This dissertation examined the impact of species, physiological age and spacing on tree form and branching at a Nelder experiment located near Rolleston, Canterbury. Two species were compared, Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus nitens, at a range of stockings from 271 stems/ha to 40,466 stems/ha. Within the P. radiata, two different physiological ages were compared. Stocking and species significantly affected (p-value <0.05) tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), crown depth, branch mortality, branch angle, branch size and internode length. Only stocking was statistically significant for crown width, and height from the ground was also statistically significant for branch angle and branch mortality. DBH, crown width, crown depth, branch size and branch survival decreased with increasing stocking for both species. Branch angle and average internode length increased as stocking increased for both species, and branch angle and average internode length also increased as you moved away from the base of the tree. DBH, average internode length and branch size were significantly larger for P. radiata across all stockings, however branch mortality and branch angle were significantly larger for E. nitens. Physiological age was not statistically significant for any aspects of tree form or branching examined in this study.

Background: Traditional psychosocial treatments have been adapted for use with individuals with bipolar affective disorders due to the limited prophylactic nature of pharmacotherapy and the recognition of the role of psychosocial factors in the course of this disorder. Psychosocial interventions that include a prodromal monitoring and management component have been empirically shown to be an effective adjunct to medication for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Aims: There is a deficit of quantitative research that examines the impact of individualrelated (e.g. age, self-efficacy), disorder-related (e.g. time since diagnosis, experience of prodromal symptoms) and treatment-related (e.g. level of psychosocial input) factors on individuals’ ability to manage this disorder via the use of prodromal monitoring. The current research aimed to investigate factors that are associated with the identification and management of prodromal symptoms. Method: Participants completed five self-report measures in order to provide information on their experience of prodromal symptoms, current mood state, general self-efficacy, view of social support from significant others, and demographic and clinical-related variables. The data were collected from 101 participants, 58 of whom were female. The sample consisted of individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder type I and II. Results: Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to explore the relationship between individual, disorder, and treatment-related variables associated with participants’ experience of bipolar disorder. Variables that were significantly associated with participants’ perception of their ability to identify and manage prodromes were further investigated using ordinal logistic regression analyses. The results indicated that general self-efficacy and prodromal-specific help from significant others were associated with an increase in participants’ perception of their ability to identify manic and depressive prodromal symptoms. General self-efficacy was also associated with participants’ view of their ability to manage cognitive and behavioural prodromes. Experience of prodromal symptoms (e.g. consistency of symptoms experienced, type of prodrome experienced) was associated the participants’ perception of their ability to identify and manage prodromes. In general, disorder-related variables (e.g. time since diagnosis, mood state, diagnosis type, and number of episodes experienced) were not significantly associated with the participants’ view of their ability to identify and manage prodromal symptoms. Individual-related variables such as gender and age, however, were associated with prodromal identification. Conclusion: The results indicated the need to consider constructs such as general selfefficacy and experience of prodromal symptoms (e.g. consistency of symptoms, types of prodromes experienced, and ability to recognise prodromes when they first present) when helping patients to learn how to identify and manage prodromal symptoms. In addition gender differences and the role of help from significant others were highlighted as variables that should be considered when using prodromal monitoring approaches with patients with bipolar disorder. Limitations of the research are reviewed in relation to the methodology used. Clinical implications and directions for future research are considered.

Bakgrund: Redan på 1970-talet uppmärksammades närståendes situation inom vården, och trots att det har skett en ökning kring familjerelaterad forskning under de senaste 20 åren finns det fortfarande brister inom familjerelaterad omvårdnad Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva närståendes upplevda behov av stöd från sjuksköterskan när en anhörig drabbas av allvarlig sjukdom eller skada. Metod: Den studie som genomfördes var en litteraturstudie, den inkluderar 10 artiklar varav 8 var kvalitativa och 2 var kvantitativa. Sökningar gjordes i Cinahl, PubMed och DiVA. Innehållet analyserades och kategorier identifierades. Resultat: Två huvudkategorier och tre underkategorier identifierades. Första huvudkategorin var närståendes behov, med underkategori betydelsen av kommunikation i vården med de närstående samt återhämtning. Den andra huvudkategorin var stöd som finns att tillgå, med underkategorierna närståendes delaktighet i vården. Slutsats: Studien visar på att närstående upplever ett stort behov av få vara delaktiga i vården kring patienten, framförallt genom att få information. Att göra närstående delaktiga kan minska den upplevda stressen vilket kan leda till ett ökat förtroende för vården. / Background: Already in the 1970’s were significant others situation in the healthcare highlighted, and although there has been an increase on family-related research over the past 20 years, there are still gaps in family-related care. Aim: The aim was to describe significant others experience of needs from the nurse, when a patient suffer from a serious illness or injury. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review, which included 10 articles of which 8 were qualitative and 2 were quantitative. Searches were made in Cinahl, PubMed and DiVA. The content was analyzed and themes were identified. Result: Two main themes and three subthemes were identified. The first main theme was the significant other’s needs, with the first subtheme being the meaning of communication in healthcare with the significant other and the second subtheme being recovery. The second main theme was available support, with the subtheme being significant others participation in care. Conclusion: The study implies that significant others felt a need to be involved in health care around the patient, especially by getting information. To involve the significant other can reduce the stress experience, which in turn can raise the trust in health care.

