Coorientador: Carmem Silvia Fontanetti Christofoletti / Banca: Rosicleire Veríssimo Silveira / Banca: Yara Aiko Tabata / Mestre

<p>Pathologies of sexual development are common in humans and reflect the precarious processes of sex determination and sexual differentiation. The gonad forms as a bipotential organ, and recent results from the Capel lab revealed that it is initially balanced between testis and ovarian fates by opposing and antagonistic signaling networks. In XY embryos, this balance is disrupted by the transient expression of the Y-linked gene, Sry, which activates genes that promote the testis pathway and oppose the ovarian pathway. While the roles of a few genes have been defined by mutation, current evidence suggests that the interactions of many genes and signaling pathways are involved in the establishment of sexual fate. For example, most cases of disorders of sexual development (DSDs) are unexplained by mutations in known sex determination genes. In addition, recent microarray studies in the mouse revealed that nearly half the transcriptome is expressed in the gonad at the time of sex determination (Embryonic day 11.5, or E11.5), and as many as 1,500 genes are expressed in a sexually dimorphic pattern at this early stage. Thus the sexual fate decision in the developing gonad likely depends on a complex network of interacting factors that converge on a critical threshold. </p><p>To begin to elucidate the transcription network topology underlying sex determination, we exploited two inbred mouse strains with well-characterized differences in sex reversal. The common inbred strain C57BL/6J (B6) is uniquely sensitive to XY male-to-female sex reversal in response to a number of genetic perturbations, while other strains, including 129S1/SvImJ (129S1) and DBA/2J (D2) are resistant to sex reversal. We hypothesized that these strain differences in gonad phenotype likely result from underlying expression differences in the gonad at the critical timepoint of E11.5. Using microarrays, we identified significant, reproducible differences in the transcriptome of the E11.5 XY gonad between B6 and 129S1 indicating that the reported sensitivity of B6 to sex reversal is consistent with a higher expression of a female-like transcriptome in B6 XY gonads. Surprisingly, a well-characterized master regulator of the testis pathway, Sox9, was found to be upregulated in the sensitive B6 background, which may serve as a compensatory mechanism to counteract the female-leaning transcriptome and activate the testis pathway in wild type B6 XY gonads.</p><p>We extended our expression analysis to a large set of F2 XY gonads from B6 and 129S1 intercrosses. From each pair of gonads, we analyzed the expression of 56 sex-associated genes by nanoliter-scale quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression levels of most genes were highly variable across the F2 population, yet strong correlations among genes emerged. We employed a First-Order Conditional Independence (FOCI) algorithm to estimate the F2 coexpression network. From this unbiased analysis of XY expression data, we uncovered two subnetworks consisting of primarily male and female genes. Furthermore, we predicted roles for genes of unknown function based on their connectivity and position within the network. </p><p>To identify the genes responsible for these strain expression differences, we genotyped each F2 embryo at 128 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located evenly throughout the 19 autosomes and X chromosome. We then employed linkage analysis to detect autosomal regions that control the expression of one or more of the 56 genes in the F2 population. These regions are termed expression quantitative trait loci, or eQTLs. We identified eQTLs for many sex-related genes, including Sry and Sox9, the key regulators of male sex determination. In addition, we identified multiple prominent trans-band eQTLs that controlled the expression of many genes. My work represents the first eQTL analysis of a developing vertebrate organ, the mouse gonad. This systems-level approach revealed the complex transcription architecture underlying sex determination, and provides a mechanistic explanation for sensitivity to sex reversal seen in some individuals.</p> / Dissertation

