Leptin is a peripheral adiposity signal and a key hormone in energy balance regulation in mammals, acting as a link between nutritional status and the endocrine reproductive axis. If this is also the role of leptin in fish is not fully understood. This thesis investigates how different components of the leptin system are affected by sexual maturation and seasonal changes in energy balance in male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr under fully fed and feed-restricted conditions. Moreover, the role of sex steroids as being one of the possible mechanisms by which sexual maturation interacts with leptin is explored. The salmon leptin-a genes, lepa1 and lepa2, were expressed mainly in liver and the leptin receptor (lepr) in brain and ubiquitously in peripheral tissues. Seasonal characterization of the lepa genes and lepr during the growth and reproductive season in one-year old males showed that hepatic lepa1 and lepa2 mRNA levels and plasma leptin levels were down-regulated concomitantly with an increase in weight and body fat. Feed restriction up-regulated hepatic leptin, and pituitary lepr expression as well as plasma leptin levels. Correlation between leptin levels and body lipid stores were either lacking or negative. These findings show that leptin and lepr are sensitive to changes in energy balance, but that leptin might not reflect adiposity in juvenile salmon. Hepatic lepa1 and lepa2, and testicular lepr expression increased during mid- to late spermatogenesis in early maturing males. This up-regulation was preceded by rapid gonadal growth and elevated pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone gene expression levels, whereas peak leptin levels coincided with peak pituitary luteinizing hormone expression and the presence of running milt in the testes. The sex steroids testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone and 17-β estradiol stimulated lepa1 and lepa2 gene expression in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes in vitro differentially depending on developmental stage. T was also able to stimulate hepatic lepa1 and pituitary lepa1 and lepr gene expression in immature male salmon in vivo. These results suggest that leptin plays a role in male fish reproduction during later stages of the maturational process and that the elevation of leptin expression during spermatogenesis could be caused by androgen stimulation.

Parent child communications about sex play an important role in influencing adolescent’s sexual behaviors and attitudes. The present study was conducted to examine how sexual communications between African American mothers and their children change over a period of three years in the areas of sex education, communication about risk reduction, and child and parent report of responsiveness. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses found significant linear or curvilinear trajectory in communication with sons and daughters in all areas. Gender differences were found such that daughters received more communication than sons. Furthermore, daugthers’ sexual maturation was found to be associated with a decrease in the rate of decline of communication about general sex information. For sons, mothers decreased in rates of responsiveness as sons got older; however, as sons’ sexual maturation increased, rates of declining responsiveness slowed down.

Sexual maturation during commercial culture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) represents a significant production bottleneck restricting the profitability of the industry. Such problems in other species have traditionally been addressed by artificial manipulation of photoperiod cycles, however little research exists in this field in cod. This thesis therefore investigates the interactions between artificial photoperiod manipulation, sexual maturation and somatic growth in this species. In the first experiment, populations of Atlantic cod (hatched, spring 1999) were maintained on either a simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) or continuous illumination (LL) from approximately 15 months post hatch (MPH) (July 2000) in an enclosed tank system. Growth performance was recorded monthly along with observations of reproductive activity over the subsequent 2 years (up to July 2002). At both 2 and 3 years of age the entire population raised under SNP matured and spawned, during which time mean weight reduced by 13% and 24% respectively. No spawning individuals were recorded at 2 years of age in the LL population and only 18% were observed to spawn at 3. However, observations of both changes in gonadal morphology (observed via ultrasound scanning) and a suppression in growth rate at 2 years of age in the LL population alluded to a maturation “dummy run” regulated by an endogenous clock. Despite this phenomenon, the LL treatment realised a 39% and 43% improvement in wet weight following 1 and 2 years of exposure to LL respectively. When the diel cycle of plasma melatonin was compared between the treatments in February 2001 (23MPH) the SNP population displayed an A-profile diel rhythm ranging between 20 and 50 pg/ml while the LL treatment did not display any rhythm. In the second experiment of this work, two populations