In ihrem großen Werk Le Deuxième Sexe (1949) fragt Simone de Beauvoir, was eine Frau sei. Über diese Frage sind anscheinend nicht endende Debatten geführt worden, und eine Antwort, die auf einer rein biologischen Begründung beruht, ist längst nicht mehr ausreichend. Im Anschluss an diese Frage kann weiter gefragt werden, was das Weibliche sei. Über diesen Terminus sind in der Geschichte mindestens genauso viele Versuche unternommen worden. Der französische Philosoph Emmanuel Lévinas, Zeitgenosse Simone de Beauvoirs, ist mit seiner Ethik des Anderen in Frankreich und über die Grenzen hinaus bekannt geworden. In seiner Philosophie taucht der Begriff ‚des Weiblichen‘, später auch ‚die Frau‘ oder ‚Mutter‘ immer wieder auf. In nahezu all seinen größeren Werken sind diese Begriffe präsent. Die chronologische Aufarbeitung, die Analyse der Weiterentwicklung sowie die Deutung und Funktion beziehungsweise die Aufgabe des Weiblichen in den einzelnen Wer-ken und dem Gesamtwerk ist in der Forschungslandschaft bisher nicht erfolgt. Eine solch allumfassende Analyse kann ein Aufsatz nicht leisten. Daher ist es das Ziel, die Funktion und Interpretationsmöglichkeit des Weiblichen vorerst nur in einem Werk, Le Temps et l’autre, herauszuarbeiten.

En genusteoretisk stickprovskontroll. Uppsatsen genomlyser Camilla Grebes Älskaren från huvudkontoret ur ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv med focus på Luce Irigaray teorier. Inledningsvis presenteras Luce Irigaray övergripande och hennes arbete ställs i relation till Simone de Beauvoirs. Irigarays teorier om maskulint och feminint subjekt gås igenom och teoridelen avslutas med ett destillat av teorierna här kallat; typiska drag. Utifrån dessa typiska drag analyseras delar, utvalda med heuristisk metod, av Camilla Grebes roman Älskaren från huvudkontoret från 2015. I analysen diskuteras utöver undersökningen och de presenterade teorierna även paralleller till Janice Radways Kvinnor läser romantik: om samspelet mellan text och kontext. Resultaten av undersökningen och slutsatsen diskuteras och ifrågasätts. / <p>--</p>

This study examines the feminist ideas in Calixthe Beyala's fictional novel Les Honneurs perdus (1996) and her essay Lettre d'une Africaine à ses sœurs occidentales (1995). The description of women's situation and their possible liberation in these two texts are analyzed, notably based on the feminist theories articulated by Simone de Beauvoir and by Judith Butler. The analysis demonstrates that the women in these texts live in a patriarchal society where they are oppressed and dominated by men. Religion and tradition serve as a way of internalizing this oppression. Early on, the women learn that their sexuality is owned by men, and that the main purpose of their existence is to get married and have children. However, Beyala also demonstrates a possiblity for women to reclaim their subjectivity and to liberate themselves from men's oppression, mainly through gaining awareness of the oppression, getting access to education and finding solidarity between women. In the last chapter of the analysis, Beyala's vision of the woman as the savior of the world is questioned, and the importance of the postcolonial context is considered. The study concludes that Beyala's feminist ideas consist of a fusion of, on one hand, Western feminist theories such as those based on the works of Beauvoir and, on the other hand, ideas of solidarity characteristic for the African continent. This creates a feminism which, just like Beyala herself, straddles two continents.

This diploma thesis Feminist philosophy influenced by Simone de Beauvoir is focused on exploring the difference between men and women and their unequal social position, which is complemented by perspective on the domain in ancient society. In the analytical part is focused on a significant part of the feminist author Simone de Beauvoir. The theoretical section is oriented at the distinction of the key terms, such as the concept of gender, sex or gender stereotypes, and then to the definition of basic phases of feminism. Subsequently, this work reflected the concept of feminist theology, politics and ethics, which is the issue is also very substantial. The views of life and work of the author S. de Beauvoir, is pointed out especially unusual access and future proof notes which have contributed to the emergence of feminist philosophy.

Abstracto: Mediante la teoría feminista El Segundo Sexo (1949), de la escritora y filósofa francesa Simone de Beauvoir, se analiza la novela Hasta Siempre, Mujercitas (2004) de la escritora chilena Marcela Serrano. El análisis se enfoca en la otredad y la subjetividad en el personaje de Ada, para investigar si es un personaje que actúa como un sujeto libre e independiente o si cae víctima bajo las normas e ideales patriarcales. Palabras claves: Marcela Serrano, Simone de Beauvoir, otredad, transcendencia, inmanencia, feminismo, el otro, crítica feminista, perspectiva de género. Abstract: With The Second Sex (1949), by the French writer and philosopher Simone de Beauvoir as theory, the novel Farewell, little women (2004) by Chilean writer Marcela Serrano is analysed. The analysis focus on the otherness in the character Ada, to investigate if it’s a character that acts as a free and independent subject or if she falls victim for the patriarchal norms and ideals.

This study investigates the impact of masculinity norms on the male and female characters in the novel En finir avec Eddy Bellegueule (2014) by Édouard Louis and seeks to understand how these norms affect their relations. The study is using the theories of Raewyn Connell and Simone de Beauvoir to answer the main research question. The findings show that the masculinity norms have an effect on men’s options regarding education and employment, and by extension, their quality of life because of their reluctance towards medicine. Moreover, the masculinity norms keep homosexual men in a subordinate position. The same norms affect women’s liberation and reduce their opportunities to work outside the household, the norms also affect their relations to other women. In conclusion, the findings show that the prevailing masculinity norms have a negative impact on life of both men and women in the book, and their relations. The findings also shows that the masculinity norms maintain women in a subordinate position.