The personality characteristic locus of control internality is widely-accepted as a trait possessed by women entrepreneurs. Recent research also suggests the presence of a coexisting attribute of similar strength, characterized as influence of a significant other. The presence of one personality characteristic implying perception of self-directed capability, together with indication of need for external assistance, poses a theoretical paradox. The study's purpose was to determine the nature and extent of direct and interactive effects which these and related variables had on entrepreneur return on investment. It was hypothesized that dimensions of significant other, as operationalized for this research, would support internality of locus of control and also modify constraining effects of educational and experiential disadvantage which the literature cites as pertinent to women entrepreneurs. This was nonexperimental, exploratory research of correlational cross-sectional design which examined hypothesized variable linkages. A convenience sample from a women's entrepreneur networking group was surveyed. Significant other elements were derived from factor analysis, resulting in four common dimensions. These factors, together with Rotter's Locus of Control instrument scores, reports on levels of education and experience, and hypothesized interactions, were independent variables. Hierarchial multiple regression was used to test a proposed path model. Two interpretable four-factor solutions derived from significant other variables were tested in two models. Although neither model attained overall significance, individual variables were directionally as hypothesized, and locus of control and certain factoral dimensions attained bivariate significance. Significant other factors appear to influence locus of control through statistical suppression as they interact with other variables. Results point toward a possibility that significant others who most affect female entrepreneur performance are those who give specific advice and aid, rather than moral support. Further research to explore what seems a strong relationship between return on investment and locus of control internality is recommended.

It is widely recognised that parents play an important role in children’s emotional and intellectual development, including their success at school. Recently, there has been a growing awareness of the potential of parents to support and enhance children’s English foreign language learning, especially since English learning resources are easily accessible through electronic media. In appreciation of this, there has been an increased interest in recent years in finding ways to harness parental potential through the creation of home-school partnerships in many parts of the world, including in the field of teaching English as an additional language. An important point of departure for developing effective home-school dialogues is an informed understanding of what parents are already doing to support their children’s learning, as an awareness of this can help schools and governments provide parents with targeted input to assist and improve their efforts. However, to date, this remains under researched. Of the limited research that has been undertaken, very little has examined parental efforts to support their children’s learning at home in non-western settings, and research into parental support for children’s foreign language learning is virtually non-existent. In order to address this research gap, the study reported in this thesis examines parental support for young children’s foreign language learning in Saudi Arabia with respect to English T.V. viewing. Drawing upon Vygotsky’s concepts of mediation and the ZPD, it aims to examine the extent and the ways in which parents currently mediate their children’s viewing of English T.V. programmes in Saudi Arabia, the factors which impact on their mediation practices, and how this is seen to contribute to their children’s experience of English language learning. The study is comprised two stages. The first stage entails the distribution of a questionnaire to 500 parents of children aged 6-8, who are currently learning English in a number of private schools in Jeddah, in Saudi Arabia in order to gain a global overview of parental perspectives on mediation. This is followed by stage 2, which aims to examine the features and quality of parent-child mediational dialogues. This is achieved by collecting recordings of the dialogues of two parent-child dyads watching DVDs of English T.V. programmes over a four-week period as well as interviewing parents and their children on the experience. The results of the study show that parents believe in the importance and value of supporting their children’s learning (both in general and with regard to their EFL learning). Moreover, they show that they are actively engaged in trying to do so. However, they also highlight a number of ways in which their mediational practices could be improved so that these are less directive and more responsive to their children’s learning needs and growing ability to self-regulate. More broadly, they highlight the need to engage with the complexity of parental mediation as an activity system in discussions of the quality of mediational practice. That is, to understand that parental efforts to mediate need to be considered alongside task, sociocultural setting and, most importantly, the child’s engagement with parental efforts. A number of implications are drawn from the results of the study. Chief among these is that research into parental mediation should look at the inter-relationship between the different elements of the parental mediational system identified and that this provides richer in-depth understandings of parental efforts to support their children than are currently available from those who seek to understand this merely as parental scaffolding. In addition, it is argued that the picture this in-depth analysis revealed provides valuable information which can be used to inform the need for home-school partnerships and the support parents need to make sure they engage in these effectively in settings such as Saudi Arabia where there is currently little appreciation of the importance of parental involvement and the concept of home school partnerships remains in its infancy. In line with the emphasis on the complex multidimensional understanding of mediation as activity as illustrated by the results of the study, it is argued that efforts to promote parental involvement should primarily focus on how parents can help promote quality learning experiences for their children.

