<p>Since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered in the 1980s, the condom has scientifically proven to be the only technological device that can prevent transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse. This technical approach to the HIV has strongly emphasized that prevention is only possible if the condom is properly used. However, as a technological artifact the condom has shown that its use is laden with values. The question of values on condoms has brought in a heated debate on the moral justifications of its use. In Malawi, just as in other African countries, the Faith Community has rejected the Governmentsplea to promote condoms as the preventive measure against the virus.The Faith Community has emphasized on abstinence and mutual faithfulness as the only reliable means to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The main argument from the Faith Community is that condoms promote promiscuity. Nevertheless, the Government agrees with the Faith Community on abstinence and mutual faithfulness, but still insists on condom use as a preventive measure against the virus. The Government argues that the condom is the only proven technical approach to the HIV prevention and therefore it should be promoted. T</p><p>he main purpose of this study is to attempt an ethical analysis of the arguments for and againstcondom use as the preventive measure against HIV. In this case, the study tries to analyse the Government and Faith Community stands on condoms. In relation to the arguments for and againstcondom use, the study also touches such areas as: the concept of rights and condom use, ethics of condom advertisement, African cultural values versus condom use and the implications of condom use on behaviour change. From the study, it has been argued that condoms should be promoted. The argument comes from that understanding that AIDS has plundered Africa than any war or disease in human history, and therefore, it needs to be stopped. In this case, such theories as, Utility, Love, Autonomy, Rights and umunthu moral conscience have been used to support the argument.</p>

In reading the literary criticism on Janet Frame's work it soon turns out that Frame was deconstructive before the concept was even invented. Thus, deconstruction is used in this essay to close-read a passage in the title story of her collection of short stories, The Lagoon (1951). The main hierarchical dichotomy of the passage is found to be the one between "the sea" and "the lagoon," in which the sea is proven to hold supremacy. "The sea" is read as an image of the great sea of English literary/cultural reference whereas "the lagoon" is read as an image of the vulnerably interdependent, peripheral pool of it, in the form of New Zealand literary/cultural reference. Through this symbolic and post-colonial reading the hierarchical dichotomy between "the sea" and "the lagoon" is deconstrued and reversed. In the conclusion, a post-colonial trace of Maori influence displaces the oppositional relation between "the sea" and "the lagoon."

Since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered in the 1980s, the condom has scientifically proven to be the only technological device that can prevent transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse. This technical approach to the HIV has strongly emphasized that prevention is only possible if the condom is properly used. However, as a technological artifact the condom has shown that its use is laden with values. The question of values on condoms has brought in a heated debate on the moral justifications of its use. In Malawi, just as in other African countries, the Faith Community has rejected the Governmentsplea to promote condoms as the preventive measure against the virus.The Faith Community has emphasized on abstinence and mutual faithfulness as the only reliable means to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The main argument from the Faith Community is that condoms promote promiscuity. Nevertheless, the Government agrees with the Faith Community on abstinence and mutual faithfulness, but still insists on condom use as a preventive measure against the virus. The Government argues that the condom is the only proven technical approach to the HIV prevention and therefore it should be promoted. T he main purpose of this study is to attempt an ethical analysis of the arguments for and againstcondom use as the preventive measure against HIV. In this case, the study tries to analyse the Government and Faith Community stands on condoms. In relation to the arguments for and againstcondom use, the study also touches such areas as: the concept of rights and condom use, ethics of condom advertisement, African cultural values versus condom use and the implications of condom use on behaviour change. From the study, it has been argued that condoms should be promoted. The argument comes from that understanding that AIDS has plundered Africa than any war or disease in human history, and therefore, it needs to be stopped. In this case, such theories as, Utility, Love, Autonomy, Rights and umunthu moral conscience have been used to support the argument.

