Este trabalho descreve a adaptação de um equipamento CNC e ferramentas computacionais CAD/CAM (desenvolvidas originalmente para a área de usinagem) na conformação de chapas de alumínio comercialmente puro, através do processo de estampagem incremental. Através das simulações e dos testes reais foi possível obter resultados práticos, relativos às limitações geométricas e ao acabamento superficial. As peças conformadas têm o formato básico de um tronco de cone, onde foram alterados a profundidade e o ângulo do cone. A análise dimensional das peças, comparadas com seu respectivo modelo CAD revelou razoável conformidade geométrica. Por outro lado, ângulos de parede maiores que 65° causaram o rompimento da chapa. As estampagens foram realizadas em um centro de usinagem, e utilizaram-se como valores máximos a velocidade de avanço de 2.200 mm/min e o incremento vertical de 1mm, por questões de segurança e também pela constatação de problemas de acabamento superficial e de vibrações excessivas do equipamento. Como conclusão final, foi demonstrado que, para o tipo específico de peça (material, espessura e geometria), dispositivo prensa-chapas, ferramentas, equipamento CNC e softwares utilizados, o processo de estampagem incremental seria viável para lotes de até 600 peças. / This paper describes the adaptation of a CNC equipment and CAD/CAM computational tools (originally developed for the machining area) on the conformation of sheets of commercially pure aluminum, through the process of incremental forming. Through simulations and tests were unable to get practical results, for the geometric constraints and surface finishing. Forming parts have the basic format of a truncated cone, which have changed the depth and angle of the cone. A dimensional analysis of the parts, compared with their CAD model showed geometric reasonable compliance. Moreover, the wall angles greater than 65 ° caused the breaking of the plate. The sheets formings were performed in a machining center, with a maximum speed of advance of 2,200 mm/min and the vertical increase of 1mm, for reasons of safety and also for finding finishing surface problems and the excessive vibration equipment. As final conclusion, it was demonstrated that, for the specific type of piece (material, thickness and geometry), device-press plates, tools, CNC equipment and software used, the process of incremental sheet forming feasible for batches of up to 600 pieces.

Este trabalho descreve a adaptação de um equipamento CNC e ferramentas computacionais CAD/CAM (desenvolvidas originalmente para a área de usinagem) na conformação de chapas de alumínio comercialmente puro, através do processo de estampagem incremental. Através das simulações e dos testes reais foi possível obter resultados práticos, relativos às limitações geométricas e ao acabamento superficial. As peças conformadas têm o formato básico de um tronco de cone, onde foram alterados a profundidade e o ângulo do cone. A análise dimensional das peças, comparadas com seu respectivo modelo CAD revelou razoável conformidade geométrica. Por outro lado, ângulos de parede maiores que 65° causaram o rompimento da chapa. As estampagens foram realizadas em um centro de usinagem, e utilizaram-se como valores máximos a velocidade de avanço de 2.200 mm/min e o incremento vertical de 1mm, por questões de segurança e também pela constatação de problemas de acabamento superficial e de vibrações excessivas do equipamento. Como conclusão final, foi demonstrado que, para o tipo específico de peça (material, espessura e geometria), dispositivo prensa-chapas, ferramentas, equipamento CNC e softwares utilizados, o processo de estampagem incremental seria viável para lotes de até 600 peças. / This paper describes the adaptation of a CNC equipment and CAD/CAM computational tools (originally developed for the machining area) on the conformation of sheets of commercially pure aluminum, through the process of incremental forming. Through simulations and tests were unable to get practical results, for the geometric constraints and surface finishing. Forming parts have the basic format of a truncated cone, which have changed the depth and angle of the cone. A dimensional analysis of the parts, compared with their CAD model showed geometric reasonable compliance. Moreover, the wall angles greater than 65 ° caused the breaking of the plate. The sheets formings were performed in a machining center, with a maximum speed of advance of 2,200 mm/min and the vertical increase of 1mm, for reasons of safety and also for finding finishing surface problems and the excessive vibration equipment. As final conclusion, it was demonstrated that, for the specific type of piece (material, thickness and geometry), device-press plates, tools, CNC equipment and software used, the process of incremental sheet forming feasible for batches of up to 600 pieces.