Emeritus Professors of Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Author: Diana Kalábová Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Franti ek Dohnal, CSc. Keywords: History; professional education of pharmacists; pharmacy education; Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové; private and professional portraits. Objective and scope: Gather information and materials, sort them by content, process, and integrate in one document comprising private and professional portraits of Emeritus Professors of Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové. Record their views and opinions on professional preparation and knowledge of future pharmacists. Explore into their experience when facing the reality of historical development of Czech pharmacy education, in particular the developmental stage connected with the city of Hradec Králové. Clarify the place, role and scientific profile of these eminent persons, and try to preserve their legacy. Methodology: Available sources containing information about the life and work of Emeritus Professors such as jubilee articles in journals and proceedings have been used to gather the necessary data. Interviews with the Emeritus Professors were...

This study investigated how educators support students with significant disabilities to access the grade-level literacy curriculum within inclusive classrooms. Examination of multiple data sources across four classroom contexts revealed a comprehensive understanding of the educators' beliefs and practices in implementing inclusive education. The educators fulfilled specific roles and collaborated to support the focus students. The findings also illustrated an alignment between the class instruction and how the focus student was supported to participate in the whole and small group activities. The focus students received individualized instruction that was aligned with the class instruction, and they received additional, individualized supports to meet their unique learning needs. Specific implications for future research and practice are discussed from the perspective of advancing inclusive education and supporting students with significant disabilities to access complex and meaningful literacy instruction.

As community gardens (CGs) become increasingly popular, it is timely to investigate whether they further sustainability goals. Underpinning my research were questions like why people get involved in CGs, what benefits they derive, what they learn from gardening, and how governance facilitates that learning. Through interviews with gardeners, my data show that key benefits of gardening included building community, environmental protection, improved health, and resisting the industrialization of food. CG membership also facilitated learning in all three domains of Transformative Learning: communicative, instrumental, and transformation. Learning outcomes included gardening skills, improved insight into self and others, and increased prevalence of pro-environmental perspectives. The primary source of learning was interaction with other gardeners. CG involvement may contribute to sustainability by providing an environment which allows people to connect with nature, learn from others (if governance, garden organization, and social capital are strong), and choose more pro-environmental behaviours. / May 2016