of cod (hatched, spring 2001) were reared in commercial open cage systems, one of which experienced continuous additional artificial illumination between July 2002 (15MPH) and October 2003 (30MPH) provided by four, 400W submerged lighting units. Growth and maturation were assessed in both populations throughout. In March 2003 (24MPH) it was apparent that spawning individuals were present in both the SNP and LL populations though a significantly lower number of spawning individuals in the LL treatment suggested that the peak in spawning activity was delayed by about 1 to 2 months. With both populations apparently maturing at 2 years of age, there was no significant difference in weight between the populations at the end of the trial. In comparison to experiments I and IV of this work, these results would suggest that in comparison to salmonids for example, Atlantic cod appear to have a heightened sensitivity to light allowing individuals to differentiate the ambient photoperiod signal from the application of continuous artificial light. In the third experiment, 6 populations of approximately 20 tagged individuals (hatched spring 1999) were maintained, from December 2000 to July 2002, under either SNP, LL or one of four, out of season “square wave” photoperiod regimes (repeating cycles with a 12 month period, consisting of a 6 month window of LL followed by six months of short day lengths [SD, 7L:17D] which had been staggered to start over a six month period). Each individual was monitored monthly for maturation status. Out of season “square wave” photoperiods were demonstrated to successfully entrain maturation and hence significantly alter the spawning profiles in these populations. Application of LL from December 2000 failed to inhibit maturation in the spring of 2001 and, in fact, advanced the spawning season by 1 month while those that experienced SD from the same date showed significant extension of the subsequent spawning season. Interestingly, the males maintained on LL throughout the experiment matured both in the spring of 2001 and one year later in the spring of 2002 while females under the same treatment only matured and spawned in 2001. In the fourth experiment, a total of 830 tagged individuals were raised either under SNP or one of 7 photoperiod treatments, consisting of 5 groups transferred from SNP to LL at 3 monthly intervals between 6 and 18 MPH where they remained and a further two groups maintained on LL from 6 to 15MPH and 6 to 21 MPH respectively before being returned to SNP. Both the gonadic and somatic axes were monitored at the physiological and endocrinological level at three monthly intervals from 6 to 27 MPH. The results demonstrated that it is the falling autumnal photoperiod signal after the summer solstice, more specifically after October, that is responsible for recruiting individuals to enter the sexual maturation cycle. Furthermore, in all treatments where this signal was masked i.e. those which experienced LL starting at or prior to 15MPH, except for some restricted spermatogenic activity in the males testis observed at 27MPH, there was no significant reproductive activity and growth was improved by up to 60% at 27 MPH. While providing evidence for direct photic stimulation of somatic growth, the growth results were also correlated with the measurement of plasma IGF-I and demonstrated its potential as a tool to assess growth rates in the species. Plasma melatonin measured at 15MPH, as in experiment I, was suppressed in all populations which were under LL photoperiods. By identifying the photoperiod “window of opportunity” which recruits individuals into the sexual maturation cycle, this work was able to conclude that the application of LL from the summer solstice prior to maturation is the most efficient photoperiod strategy to be adopted by the aquaculture industry to realise maximum growth potential from their cultured stocks.

The aim of the present work, based on two experiments, was to evaluate the impact of photostimulation as a prevention for delaying the sexual maturation of brook trout (Salvenilus fontinalis). Another additional experiment was to describe which effect has photostimulation on the consequences of aggressive behaviour of males. Two experimental groups were established and differed in illumination sources: the metal halide lamps (HAL) and the light emitting diodes (LED). The photostimulation timing (photoperiod) was tested in following experiment. In both tested groups (HAL and LED) the photoperiod was prolonged to 18L:6D in comparison to the control group with natural photoperiod. The results shows that before spawning females and males in both tested groups (HAL and LED) reached significantly higher body weight up to 100 g (=0.05) due to desirable delayed sexual maturation (up to one month). By obtaining the same results in both groups, clearly profitable source of illumination was LED and the time for sufficient application before spawning was 67 days. Moreover photostimulation had also positively reflected in the elimination of aggressive behaviour of males. The results of the present study suggest that photostimulation may be applicable in the intensive culture systems of salmonids in the Czech Republic.