Extreme violence, which often results in murder, is a prominent theme in the American literary canon; therefore, it deserves a wider and more focused lens in the study of Twentieth-Century American literature. Murder and entertainment seldom coexist in canonical literature, but the very nature of the murder, foreign to many readers, consequently piques one’s curiosity, and demands special attention. The literary texts I have chosen to discuss are four novels and three plays. They all belong to the genre known in literature as ‘a crime novel or play.’ The murderers are easily identified, and their criminal acts have been carried out successfully, often with much forethought and detail. My focus has been to conduct a psychological study to highlight the impetus for the crime. Three basic themes have captured my attention: 1- Is the murder a sin or a crime? What is the role of religion in the lives of the accused? 2- Is it right to blame society for such horrendous acts? 3- How is the American Dream portrayed in these works? The closer we get to the end of the Twentieth-Century, the harder it is to detect an affirmative ending in the works of literature I have explored. The insatiable appetite for material consumption overshadows the pursuit of happiness, or, maybe happiness is defined by material wealth. The critical question is: can American society read the warning written on the wall?

The depictions of women in film noir and neo-noir have long been objects of interest for feminist scholars. In this report, I extend this scholarship to examine Frank Miller's Sin city graphic novel series as a version of neo-noir that is both intimately connected to noir tradition and innovative in its approach, specifically in terms of his representation of women. Miller depicts his female characters in a variety of ways that reflect both the positive and negative imagery of women in classic noir and neo-noir; in doing so, he creates a new and complex vision of women in noir. This report uses three different characterizations of women in film noir--the spider woman, the femme moderne, and the angel--to explore the ways in which Miller's female characters can be understood to simultaneously uphold and challenge these conventions. / text