Les procédés de mise en forme des tôles minces sont largement utilisés dans l'industrie. L’utilisation optimale des alliages légers ou des aciers à haute résistance, propices à des économies d’énergie dans le domaine des transports, nécessite une connaissance approfondie de leurs limites de formabilité. Classiquement, la formabilité d’une tôle est caractérisée par l’apparition d’une striction localisée. Cependant, pour des chargements spécifiques (chemins de déformation complexes ...), la rupture caractérise la formabilité du matériau, la courbe limite de formage à rupture (CLFR) plutôt que celle à striction (CLFS) doit alors être considérée. Pour identifier la CLFS et la CLFR pour des chemins de déformation linéaires et non-linéaires, les méthodes conventionnelles requièrent différents dispositifs expérimentaux et différentes formes d'éprouvette pour atteindre une large gamme de chemins de déformation. L'essai de traction biaxiale, associé à une éprouvette cruciforme, est possible pour la réaliser. De plus, le changement de chemin est activé au cours de l’essai, sans déchargement. Le premier objectif de cette étude est de montrer que l'essai de traction biaxiale, associé à une forme unique d'éprouvette cruciforme, permet de tracer la CLFS et la CLFR pour plusieurs chemins de déformation, qu’ils soient linéaires ou non-linéaires. En premier lieu, des essais ont été réalisés sur des tôles d’alliage d’aluminium 5086 (épaisseur initiale de 4 mm) à partir d’une forme d’éprouvette déjà proposée au laboratoire. Une nouvelle forme d'éprouvette cruciforme a été proposée pour des tôles moins épaisses (2 mm), plus répandues. Cet éprouvette a été validée pour étudier la formabilité d’un acier dual phase DP600 pour plusieurs chemins de déformation. Le deuxième objectif est de discuter la validité de critères classiques de rupture ductile. Pour les deux matériaux, un critère a finalement été identifié pour prédire assez précisément les résultats expérimentaux. / Sheet metal forming is very common in industry for producing various components. The optimal use of light alloys or high strength steels in transportation for energy economy, requires in-depth analysis of their formability. Usually, the formability of sheet metal is controlled by the onset of localized necking. However, under specific loadings (complex strain paths...), fracture characterizes the formability and the forming limit curve at fracture (FLCF) instead of the forming limit curve at necking (FLCN) should be considered. For identifying FLCN and FLCF under linear and non-linear strain paths, conventional methods require different experimental devices and geometrical specifications of specimen to cover a wide range of strain paths. However, using the in-plane biaxial tensile test with just one shape of cruciform is sufficient for that, even changes of strain path without unloading can be made during the test. The first objective of this study is to show that the in-plane biaxial tensile test with a single type of cruciform specimen permits to investigate the FLCN and FLCF of sheet metals under different linear and non-linear strain paths. Firstly, the forming limit strains at fracture of AA5086 sheet (t=4 mm) under linear and non-linear strain paths have been characterized, by testing an existed dedicated cruciform specimen. Thinner sheet metals are often used in industry, so a new shape of cruciform specimen with an original thickness of 2 mm was proposed. This specimen is successfully used to investigate the formability of DP600 sheet under linear and two types of non-linear strain paths. The second objective is to discuss the validity of commonly used ductile fracture criteria to predict the onset of fracture. Some ductile fracture criteria were used to produce numerical FLCFs for AA5086 and DP600 sheet. Finally, for the two tested materials, it is possible to find a criterion to predict the experimental FLCFs for either linear or non-linear strain paths.

Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The purpose of this study is the optimisation of the stamping analysis process in order to investigate the possible reasons for the part failure. (Altan & Vasquez, 2000) have conducted similar research to optimise a forming process. However, they focussed on dies for a forging process and in this study, we are looking at cold forming and this study is also different in that we are trying to reduce the number of stages while maintaining the formability. Formability is based on the dimensional conformance of the final part with additional criteria being the thinning, appearance of wrinkling, dynamic effects leading to the localisation of strain, cracking and residual stress. A numerical modelling procedure that is close enough to the real process is used to investigate the effects of changes in the frictional contact that would correspond to lubrication and also the effect of adding draw beads to the forming tools to change the frictional contact. We also investigated the effect of using a different material in terms of meeting the design requirements. Experimental results for comparison are available for certain of the stamping processes investigated that were tested in pre-production. The finite element simulation is used to account for all residual thinning, stress and strain of the multi-stage forming process to ensure optimum thickness changes of the sheet at each stage. The variations of material and manufacturing parameters are established to accurately predict the behaviour of this specific forming process. The material model required to meet physical experiments is deduced from the results of standard tensile tests and fitted to the Hill’s 48 Law for Work Hardening. The commercial packages Ls-Dyna with Dynaform and Pam-Stamp software are used for the simulation to produce 2 results for comparison.