This study aims to evaluate some aspects of the biology of a new species of aeglid at Jaguari River basin (in process of description), such as the population structure, the morphological sexual maturity and somatic growth in natural environment. These investigations were conducted from November/2007 to October/2008, in a section of stream Perau in Jaguari county-RS. Monthly collections were made and individuals were captured in two ways, with the help of 25 traps trap, and these were arranged in the late afternoon of one day and removed in the following morning. The second method of sampling was a surber placed in the opposite direction to the stream flow so that with the revolving stones vegetation and all kinds of substrate and the animals were dragged into the capture equipment. The Surber sampling was made with a sampling effort of 30 minutes. The organisms collected were sexed based on the presence of pleopods in females and absence of those in males and / or position of the genital openings. Individuals had the following body dimensions measured with a digital caliper with 0.01 mm of precision: cephalothoracic length (CL), cephalothoracic width (CW), width of the second abdominal somite (AW), length of propodus chela left (LLC), length of propodus right chela (LRC) and height of the larger chelae (HC). After sexing and measurements the animals were returned to the same location that where collected. During working hours we sampled 1774 individuals (1259 males, 512 females and 03 individuals not sexed). Males and females were grouped into size classes of CL, where was observed a bimodal distribution. Males has significantly larger sizes than females, according to the Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). The sex ratio was significantly different from 1:1 in most sampling periods (p <0.05) when considering the general data (surber + trap), but followed the expected in most months sampled with Surber (p<0,05). The highest incidence of ovigerous females occurred in autumn (65.11%), followed by winter (5.81%) and spring (1.75%). Although the juveniles had been found in all seasons, the highest frequencies of these in relation to adults were observed in autumn (20.43%) and winter (17.29%). The smallest ovigerous female sampled in the field measured 10.45 mm of CL. The size of individuals at the beginning of morphological sexual maturity was estimated, using the program REGRANS, in 12.78 and 10.78 mm CL for males and females respectively. Males Aegla sp. n exhibit heterochely, with a preponderance of left chela laterality, while females have isoquelia. After the pubertal changes, an additional change in the level of allometry in relation to the dimensions of the chelae was detected in adult males. As a result, two groups of morphotypes in adult males, here designated as morphotype I and II were recognized according to the state of development of the chelipeds. The growth curves of the cephalothorax, estimated for males and females, are described by the following equations: Ct = 26,57[1 e -0,0064(t+18,14) e Ct = 21,71[1 e-0,008(t+30,25), respectively. Males reached larger sizes than females and showed higher growth rates than those. The estimated longevity for males was 670 days while that for females was 736 days. This study seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the biology of a new species of aeglid, it is expected that it can provide inputs for further research on these crustaceans and also direct efforts to preserve the species of the family Aeglidae and therefore all headwater areas where these animals live. / O presente trabalho visa avaliar alguns aspectos da biologia de uma nova espécie de eglídeo da bacia do Rio Jaguari (em processo de descrição), como a estrutura populacional, a maturidade sexual morfológica e o crescimento somático em ambiente natural. As amostragens foram realizadas de novembro/2007 à outubro/2008, em um trecho do Córrego Perau, no município de Jaguari-RS. Foram realizadas coletas mensais e os indivíduos foram capturados de duas maneiras, com o auxílio de 25 armadilhas tipo covo, sendo que estas foram dispostas no final da tarde de um dia e retiradas pela manhã do dia seguinte. O segundo método de amostragem foi com auxílio de um surber disposto em sentido contrário à correnteza de modo que, com o revolvimento das pedras, vegetação e todo tipo de substrato, os organismos fossem arrastados para dentro do equipamento de captura. Na coleta com surber adotou-se um esforço amostral de 30 minutos. Os organismos coletados foram sexados com base na presença de pleópodos nas fêmeas e ausência destes nos machos e/ou posição das aberturas genitais. Os indivíduos tiveram as seguintes dimensões corporais mensuradas com um paquímetro digital com precisão de 0,01mm: comprimento do cefalotórax (CC), largura do cefalotórax (LC), largura do segundo somito abdominal (LA), comprimento do própodo quelar esquerdo (CPE), comprimento do própodo quelar direito (CPD) e altura do maior própodo quelar (ALT). Após registradas as medidas e a sexagem, os organismos foram devolvidos no mesmo local de onde coletados. Durante o tempo de trabalho foram amostrados 1774 indivíduos (1259 machos, 512 fêmeas e 03 indivíduos não-sexados). Machos e fêmeas foram agrupados em classes de CC, onde foi observada uma distribuição bimodal. Os machos apresentam tamanhos significativamente maiores que fêmeas, de acordo com o teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). A proporção sexual foi significativamente diferente de 1:1 na maioria dos meses de amostragem (p<0,05) quando considerados os dados gerais (armadilha + surber), porém seguiu a esperada na maioria dos meses quando considerados indivíduos amostrados somente com surber (p>0,05). A maior incidência de fêmeas ovígeras ocorreu no outono (65,11%), seguido do inverno (5,81%) e primavera (1,75%). Embora os juvenis tenham ocorrido em todas as estações do ano, as maiores freqüências destes, em relação aos adultos, foram observadas no outono (20,43%) e no inverno (17,29%). A menor fêmea ovígera amostrada em campo mediu 10,45 mm. O tamanho