As frequentes demonstrações de desinteresse pela disciplina Geografia por parte dos alunos e a desmotivação por parte dos professores foram os motivos que impulsionaram a presente pesquisa. Na preocupação de buscar alternativas para uma aprendizagem significativa, o objetivo deste estudo é explorar os conhecimentos prévios dos alunos, por meio da elaboração de mapas conceituais de paisagem geográfica, demonstrar que o papel da escola não é apenas consolidar o conceito, mas que, o que se aprende na escola tem relação com a vida. Para isso, buscou-se aporte teórico da Aprendizagem Significativa em Ausubel e referência metodológica da construção de mapas conceituais de Novak. A partir da delimitação da Paisagem como objeto de estudo, elegeram-se as turmas das 6ª séries (7º ano), do Ensino Fundamental, de duas escolas públicas do município de Maringá-PR que participaram das atividades propostas de observação, trabalho de campo, construção de mapas conceiuais e elaboração de textos. O resultado da investigação indica que os conceitos teóricos foram melhor apreendidos quando asociados aos conhecimenos que se relacionam com suas vidas. / The frequent demonstrations of miss interest for the subject Geography, for the students, and the lack of motivation, for the professors, had been the reasons that had stimulated the present research. In the concern to search alternatives for a significant learning, the objective of this study is to explore the previous knowledge of the students by means of the elaboration of conceptual geographic maps landscape and to demonstrate that the importance of the school is not only to consolidate the theoretic concept, but to emphasize that what is learned in the school it is relate to life. For this search the meaning was to reach theoretical support of the Significant Learning in Ausubel and methodological reference of the construction of conceptual maps of Novak. From the delimitation of the Landscape as object of study, it chose the groups of 6ª series (7º year) of Elementary Education of two public schools of the city of Maringá-PR, that had participated of the activities comment proposals, work on field, construction of conceptual maps and elaboration of papers. The result of the inquiry indicates that the theoretical concepts had been better lernead when associates to the knowledge related to their lives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Aparecida dos Santos.pdf: 308091 bytes, checksum: 3660b2d9e157cc28c8e2f02c049970b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / This thesis retakes the issue of authorship, discussed in the text of Michel Foucault ([1969] 2002), "What is an author?" The aim is to (re)put the issue of authorship from another angle, not determined only by the imaginary vertex, where the author is situated as the origin of his act. Foucault, albeit in another position, discussing the author's notion undermines the identification/strict linkage and traditional between author and individual proposing the authorfunction for inspecting relationship between the author and the text. For that, it considered that the statement of indifference is an immanent rule of contemporary writing. A writing that, according to Foucault, is not obliged with an interiority, since it's "set of signs headed fewer by its content meaning that by nature itself of the signifier" (Foucault, [1969] 2002). Two reasons explored in this thesis delimit the meaning of "indifference" in Foucault's work: (1) the writing has freed up to connecting to a subjective expression - it only refers to itself; (2) the writing is related to the death. To observe the operation of this set of signs, when discussing authorship, parts it from the reading language while system described by Saussure ([1916] 2006), seeking to raise: (1) "as Foucault articulates the relation with the exterior of speech and language that only knows its own order (laws of internal reference of the language)" ?; (2) How relates set of signs and the nature of the signifier? and (3) "the Saussurian concept of the language, defined as" value system "is present in Foucault's discussion of the authorship?". The answers to these questions were related to the theoretical framework established by the Research Group Acquisition, disease and clinical language (LAEL-Derdic / CNPq), that Prof. Dra. Maria Francisca Lier-DeVitto and Prof. Dra. Lucia Arantes are coordinators. The importance attributed to there to its own language and the significant allowed a differentiated reading with respect to Foucault's discussions, second a target other than represented a return to Saussure (MILNER, 2002) in the 1980s. The nature of significant pointed to constitutive tensions and to a faulty connection in the articulation of a work or a text to a subject - there is non-coincidence of the subject with himself, and also non-coincidence of him with his writing. The focus on significant (and not in the meaning), where there is an emphasis on laws of internal reference of language (and not in the discursive externality), demanded differences from the discussion of the issue of authorship, indicating advances and limitations in its questioning by the philosopher / Esta tese retoma a questão da autoria, abordada no texto de Michel Foucault ([1969] 2002): O que é um autor? . O objetivo é (re) colocar a problemática da autoria por outro ângulo, não determinado unicamente pelo vértice do imaginário, em que o autor se encontra situado como origem de seu ato. Foucault, ainda que de outra posição, ao discutir a noção de autor, abala a identificação/ligação estreita e tradicional entre autor e indivíduo, ao propor a função-autor para o exame das relações entre o autor e o texto. Para tanto, considerou que na indiferença do enunciado encontra-se uma regra imanente da escrita contemporânea. Uma escrita que, segundo Foucault, não se obriga com uma interioridade, já que é jogo de signos comandado menos por seu conteúdo significado do que pela própria natureza do significante (FOUCAULT, [1969]2002). Dois motivos explorados nesta tese circunscrevem o sentido de indiferença na obra de Foucault: (1) a escrita libertou-se da ligação a uma expressão subjetiva - ela só se refere a si própria; (2) a escrita tem parentesco com a morte. Para observar o funcionamento deste jogo de signos, quando se discute autoria, parte-se da leitura da língua enquanto sistema descrito por Saussure ([1916] 2006), buscando levantar: (1) como Foucault articula a relação com a exterioridade do discurso e a língua, que só conhece sua ordem própria (as leis de referência interna da linguagem)?; (2) De que modo relaciona jogo de signos e a natureza do significante? e (3) o conceito saussuriano de a língua, definida como sistema de valores está presente na discussão foucaultiana sobre a autoria? As respostas a esses questionamentos foram relacionados ao referencial teórico estabelecido pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Aquisição, patologias e clínica de linguagem (LAELDerdic/ CNPq), de que a Profa. Dra. Maria Francisca Lier-DeVitto e a Profa. Dra. Lúcia Arantes são coordenadoras. A importância ali atribuída à ordem própria da língua e ao significante permitiu uma leitura diferenciada em relação às discussões de Foucault, segunda uma visada outra do que representou o retorno a Saussure (MILNER, 2002) nos anos de 1980. A natureza do significante apontou para tensões constitutivas e para uma relação faltosa na articulação de uma obra ou texto a um sujeito há não-coincidência do sujeito consigo mesmo, e também não-coincidência dele com sua escrita. A aposta no significante (e não no significado), em que há ênfase nas leis de referência interna da linguagem (e não na exterioridade discursiva), demandaram diferenças em relação à discussão da questão da autoria, indicando avanços e limitações em sua problematização pelo filósofo