Este trabajo de investigación trata de comprobar la hipótesis de que la locura en las protagonistas de Amor, curiosidad, prozac y dudas (1997) en la obra de Etxebarria es una consecuencia del pa-triarcado. Se ha elegido la teoría del otro de Simone de Beauvoir como base del análisis. Por eso, seha revisado el concepto de la locura en las mujeres, se ha aplicado el concepto a las protagonistas yse ha analizado su locura a través de la teoría del otro en El segundo sexo (1949). A través de unmétodo hermenéutico se ha podido mostrar que la locura en las protagonistas es resultado de actosde hombres, pues no encajan en el rol femenino y por eso pueden romper con el rol del otro.

L’objet de ce mémoire est d’explorer le lien étroit qui existe entre la pratique de l’autobiographie et l’écriture comme forme d’engagement dans l’œuvre de Simone de Beauvoir, grâce à une analyse du genre ambigu de L’Amérique au jour le jour et des discours politiques qu’il renferme. Bien que L’Amérique au jour le jour constitue le corpus principal de ce mémoire, nous utiliserons aussi des textes contemporains à la rédaction du journal de voyage américain pour guider notre classification générique, dont les Lettres à Nelson Algren, les Lettres à Sartre et Les Mandarins, ainsi que les volumes de l’ensemble autobiographique beauvoirien qui portent sur l’après-guerre, même si ceux-ci sont postérieurs à la rédaction du journal. À l’aide de concepts issus de la poétique des genres, comme les questions de hiérarchie, de proportion, d’intention et de programme, et de l’éthique de l’engagement de l’écrivain telle que définie par la notion sartrienne de l’engagement, nous tenterons de démontrer que l’ambiguïté générique de L’Amérique au jour le jour relève d’une action délibérée de l’auteure visant à mettre en péril son capital symbolique pour assurer la crédibilité de son engagement intellectuel. Une fois les concepts précités définis, le deuxième chapitre de notre mémoire s’attardera à explorer toutes les facettes de l’ambiguïté générique du journal américain, alors que le troisième chapitre démontrera le lien entre les écritures intimes et l’engagement, tout en explorant les formes que prend l’engagement dans le livre. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons trois discours politiques tenus par Beauvoir dans son œuvre : la critique du consumérisme américain, la critique de la condition des Noirs et la critique de la femme américaine. Nous conclurons notre mémoire en démontrant que L’Amérique au jour le jour est devenu une sorte de matrice dans la pratique autobiographique et scripturaire de Simone de Beauvoir, ainsi que dans son engagement. / The main purpose of this master thesis is to explore the intimate connexion between the practice of autobiography and writing as a form of engagement in the work of Simone de Beauvoir, through an analysis of the ambiguous genre in America Day By Day and the political views that the book puts forward. Although America Day By Day is the basic corpus of this thesis, other texts contemporary to the American travel log will also be used to guide our generic classification, including Letters to Nelson Algren, Letters to Sartre and The Mandarins, and the volumes of Beauvoir’s autobiography that deal with the post-war period, even if they were written after the American travel log. Using concepts from genre theory, including issues such as hierarchy, proportion, intent and program, and the ethical commitment of the writer as defined in the Satrean concept of engagement, we will attempt to demonstrate that the generic ambiguity of America Day By Day is a deliberate action by the author aiming to jeopardize her symbolic capital, therefore ensuring the credibility of her intellectual engagement. Once the concepts above have been defined, the second chapter of our paper will focus on exploring all facets of genre ambiguity in the American travel log, while the third chapter will seek to illustrate the intimate connection between creative nonfiction and intellectual engagement, as well as exploring commitment’s forms in the book. To do this, we will analyze three political discourses found in Beauvoir’s work: criticism of the American consumerism, criticism of the Negro Problem and criticism of American women. We conclude our thesis by showing that America Day By Day has become a sort of matrix in Beauvoir’s autobiographical practice, as well as in her intellectual “engagement”.

En este estudio profundizaremos en la percepción de la mujer en los autores de documentos históricos de los viajes de Cristóbal Colón en América durante la conquista. Intentaremos descubrir el porqué de la escasa aparición de la mujer en dichos documentos, exploraremos la alteridad y la corporeidad en Crónicas de Indias de finales del siglo XV.

The novel is one means by which writers can provide examples of the possibilities for women in patriarchal societies to seek greater independence. Sabina Berman (1955- ) and Silvia Molina (1946- ) are modern day Mexican novelists whose writings support the betterment of the female condition in this Latin American society. This study focuses on these two authors and describes and analyzes several of their female protagonists who can be characterized as being in search of their self-identity and self-realization. The novels of interest are La Bobe (2006) and La Mujer que Buceó Dentro del Corazón del Mundo (2010) by Sabina Berman and La Mañana Debe Seguir Gris (1977) and El Amor Que Me Juraste (1998) by Silvia Molina. The theoretical framework used to analyze these novels is based on The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir and on the writings of the Mexican author Rosario Castellanos. These novels provide examples of how women can challenge patriarchal social norms in order to seek their identity as an individual and their self-realization. However, to do this, women must be willing to accept the risks and costs that may accompany this self-searching. By seeking identity women can satisfy their longings and desires, but at the same time this may also produce undesired results. Nevertheless, these novels show that women have the ability to seek their personal identity if they take the initiative to do so.