dos indivíduos no início da maturidade sexual morfológica foi estimado, utilizando o programa REGRANS, em 12,78 e 10,78mm de comprimento cefalotoráxico para machos e fêmeas respectivamente. Machos de Aegla sp. n. exibem heteroquelia, com preponderância de lateralidade da quela esquerda, enquanto fêmeas apresentam isoquelia. Após a muda puberal, uma mudança adicional no nível de alometria em relação as dimensões das quelas foi detectada em machos adultos. Como resultado, dois grupos de morfotipos em machos adultos, aqui designados como morfotipo I e II foram reconhecidos de acordo com o estado de desenvolvimento dos quelípodos. As curvas de crescimento do cefalotórax, estimadas para machos e fêmeas, são descritas pelas seguintes equações Ct = 26,57[1 e -0,0064(t+18,14) e Ct = 21,71[1 e-0,008(t+30,25) , respectivamente. Os machos atingiram tamanhos maiores que as fêmeas e apresentaram taxas de crescimento maiores que essas. A longevidade estimada para os machos foi de 670 dias e enquanto que para as fêmeas foi de 736 dias. O presente estudo busca contribuir com o conhecimento da biologia de uma nova espécie de eglídeo, espera-se que este possa servir de subsídios para novas investigações sobre estes crustáceos e também possa direcionar esforços para a preservação das espécies da família Aeglidae e, por consequência, de todas as áreas de nascentes onde vivem estes animais.

Submitted by Anaclaudia Mattos Villalba (anaclaudiamattosvillalba@gmail.com) on 2016-04-09T22:49:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 youblisher.com-1121544-Disserta_o_Paulo_Roberto_Santos_dos_Santos.pdf: 1064090 bytes, checksum: eedf7bfcf7e22c42250917e5321c9714 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-21T02:08:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 youblisher.com-1121544-Disserta_o_Paulo_Roberto_Santos_dos_Santos.pdf: 1064090 bytes, checksum: eedf7bfcf7e22c42250917e5321c9714 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-21T02:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 youblisher.com-1121544-Disserta_o_Paulo_Roberto_Santos_dos_Santos.pdf: 1064090 bytes, checksum: eedf7bfcf7e22c42250917e5321c9714 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O aumento na abundância de peixes não residentes da zona estuarina, atraem o interesse da frota pesqueira, que atua sobre os estoques de forma intensa, muitas vezes levando a sobreexplotação. No estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, a Miragaia (Pogonias cromis), é um peixe estuarino dependente que por muitos anos foi um importante recurso pesqueiro, e hoje encontra-se sobreexplotado e ameaçado de extinção. As capturas que atingiram 1400 t em 1976, decaíram posteriormente e foram inexistentes nos anos de 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 e 2010. Mas recentemente, se observa o aumento dos desembarques na região. A partir disso, a presente dissertação tem por objetivo descrever a pesca artesanal da Miragaia no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos e analisar o efeito da sobreexplotação no ciclo reprodutivo da população remanescente na região. No primeiro capítulo intitulado "A pesca artesanal da Miragaia (Pogonias cromis, Scieanidae) no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos", é discutida a hipótese de que os maiores valores de esforço e CPUE são encontrados no mesmo período de maior abundância da espécie no estuário, e verifica-se a influência do esforço de pesca nas variações da CPUE. De forma complementar, se confirma a distinta composição dos desembarques entre o período de desova e o resto do ano, a predominância de adultos no período de desova evidencia o aumento da abundância. No segundo capítulo intitulado "O efeito da sobreexplotação no ciclo reprodutivo da Miragaia (Pogonias cromis, Scieanidae)" é discutido a redução da idade e tamanho de primeira maturação sexual e consequentemente fecundidade dos exemplares, como consequência da sobrepesca sofrida pela espécie em anos anteriores. Os resultados encontrados mostram a situação preocupante da população de Miragaias no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, onde a manutenção da intensidade pesqueira pode levar ao colapso da atividade e posterior extinção local da espécie. / The increase in the abundance of non-resident fish estuarine zone attract the interest of the fishing fleet, which operates on the intensely stocks, often leading to overexploitation. In the estuary of Patos Lagoon, the Black drum (Pogonias cromis) is an estuarine-dependent fish who for many years was an important fishing resource, and today is overexploited and threatened with extinction. Catches reached 1400 t in 1976, declined later and were negligible in the years 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010. But recently observed increased landings in the region. Thus, this thesis aims to describe artisanal fishing of Black drum in the estuary of Patos Lagoon and analyze the effect of v overexploitation in the reproductive cycle of the remaining population in the region. In the first chapter entitled "The artisanal fishery Black drum (Pogonias cromis, Scieanidae) in the estuary of Patos Lagoon," discusses the hypothesis that higher values of effort and CPUE are found in the same period of greatest abundance of the species in the estuary, and there is the influence of fishing effort in changes in CPUE in a complementary way confirms the different composition of landings spawning periods for the rest of the year, the prevalence of adults in spawning highlights the increasing abundance. In the second chapter entitled "The effect of overexploitation in the reproductive cycle of Black drum (Pogonias cromis, Scieanidae)" is discussed reducing the age and size at first sexual maturity and consequently fertility of copies as a result of overfishing suffered by the species in previous years. The results show the worrying situation of the population of Black drum in the estuary of Patos Lagoon, where the maintenance of fishing intensity can lead to the collapse of activity and subsequent local extinction of the species.