The diploma thesis deals with the questions considering field-walks in the surrounding of the town Zliv. There are six walks suggested {--} Wandering in a forest, Around a lake in quiet, Life of the animals in a forest. At the lake `` Mydlák{\crqq}, Zliv and We get to know our meadows. The walks are designed for pupils in the fourth and fifth grade at the primary schools; each walk encloses a work sheet. Their target is to deepen and fix pupils´knowledge and understanding.

Este trabalho descreve a adaptação de um equipamento CNC e ferramentas computacionais CAD/CAM (desenvolvidas originalmente para a área de usinagem) na conformação de chapas de alumínio comercialmente puro, através do processo de estampagem incremental. Através das simulações e dos testes reais foi possível obter resultados práticos, relativos às limitações geométricas e ao acabamento superficial. As peças conformadas têm o formato básico de um tronco de cone, onde foram alterados a profundidade e o ângulo do cone. A análise dimensional das peças, comparadas com seu respectivo modelo CAD revelou razoável conformidade geométrica. Por outro lado, ângulos de parede maiores que 65° causaram o rompimento da chapa. As estampagens foram realizadas em um centro de usinagem, e utilizaram-se como valores máximos a velocidade de avanço de 2.200 mm/min e o incremento vertical de 1mm, por questões de segurança e também pela constatação de problemas de acabamento superficial e de vibrações excessivas do equipamento. Como conclusão final, foi demonstrado que, para o tipo específico de peça (material, espessura e geometria), dispositivo prensa-chapas, ferramentas, equipamento CNC e softwares utilizados, o processo de estampagem incremental seria viável para lotes de até 600 peças. / This paper describes the adaptation of a CNC equipment and CAD/CAM computational tools (originally developed for the machining area) on the conformation of sheets of commercially pure aluminum, through the process of incremental forming. Through simulations and tests were unable to get practical results, for the geometric constraints and surface finishing. Forming parts have the basic format of a truncated cone, which have changed the depth and angle of the cone. A dimensional analysis of the parts, compared with their CAD model showed geometric reasonable compliance. Moreover, the wall angles greater than 65 ° caused the breaking of the plate. The sheets formings were performed in a machining center, with a maximum speed of advance of 2,200 mm/min and the vertical increase of 1mm, for reasons of safety and also for finding finishing surface problems and the excessive vibration equipment. As final conclusion, it was demonstrated that, for the specific type of piece (material, thickness and geometry), device-press plates, tools, CNC equipment and software used, the process of incremental sheet forming feasible for batches of up to 600 pieces.