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_lc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 534359 bytes, checksum: 425a226d27182c56505937288cf1636e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo tem como objetivos avaliar o efeito de elevadas frequências de alimentação nas fases iniciais de criação de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) da linhagem GIFT sobre o desempenho produtivo, reversão sexual. Foram utilizados 24 hapas com abertura de malhas de (1 mm e 7 mm) , distribuídos em um viveiro de 1000 m2, com profundidade média de 1,5 metros e renovação de água de 7 % do volume total. As pós-larvas de tilápias, com peso e comprimento médio 0,015 ± 0,002 g e 10 ± 4 mm respectivamente, foram alojadas na densidade de 2 larvas por litro totalizando 500 larvas por hapa. Um sistema automatizado de alimentação foi instalado individualmente nos hapas. As pós-larvas foram submetidas a quatro diferentes frequências alimentares durante o dia e a noite: T24 (24 vezes – hora em hora); T32 (32 vezes – 45 em 45minutos); T48 (48 vezes – 30 em 30 minutos) e T96 (96 vezes – 15 em 15minutos) com seis repetições por tratamento. O processo de reversão sexual foi de 14 dias de administração de hormônio incorporado a dieta, e consequentemente foram alimentados com outras dietas por um período de 70 dias. Semanalmente foram realizadas biometrias de 50 animas, de cada unidade experimental, para a correção da oferta de alimento. Todas as frequências utilizadas foram eficientes no processo de reversão sexual em 14 dias. A frequência de 48 vezes de alimentação apresentou os melhores resultados para ganho de peso, peso médio final, sobrevivência e reversão sexual. Na fase juvenil não houve diferença significativa entre as frequências alimentares / The present study has objectives to evaluate the effect high feeding frequency in the initial phases of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) of strain GIFT on the growth performance, sex reversal. Were used 24 hapas with opening of meshes of (1 mm and 7 mm), distributed in a pond of 1000 m2, with medium depth of 1,5 meters and renewal of water of 7% of the total volume. The fry with medium weight and length (0.015 ± 0.002 g and 10.4 mm) respectively, with in the density of 2 fry by liter. An automated feeding system was installed individually in the hapas. The fry were submitted to four different feeding frequencies during the day and the night: T24 (24 times - hour in hour); T32 (32 times - 45 in 45 minutes); T48 (48 times - 30 in 30 minutes) and T96 (96vezes - 15 in 15 minutes) with six repetitions for treatment. The sex reversal process was in 14 days of administration the hormone diet, and consequently they were fed with other diets by a period of 70 days. Weekly samplings of 50 fish were accomplished, of each experimental unit, for the correction of the food offer. The high feeding frequencies were effective in the sex reversal process in 14 days, The feeding frequency of 48 presented the best results for weight wining, final medium weight, survival and sex reversal.. In the juvenile there was not significant difference among feeding frequencies

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_rmr_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 346604 bytes, checksum: 77799b9166260e8f4ac81391e3f26fdf (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da baixa e da alta frequência de alimentação no desempenho produtivo de peixes alimentados com ração contendo ou não hormônio masculinizante no primeiro mês de vida. Foram alojadas 2,5 larvas L-1 em 24 hapas com 200 litros cada. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2X2 com seis repetições. Foram testadas duas frequências de alimentação (6 e 24 vezes) e ração com e sem hormônio. Houve interação entre frequência alimentar e o tipo de ração para as variáveis de peso final e taxa de reversão. As tilápias alimentadas com ração contendo hormônio e sem hormônio submetidas à frequência de 24 vezes ao dia apresentaram peso final de 0,82 e 0,65 g, respectivamente. Para os valores de conversão alimentar aparente houve diferença em função da frequência de alimentação, onde a frequência de 24 vezes apresentou melhor resultado. A taxa de sobrevivência não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que a maior frequência de alimentação aumenta a disponibilidade da ração durante o dia, reduz a competição pelo alimento, aumenta a uniformidade do lote e proporciona melhor desempenho das tilápias, possibilitando aumento da produtividade de 2,5 a 3,2 vezes / The