Orientador: Miguel de Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lazari_EvandroCassianode_M.pdf: 783293 bytes, checksum: e183889dd2fabf9f4b6e14429cc9ac7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Acompanhar a contribuição das variáveis de crescimento físico, maturacionais e de qualidade óssea nas mudanças do desempenho motor em atletas iniciantes no atletismo de ambos os sexos, é um fator de extrema necessidade para buscar sustentação de performance esportiva, na perspectiva da carreira desportiva de jovens atletas. Foram participantes deste acompanhamento jovens atletas, nas faixas etárias de 12 a 15 anos pertencentes à Organização Funilense de Atletismo nas categorias iniciais de idade em ambos os sexos. Foram acompanhados os indicadores de crescimento físico através da antropometria, dos indicadores maturacionais pela maturação sexual, dos indicadores de qualidade óssea e os desempenhos motores anaeróbios, com testes específicos para cada subdivisão destes indicadores fisiológicos. Os desempenhos das manifestações da força motora foram explorados nos indicadores de Força Explosiva (FE), Força Explosiva Elástica (FEE), e Força Explosiva Elástica Reflexa (FEER) verificados à partir dos testes de salto vertical, com as técnicas: Squat Jump (SJ), Counter Moviment Jump (CMJ) e Counter Moviment Jump em 5 segundos (CJ5s). Os indicadores de velocidade motora foram acompanhados através dos testes de velocidade máxima (30m). As variáveis que caracterizaram a composição corporal foram: massa corporal magra (MCM); área muscular da coxa (AMCX), através de medidas de massa corporal, comprimentos, larguras ósseas, diâmetros e dobras cutâneas. Os participantes se auto-avaliaram maturacionalmente conforme a classificação maturacional sexual de Tanner. A experiência e o tempo de treinamento foram compreendidos na quantidade de anos de treinamento e o tipo de competição vivenciada. Os resultados encontrados foram que no relacionamento do aumento no desempenho motor com o avanço da maturação e do crescimento físico, os jovens respondem às mudanças particulares de cada componente ao treinamento, apresentando períodos críticos, que são particularmente sensíveis às mudanças específicas de cada componente com o treinamento desportivo / Abstract: Monitor the contribution of physical growth variables, maturation and bone quality changes in motor performance of athletes in athletics beginners of both genders, is a factor in dire need to seek support for sports performance in view of the sporting careers of young athletes. The subjects of this study were young athletes, at 12 to 15 years belonging to the Organização Funilense de Atletismo initial categories of age in both sexes. They were accompanied by indicators of physical growth by anthropometry, maturity indicators of the sexual maturation of the indicators of bone quality and performance engines anaerobes, with specific tests for each subdivision of these physiological indicators. The manifestations performances of motor strength indicators were explored in Explosive Strength (ES), Elastic Explosive Strength (EE)S, and Explosive Elastic Reflection Strength (EERS) observed from the tests of vertical jump, with the techniques: Squat Jump (SJ), Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) and Counter Movement Jump in 5 seconds (CJ5s). The motor speed indicators were monitored through the tests of speed (30m). The variables that characterize the body composition were: lean body mass (LBM), thigh area (TA) using measures of body weight, length, bone width, diameters and skinfolds. The participants evaluated themselves as the maturational sexual maturity rating of Tanner. The experience and training time were included in the amount of years of training and type of competition experienced. The results showed that the relationship of the increase in motor performance with advancing maturation and physical growth, young people respond to particular changes of each component to training, with critical periods, which are particularly sensitive to changes specific to each component with the sports training / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: There are evidences that the practice of Artistic Gymnastics (AG) enables a better motor development in children s early stages, when they are in their fundamental development phase, as well as it promotes to the child a healthier profile, with reduced levels of fat. Few studies have been guided through the perspective of trying to prove these benefits, however, there have been found some conflicting results. Aim: To determine the influence of the Artistic Gymnastic in the children s motor development. Material and Methods: This study has been observational, tranversal and analytical in its perspective. The sample was composed by 119 people, from this number only 69 practice AG (AGG) while