Não existe consenso em relação à melhor forma de reconhecimento de investimentos em joint ventures na demonstração contábil consolidada da investidora. Há necessidade de adoção de uma única prática contábil, já que a falta de padronização do tratamento contábil de investimentos com controle compartilhado prejudica a comparabilidade das demonstrações contábeis consolidadas de empresas que adotam abordagens diferentes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar tanto os reflexos da adoção da consolidação proporcional nas demonstrações contábeis da investidora quanto da não adoção desse método quando há investimento de controle compartilhado. O Lucro Líquido e o Patrimônio Líquido são os únicos valores que devem ser iguais nessas demonstrações. A pesquisa empírica testou se há diferenças significativas entre os valores das contas ao ser feita adoção ou não da consolidação proporcional. O levantamento de dados foi realizado por meio do banco de dados da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Contábeis, Atuariais e Financeiras- FIPECAFI/FEA USP, que é utilizado na edição da Revista Exame ? Melhores e Maiores. Inicialmente, foram pesquisadas as empresas que atuam no mercado brasileiro e que, no período de 1996 a 2003, apresentaram investimento com controle compartilhado. Posteriormente, na pesquisa empírica foram utilizados os dados de 2000 a 2003 que totalizaram 34 demonstrações contábeis e, a partir dessas demonstrações, foi calculado como seriam os valores caso não fosse feita a consolidação proporcional. Utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e os resultados indicaram que ao nível de significância de 5%, há diferenças significativas entre os valores do ativo circulante, do realizável a longo prazo, do passivo circulante, do exigível de longo prazo, das vendas líquidas, do custo da mercadorias vendidas ou custo do produtos vendidos ou custo dos serviços prestados, do capital circulante liquido, do capital de terceiros sobre capital próprio, da liquidez corrente, da liquidez geral e da margem líquida, obtidos aplicando-se a consolidação proporcional e não a aplicando. Esses resultados confirmam a controvérsia existente na literatura acadêmica em relação às divergências de um método em relação ao outro, em termos de controle e definição de ativo e exigibilidade. Apesar de os testes estatísticos sugerirem que não há diferença significativa na composição do endividamento não é possível generalizar que seus valores não sejam diferentes. Os resultados obtidos, neste trabalho, indicam que a adoção de uma abordagem de consolidação ou outra pode fazer com que o usuário da demonstração contábil interprete de forma diferente as demonstrações consolidadas de empresas que possuem investimentos em joint venture. / There is no consensus on the best way of recognizing investments in joint ventures in the investing company?s financial statement. One single accounting practice needs to be adopted, as the lack of a standardized accounting treatment for investments in cases of shared control impairs the comparability of consolidated financial statements issued by companies that adopt different approaches. This study aims to evaluate the reflexes of adopting ? or not - the proportional consolidation method in the investing company?s financial statements in case of shared control investments. In these statements, Net Profit and Net Equity are the only figures that have to be equal. An empirical study tested for significant differences between the figures of accounts with or without proportional consolidation. Data were collected from the database of the Institute for Accounting, Actuarial and Financial Research Foundation - FIPECAFI/FEA USP, which is used to publish the magazine Exame ? Melhores e Maiores. First, we examined companies active in the Brazilian market who presented shared control investments between 1996 and 2003. Next, in the empirical study, we used data from 2000 to 2003, totaling 34 financial statements, which were used for calculating figures with and without proportional consolidation. Wilcoxon?s non-parametrical test was used with a significance level of 5%. Results indicated significant differences in current and long-term assets, current and long-term liabilities, net sales, cost of goods sold or cost of products sold or cost of services rendered, working capital, index of capital of third-party investors on own capital, current and general liquidity and net margin, when calculated with and without the proportional consolidation method. These results confirm the controversy in academic literature about the differences between one method and another in terms of control and definition of assets and liabilities. Although statistical tests suggest that there is no significant difference in the composition of indebtedness, it cannot be generalized that there are no differences between the figures. The results of this study indicate that, due to the adoption of a specific consolidation approach, financial statement users may give a different interpretation to the consolidated statements of companies with joint venture investments.