appropriate feeding is a basic premise for the sustainable development of fish farming. The use of 17-α-methyltestosterone increases tilapia performance, but it has been questioned and criticized. This study aimed to analyze the low and high feed frequency effect in fish performance with male hormone or hormone-free diet in the first month of life. Five thousand larvae were placed in 24 hapas with 200 liters each. (2.5 larvae L-1) The experiment was completely randomized 2X2 factorial design with six replicates. Two feeding frequencies (six and 24 times a day) and two diets with and without hormone were tested. There was interaction between feeding frequency and diets for final weight and sex reverse rate. Tilapias fed with hormone and hormone-free diet 24 times a day showed a final weight of 0.82 and 0.65g, respectively. There was significant effect of feeding frequency on apparent feed conversion and the best result was found for the frequency of 24 times a day. The survival rate was not different among treatments. It was concluded that the increase of feeding frequency increases the diet disponible during the day, reduces the food competition, diminishes pollution by excess of diet in the water, increases the lot homogeny and results in better tilapia performance, increasing the productivity 2.5 to 3.2 times more

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bem_jc_me_rcla.pdf: 669449 bytes, checksum: 0288c0d763b074ddbb25c517c036ec04 (MD5) / O lambari Astyanax altiparanae Garutti e Britski (2000) vem ganhando a atenção de pesquisadores e produtores, devido a sua alta taxa de sobrevivência, rápido crescimento, fácil aceitação de alimento artificial, carne saborosa e grande procura como isca viva. As fêmeas apresentam taxas de crescimento mais elevadas do que os machos tornando sua criação mais vantajosa. O processo de diferenciação sexual pode ser controlado pela administração de hormônios sexuais, em peixes sexualmente indiferenciados, alterando o curso da diferenciação no sentido do sexo desejado. Neste trabalho, o desenvolvimento gonadal foi acompanhado nas primeiras 180 horas pós eclosão – hpe (7,5 dias pós eclosão - dpe) das larvas, na tentativa de se conhecer o momento da diferenciação sexual e/ou a melhor fase para aplicação de hormônio feminizante. Foram mantidas 1.000 larvas recémeclodidas em tanques de incubadoras sob aeração constante e temperatura ambiente. Dez exemplares foram diariamente fixados em solução Karnovsky modificada, incluídos em historesina, e corados com HE. Os resultados revelaram que as 12 hpe, o cordão gonadal já está alocado permanecendo por todo o período estudado. Durante o período inicial de aproximadamente 206ºC dias de vida da larva não observou-se, por meio de análise histológica, diferenciação sexual em A. altiparanae. Nesta fase foi possível observar, a abertura da boca que se deu às 19 hpe e a transição alimentar que ocorreu entre 43 e 60 hpe. Em um segundo estudo, a produção de lotes monossexos femininos do lambari foi avaliada, pelo método direto, utilizando o estrógeno, valerato de estradiol, na tentativa de provocar a feminização dos machos. Para isto, foram utilizadas 1.000 larvas de lambari que foram distribuídas em quatro tanques de incubadoras com temperatura média de 21.8 ± 2ºC... / The lambari Astyanax altiparanae Garutti and Britski (2000) has been getting attention of researchers and producers, due to its high rate of survival, fast growth, easy acceptance of food artificial, tasty meat and high demand as live bait. Females have higher growth rates than males making its creation more advantageous. The process of sexual differentiation can be controlled by administration of sex hormones in fish sexually undifferentiated, altering the course of differentiation towards the desired sex. In this study, the gonadal development was observed in the first 180 hours post-hatching – hph (7,5 days post-hatching - dph) of the larvae, in attempt to know the time of sexual differentiation and/or the best stage for the application of female hormone. 