the other 50 do not practice (CG). For the first group, children with at least one year practicing AG was selected, and for the second group, children who did not practice any sports. Both of groups are Physical Education students at school. To the conclusion, it was considerated the motor quotient; as associated variable, the practice of AG, the maturation level, the anthropometrical indices and, as covariable, the chronological age. The tools used in this achievement were the digital balance, the compass for cutaneous folds, the stadiometer, the identification form, the tape measure, the illustrative board of Tanner, maturation and practice of physical activities questionnaires, and the Lincoln-Oseretsky test. For the statistical analysis, the tools of the descriptive statistic, the Shapiro-Wilk, an ANOVA Oneway, with post-hoc of Tukey and the correlation of Pearson. In all analyses, the tests have been considerated as two-sided with the level of significance p 0,05 and power 0,80. The SPSS for Windows, 19.0 Version, was used through this study. Results: The average age of AGG was 8,1±1,3 as the CG was 8,7±1,1 years (p=0,008). The motor quotient was 60,5±21,4 and 53,0±21,1, respectively (p=0,06). The multivariate analysis of the motor quotient, after some adjustments for the age and BMI, did not show any statistic significance (p=0,098). The average difference in favor to the AGG was 8,6 ± 5,1 with CI95% of -1,6 to 18,8. Statistically, any significant difference was presented among the different maturational levels (p=0,41). It was found a significant negative correlation (p<0,01) between the motor quotient and the BMI (-0,334), %Fat (-0,295), endormorphy (-0,331) and mesomorphy ((-0,185, p<0,05). The correlation between the motor quotient and the ectomorphy (0,241, p<0,01) was positive. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the practice of Artistic Gymnastics (AG) influence positively the motor quotient. In what concerns the maturation, it is possible to conclude that the motor quotient does not receive any significant influence from the maturational levels in both groups. Nevertheless, the absolute differences between AGG and CG show, in a clearer way, in the maturational stages more advanced. In what concerns the anthropometric variable, it is possible to infer that they correlate themselves with the motor quotient in a weak and reverse way, excepting the ectomorphy, which showed a direct association. / Introdução: Acredita-se que a prática de Ginástica Artística (GA) possibilita melhor desenvolvimento motor de crianças em estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento, quando se encontram na fase de desenvolvimento fundamental, assim como, promove a criança um perfil mais saudável, com níveis de gordura corporal reduzidos. Poucos estudos foram conduzidos com a perspectiva de comprovar este benefício, no entanto, foram encontrados resultados conflitantes. Objetivo: Determinar a influência da Ginástica Artística no desenvolvimento motor de escolares. Material e Métodos: O presente estudo caracterizou-se como observacional, transversal e analítico. A amostra foi composta por 119 indivíduos, sendo 69 praticantes de GA (GGA) e 50 não praticantes (GC). Foram selecionadas para o primeiro grupo crianças com pelo menos um ano de prática da modalidade e, para o segundo, crianças que não praticavam nenhuma modalidade esportiva. Ambos os grupos participavam das aulas de Educação Física Escolar. Como variável desfecho foi considerado o quociente motor; como variável associada, a prática de GA, o nível de maturação e os índices antropométricos e, como covariável, a idade cronológica. Os instrumentos utilizados foram balança digital, compasso de dobra cutânea, estadiômetro, ficha de identificação, fita métrica, prancha ilustrativa de Tanner, questionários de maturação e de prática de atividade física, além do teste de Lincoln-Oseretsky. Para a análise estatística, foram utilizados ferramentas da estatística descritiva, o teste de Shapiro-Wilk, a ANOVA Oneway, com post-hoc de Tukey e a correlação de Pearson. Em todas as análises, consideraram-se os testes como bicaudais e o nível de significância p 0,05 e poder 0,80. Foi utilizado o SPSS for Windows versão 19.0. Resultados: A idade média de GGA foi 8,1±1,3 e de GC 8,7±1,1 anos (p=0,008). O quociente motor foi 60,5±21,4 e 53,0±21,1, respectivamente (p=0,06). A análise multivariada do quociente motor, após ajustes para idade e IMC, não mostrou significância estatística (p = 0,098). A diferença média a favor do GGA foi de 8,6±5,1 com IC95% de -1,6 a 18,8. Também não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os diferentes estágios de maturação (p=0,41). Foi encontrada correlação negativa significativa (p<0,01) entre quociente motor e IMC (-0,334), %Gordura (-0,295), endomorfia (-0,331) e mesomorfia(-0,185, p<0,05). A correlação foi positiva entre quociente motor e ectomorfia (0,241, p<0,01). Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a prática de Ginástica Artística (GA) influencia positivamente o quociente motor. Quanto à maturação, pode-se concluir que o quociente motor não sofre influência significativa dos níveis maturacionais em ambos os grupos analisados. No entanto, as diferenças absolutas entre GGA e GC se manifestam, de forma mais evidente, nos estágios maturacionaismais avançados. Quanto às variáveis antropométricas, pode-se inferir que as mesmas se correlacionam com o quociente motor de maneira fraca e de forma inversa, exceto a ectomorfia, a qual apresentou associação direta.