The nature and scope of this thesis can be divided into four categories: • FORMING PARAMETERS • Identification of various laser forming parameters in order to produce specimens of similar dimension (radius of curvature). • TEMPERATURE AND MICROSTRUCTURE • To study the effect of maximum temperature reached during the forming operation on the microstructure of the various specimens. • FATIGUE LIFE • Compare the fatigue life of the specimens produced by various laser parameters to that of the original material, and also the fatigue life of mechanical formed specimens. • RESIDUAL STRESS PROFILE Determine if the laser forming process induces detrimental residual stress magnitudes in the specimens. The main objective of this thesis was to gain an understanding of the way in which laser forming affects the fatigue performance and residual stress magnitude / distribution of dual phase steel. Although lasers have been used successfully in various manufacturing processes (welding, cutting, marking, etc.), little information is available on the influence of laser forming on many automotive alloys such as dual phase steel. The first part of the work involved a literature review of the process and factors affecting the laser forming process. It became clear from the literature overview that laser forming of sheet material thicker than 1mm is complex in nature. The variables that can influence the process are complicated and their interaction with each other is not easily controlled. The main parameters that were thus controlled in this study are as follows: • Laser power (P) • Laser head travel speed (v) • Laser beam size (mm) The chapters that follow the literature review, deals with the laser forming process of dual phase steel and the production of fatigue specimens using various laser parameters. It was found that the following laser parameters resulted in specimens with approximately the same radius of curvature: Laser power KW Beam diameter mm Interval spacing % Overlap Scanning velocity m/min Line Energy J/m 5 20 10 50 2,5 2000 3,1 14 10,5 25 2 1550 1,5 7,5 7,5 0 1,2 1250 From the results obtained from fatigue testing specimens produced with the above settings, it is clear that the laser forming process has the potential to be employed as a production stage in the manufacture of wheel centre discs while maintaining adequate fatigue strength. Large beam diameters which cause heat penetration through the thickness of the specimen and hence microstructure breakdown should be avoided, since it was shown that these specimens exhibited impaired mechanical properties than those produced with a smaller laser beam diameter. The microstructural changes observed during the forming process needs to be considered since the mechanical properties of the material changes with a change in microstructure. A dramatic change in microstructure was observed; therefore it is of crucial importance that microstructural evaluation plays an important part in deciding optimum laser parameters for the forming process of ferrous alloys. During residual stress analysis, trends were observed between measurements taken at the same location of the samples; regardless whether measurements were taken on the laser irradiated side or the reverse side of the specimen. The only difference was the magnitude of the relieved residual stress. In most cases the obtained relieved residual stress was much smaller in magnitude than that of the original plate (in the bulk of the material). The surface indicated a slight tensile residual stress for most samples evaluated. A good correlation in distribution profile was obtained between microhardness and relieved residual stress distribution at the ‘middle of sample’ location. This indicates that an increase in hardness indicates an increase in residual stress magnitude for the laser formed specimens. In conclusion, this research has proved that it is possible to deform metal plate of a 3,5mm thickness with a CO2 laser system. The research also established the effect of process parameters on the final product’s shape/bend angle and characterised the effect of the laser forming process on the material’s mechanical properties and structural integrity.

Despite their central importance to the Earth system, nowhere within the literatures of Polar Studies or the Humanities does there exist a comprehensive cultural and scientific history of ice sheets that takes into consideration both Greenland and Antarctica, or that is not constrained to a particular exploratory, technological, or geopolitical period or framing. My thesis addresses this lacunae by contributing a bi-polar, empirical history and analysis of the different scientific and cultural processes, transformations, and discontinuities through which ice sheets have been transformed from unexplored realms of the imagination, into tangible, material objects of investigation and meaning. Its scope extends from early Greek mapping to 1970. Within this timeframe, it identifies three broad phases in the perception of ice sheets. The first, preceding their earliest physical exploration, corresponds to the perception of ice sheets as one-dimensional realms defined and bounded by the human imagination. The second phase, associated with their early surface exploration between 1870 and 1930, corresponds to the perception of ice sheets as undifferentiated, two-dimensional 'topographies of absence', best characterized by their horizontal desolation. The third phase, triggered by the deployment of new technologies of sub-surface investigation such as seismic sounding, radio echo sounding (RES), and the practice of ice coring, corresponds to the perception of ice sheets as three-dimensional, super-massive, and interdependent objects of internal and material complexity. Although primarily rooted in archival research and the study of first hand textual and visual materials, my arguments and observations also draw on secondary literatures from the history of science and technology, geopolitics, visual culture, and the geography of space and place. These literatures allow me to contextualize and substantiate my analysis of historical processes within broader perspectives, notably Humboldtian science, Romanticism, visual abstraction, scientific imagery, and the Cold War.

I det här examensarbetet jämför jag musiken som jag själv har skrivit till en redan färdigproducerad och utgiven film med musiken som originaltonsättaren skrev till samma film. Jag satte mig in i de animerade filmernas värld och analyserade sedan filmen jag valt utifrån de kunskaper som jag samlade på mig. Jag bestämde mig för att jobba med ledmotiv och använda några av de standardiserade tekniker som finns för filmmusikkompositörer. När scenen jag valt var tonsatt, synkroniserad, mixad och mastrad jämförde jag resultatet med originaltonsättarens musik av samma scen. Musiken till den utvalda scenen är skriven för en symfoniorkester, medan originaltonsättarens komposition är för en mindre sättning. Våra versioner skiljer sig mycket åt när det kommer till tonspråk, val av synkpunkter, förstärkningar och användning av tematik. Trots den stora skillnaden i musiken är det samma grundkänsla av harmoni som genomsyrar händelseförloppet, bara att vi har valt att att uttrycka det på olika sätt.  Arbetet bidrog till en ökad konstnärlig medvetenhet hos mig som tonsättare och gav mig redskap till kommande filmer.