1.000 larvae, which were newly-hatched in tanks of incubators under constant aeration and ambient temperature, were kept. Ten specimens were daily fixed in solution Karnovsky modified, included in historesin, and stained with HE. The results showed that 12 hph, the gonadal cord is already allocated by remaining throughout the study period. During the initial period of, approximately, 206ºC-day life of the larva, it is not observed, by means of histological analysis, sexual differentiation in A. altiparanae. At this stage, it was possible to observe the opening of the mouth, which happened at 19 hph, and the food transition, which occurred between 43 and 60 hph. In a second study, the production of female monossex lots of lambari was evaluated by the direct method, using estrogen, estradiol valerate, in an attempt to cause the feminization of males. For this purpose, 1.000 lambari larvae, which had been distributed in four tanks of incubators, in an average temperature of 21.8 ± 2ºC, were used. Initially, the larvae were fed by nauplii of Artemia salina and, 72 hph, their food was replaced by a diet containing 35% crude protein... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Dalton José Carneiro / Banca: Margarida Maria Bastos / Banca: Claudinei da Cruz / Banca: Rosângela Kiyoko Jomori / Banca: Rodrigo Roubach / Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho produtivo de tilápias do Nilo revertidas ou não por meio da utilização do hormônio 17-α-metiltestosterona (MT) adicionado a dietas práticas e analisar histologicamente o fígado dos peixes. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos com tilápias do Nilo, da linhagem tailandesa, revertidas ou não revertidas, desde a larvicultura até a engorda em tanques-rede. As dietas utilizadas nos experimentos foram formuladas de forma a assemelharem-se às dietas comerciais utilizadas nas pisciculturas, sendo isocalóricas, variando os níveis e fontes de proteína bruta. Procurou-se simular as causas de fígado gorduroso e friável e mortalidade próxima ao abate de tilápias do Nilo cultivadas em regime intensivo. No primeiro experimento, conduzido com larvas desde a eclosão até 60 dias de idade, observou-se que o nível de 30 mgMT.kg-1 adicionado à dieta, possibilitou eficiência na reversão, melhor desempenho produtivo e menores danos ao fígado que na dosagem de 60 mgMT.kg-1. Nesse mesmo experimento, os peixes que não receberam hormônio tiveram maior taxa de sobrevivência e não mostraram alterações histológicas no fígado. No segundo experimento, a reversão sexual favoreceu o desempenho dos juvenis na fase de recria. Porém, não foi possível observar diferenças no desempenho entre os níveis de proteína da dieta. Um terceiro experimento com tilápias cultivadas em tanques-rede dos 120 aos 600 g de peso, os peixes mostraram melhor desempenho quando alimentados com dieta contendo 32% PB, sendo que o fato de terem passado pelo processo de reversão ou não, não influenciou o desempenho. Um quarto experimento foi realizado concomitantemente ao terceiro em laboratório com juvenis de 30 g até atingirem 200 g e as tilápias revertidas apresentaram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the study was compared reversed or no reversed Nile tilapia growth performance and liver histology. Fishes were sex reversed with addition of 17-α- methyltestosterone (MT) at the diets. The study was divided in four experiments: larval phase, growth phase and the final phases in cages and at laboratory. The diets were isocalorics, formulated as commercials diets common used in the Brazil tilapia cultures, utilizing levels and sources protein. The objective was simulated the fat liver problem detected at tilapia farms. In the first experiment, there were used fries until 60 days of culture. There was observed that the level of 30 mgMT.kg-1 conducted to efficiency in the sex reversal with best growth performance and less liver damages than the level of 60 mgMT.kg-1. The fishes that didn't receive MT reached best survival and didn't show any liver alteration. In the second experiment, the facts of the fishes were sex reversed increased the growth performance of juveniles. But there was not difference in the growth performance by protein levels. The third experiment conducted at cages, with fishes of 120g until 600g, showed best growth performance when fed with 32% crude protein, but there was no difference by the fact of they were reversed or no. The fourth experiment was conducted at the same time of the third, at laboratory with tilapias of 30g until 200g. The reversed fishes showed best growth performance than the no reversed ones. Alterations of liver histology of the fishes reversed at the four experiments were noted. But there were more severe in the fishes fed with higher levels of crude protein. / Doutor