Orientador: Miguel de Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prates_JoelMoreira_M.pdf: 4625911 bytes, checksum: 7a0b4b8a4b0fd6b8f0754d0a6ec5e48a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Diante das mudanças no desempenho físico, técnico e tático que ocorrem ao longo do tempo na formação dos jovens atletas, tanto de ordem estrutural quanto de ordem funcional e da necessidade do desenvolvimento para o alto nível da modalidade, o treinamento do futebol tem passado cada vez mais pelo estudo e sistematização de elementos relativos a duas realidades interdependentes: o jogo e o jogador. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as mudanças do desempenho da força explosiva (FE), força explosiva elástica (FEE) e a força explosiva elástica reflexa em futebolistas durante uma temporada de treinamento. Participaram do estudo 25 futebolistas púberes do sexo masculino. Os desempenhos das variáveis dependentes foram mensurados através dos testes de saltos verticais com meio agachamento partindo de uma posição estática (SJ), teste de salto vertical com contra-movimento (CMJ) e o teste de saltos verticais contínuos com duração de 5 segundos (CJ5s). Os dados foram coletados no inicio e no final do período de preparação e no final do período de competição. Os testes SJ e CMJ foram realizados de acordo com os procedimentos descritos por Bosco (1994) e o CJ5s seguiu o procedimento descrito por Bosco at al. (2001), sendo as medidas realizadas sobre o tapete de contato Jump Test. Na analise dos dados foram utilizadas as técnicas de estatística descritiva e o teste Kruskal-Wallis. O nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Nas mudanças do desempenho da força explosiva durante uma temporada foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as manifestações da FE (p=0,0015) FEE (p=0,001) e para a FEER (p=0,0001). Conclui-se que as mudanças do desempenho da força durante uma temporada foram significantes em futebolistas púberes / Abstract: Given the changes in physical performance, technical and tactical that occur over time in the training of young athletes, both structural and functional order (Malina, 2005), and the need for the development of high-level sport, training football has gone increasingly in the study and systematization of information relating to two interdependent realities: the game and the player. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the performance of explosive strength (ES), elastic explosive strength (EES) and elastic explosive strength reflex (EESR) in soccer during a training season. The study included 25 pubertal male soccer players. The performances of the dependent variables were measured via testing with squat vertical jumps starting from a stationary position (SJ), test vertical jump with counter movement (CMJ) and continuous vertical jumping test lasting 5 seconds (CJ5s. Data were collected at the beginning and end of the period of preparation and the end of the competition. The SJ and CMJ tests were performed according to the procedures described by Bosco (1994) and CJ5s followed the procedure described by Bosco at al. (2001), the measures being carried out on the carpet contact Jump Test. In data analysis techniques were used descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis. The level of significance was p <0.05. Changes in the performance of the explosive force during a season were statistically significant differences between the manifestations of EF (p = 0.0015) FEE (p = 0.001) and the FEER (p = 0.0001). It is concluded that changes in the performance of force during a season were significant players in puberty / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física

Orientador: Miguel de Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T22:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mortatti_ArnaldoLuis_M.pdf: 1928436 bytes, checksum: 7b24439d63f5b77eeedc8c3f095e8dac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender a influência que o estágio maturacional e do treinamento sistemático pode exercer no crescimento, na composição corporal e no desempenho motor de jovens jogadores de futebol, em comparação com indivíduos de mesmo estágio maturacional, porém, não participantes de nenhum tipo de treinamento físico regular. Foi analisada uma amostra de 39 indivíduos divididos em dois grupos: 22 no grupo treinado (GT) e 17 no grupo não treinado (GNT). Em seguida, os indivíduos foram divididos e categorizados de acordo com o estágio da maturação sexual, proposta por Tanner (1962). Após essa divisão, os indivíduos foram submetidos à aferição das medidas antropométricas de estatura e de massa corporal para determinar o índice de massa corporal (IMC), enquanto que essas duas variáveis, juntamente com a espessura de dobras cutâneas, as circunferências dos segmentos corporais e o diâmetro ósseo foram utilizados para estabelecer o somatotipo. Foi selecionada uma bateria de testes motores com o objetivo de determinar o nível do desempenho motor por meio dos indicadores de potência aeróbia, potência e capacidade anaeróbia e de flexibilidade. A partir dos valores obtidos em cada uma das variáveis analisadas, foi utilizada para o tratamento dos dados a análise de variância de dois fatores (ANOVA TWO-WAY), seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey quando p<0,05, a fim de identificar as diferenças entre os grupos e estágios maturacionais. Os resultados demonstraram que houve aumento significativo da estatura e da massa corporal, de acordo com a evolução dos estágios maturacionais. Quanto à composição corporal, foi possível verificar que, com o aumento do grau de maturação, houve diminuição significativa da gordura subcutânea, enquanto que o treinamento sistemático não exerceu influência sobre essa variável. Em relação ao somatotipo, os resultados demonstram que não houve diferença entre os grupos nem entre os estágios maturacionais, embora tenha havido diferença significativa no componente ectomorfia na interação entre treinamento e maturação. Nos testes motores, houve influência significativa do treinamento, onde os indivíduos do GT obtiveram valores superiores em todas as variáveis testadas. Por outro lado, os valores dos testes, em função da maturação, sofreram alterações de acordo com a variável testada, não havendo diferenças na potência aeróbia, na potência anaeróbia de membro inferior e na capacidade anaeróbia do músculo abdominal. Verificou-se, porém, uma influência positiva da maturação nos testes que indicaram a potência e a capacidade anaeróbia de membros superiores / Abstract: The present study aims to understand the influence that the maturation status and the systematized training may exert over growth, body composition and motor performance of young soccer players in comparison to individuals belonging to the same maturational stage who do not practice any regular training. A sampler with 39 subjects was analyzed and divided into two groups: 22 in the trained group (TG) and 17 in the non trained group (NTG). Afterwards, these individuals were divided and characterized according to their sexual maturation stage, as proposed by Tanner (1962). They were submitted to gauging of anthropometric measures of stature and weight in order to determine the body mass index (BMI), while these two variables, associated to skinfold thickness, limb circumferences and bone breadth were used to establish somatotype. A battery of motor tests was selected to determine the level of motor performance using indicators of aerobic power, anaerobic power and capacity and flexibility. Variance analysis (ANOVA TWO-WAY) was used to treat the data obtained in each of the variables, followed by the post hoc Tukey test when p<0,05 to identify the differences between the groups and the maturation stages. According to the results, there was a significant increase of stature and body mass, considering the evolution of the maturation stages. As for the body composition, it was possible to verify a significant decrease of subcutaneous adipose tissue as the maturation level increases, while the systematized training did not influence the amount of body fat. As for the somatotype, the results indicate there was no difference between the groups, nor between the maturation stages, though there has been a significant difference of the ectomorphy in the interaction between training and maturation. There was a significant influence of training in the motor tests, when the TG individuals obtained higher values in all the tested variables. On the other hand, considering maturation, the values of the tests vary according to the tested variable, and there were no differences in the tests that indicate the aerobic power, the anaerobic power of the legs and the anaerobic capacity of the abdominal muscle. Although, it was verified a positive influence of maturation in the tests, indicating the power and the anaerobic capacity of arms / Mestrado / Ciencias do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física