Die Zellteilung/Zytokinese ist ein grundlegender zellulärer Prozess und essentiell für das Wachstum von einzelligen und mehrzelligen Organismen. Reguliert wird dieser Prozess durch komplexe molekulare Mechanismen sowie einer Vielzahl von interaktiven Netzwerken. In Pilzen koordiniert eine Kinase-Kaskade, das Septierungs-Initiierungs Netzwerk (SIN) das Fortschreiten des Zellzyklus mit dem Beginn der Zellteilung und kontrolliert die Septenbildung. Fehlregulation des homologen Hippo Netzwerks in Tieren führt zu Gewebewucherungen und Tumorbildung, was die konservierte Bedeutung dieser Regulationsnetzwerke in verschiedenen Organismen unterstreicht. Obwohl die Septenbildung essentiell für das Wachstum und die Differenzierung von Schimmelpilzen ist, bleibt die Frage wie die Septierung reguliert wird und aus welchen Komponenten sich das SIN Netzwerk in filamentösen Pilzen zusammensetzt bisher noch unbeantwortet. Mit Hilfe von in silico Analysen konnten homologe Proteine für fast alle SIN Netzwerk Komponenten im Modellorganismus Neurospora crassa identifiziert werden. Die Analyse dieser vorhergesagten SIN Komponenten ermöglichte die Charakterisierung der SIN-Kinase-Kaskade, bestehend aus CDC-7, SID-1 und DBF-2 sowie den entsprechenden, regulatorischen Untereinheiten CDC-14 und MOB-1. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass DBF-2 durch SID-1 am hydrophoben Motiv phosphoryliert und aktiviert wird und dass eine SID-1 abhängige Stimulation von DBF-2 durch Zugabe von CDC-7 weiter gesteigert wird. Diese Daten liefern den ersten biochemischen Nachweis für die schrittweise Aktivierung einer dreistufigen SIN-Kinase-Kaskade in Pilzen. Es wurde weiterhin gezeigt, dass die gesamte SIN Kaskade konstitutiv und Zellzyklus unabhängig an den Spindelpolkörpern akkumuliert und dass alle SIN Proteine an kontrahierenden Septen lokalisieren. Demzufolge ist im Gegensatz zu den einzelligen Pilzen die Lokalisation und Aktivität der SIN Komponenten in Synzytium-bildenden Ascomyzeten Zellzyklus unabhängig. Darüber hinaus deutet die Charakterisierung von DBF-2 Mutanten, in denen die beiden regulatorischen Aminosäuren (Ser499 and Thr671) mutiert sind, darauf hin, dass ein dynamischer Phosphorylierungs-/Dephosphorylierungszyklus des Ser499 entscheidend für die Aktivität und Funktion von DBF-2 in N. crassa ist. Diese Daten haben Einfluss auf das allgemeine Verständnis der Aktivierung von NDR Kinasen, denn bisher wurde für NDR Kinasen höherer Eukaryonten eine folgegebundene Phosphorylierung beider regulatorischer Reste angenommen. Der Ste20-verwandten Kinase MST-1 konnte eine Funktion als SIN-assoziierte Kinase, die parallel zu SID-1 agiert, zugeordnet werden. SID-1 und MST-1 werden auf entgegengesetzte Weise von der oberhalb agierenden SIN Kinase CDC-7 reguliert, was nahelegt, dass MST-1 für die Feinabstimmung des SIN erforderlich ist. Lifeact- und Formin-GFP Reporter Konstrukte zeigten, dass in der Δmst-1 Mutante abnormale, kortikale Actomyosin-Ringe gebildet werden, was eine Fehlpositionierung der Septen und die Bildung von unregelmäßigen Spiralen zur Folge hat. Diese Defekte entsprechen partiell jenen der MOR Mutanten. Diese Mutanten weisen ein defektes NDR Kinase Netzwerk auf, welches für das polare Wachstum verantwortlich ist (MOR). Es stellte sich heraus, dass MST-1 mit den zentralen MOR Kinasen POD-6 und COT-1 interagiert und sowohl die SIN Effektor Kinase DBF-2 als auch die MOR Effektor Kinase COT-1 aktiviert. Somit fungiert MST-1 als dual-spezifisches Enzym. Eine weitere Vernetzung beider Signalwege ist durch die Bildung von Heterodimeren gegeben. Die in dieser Studie identifizierten verschiedenen Ebenen der Vernetzung des SIN und MOR, sowie entsprechende Daten aus anderen Modellorganismen wie S. pombe und D. melanogaster, lassen vermuten, dass antagonistische Interaktionen zwischen homologen NDR Kinase Netzwerken ein genereller Mechanismus zur Koordination beider Signalwege darstellt und auch in höheren Organismen konserviert ist. Durch die Annotierung mehrerer Pilzgenome wurden zahlreiche Gene mit einer Homologie zu den S. cerevisiae BUD Genen auch in filamentösen Pilzen identifiziert. Epistatische und biochemische Analysen ergaben, dass das MOR Netzwerk als negativer Regulator der Septenbildung oberhalb des BUD komplex fungiert und dass COT-1 im Gegensatz zu DBF-2, die beiden Septierungsmarkerproteine BUD-3/BUD-4 phosphoryliert. Folglich könnte die Regulation von BUD-3 (und eventuell auch BUD-4) durch COT-1 ein Mechanismus des MOR Netzwerks sein, um die Septenbildung in N. crassa zu inhibieren.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo abordar la interacción entre las plantas proveedoras de recursos florales y tres especies de abejas nativas de la tribu Meliponini a través del estudio palinológico de la miel y masas polínicas almacenadas en los nidos. Las especies de abejas seleccionadas fueron Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Melipona orbignyi y Geotrigona argentina. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se tomaron muestras de reservas alimentarias (miel y masas de polen) de nidos provenientes de 5 localidades ubicadas en el noroeste de la provincia del Chaco, correspondientes a los distritos de Transición y Occidental de la provincia fitogeográfica Chaqueña. En estos sitios también se relevó la vegetación, se registró el período de floración de las diversas especies a lo largo del año, se herborizaron especímenes y se tomaron fotografías. Los especímenes fueron depositados en los herbarios LP y BA. En el laboratorio, se procesaron un total de 24 muestras de miel y 25 de polen mediante las técnicas entomopalinológicas, se identificaron las plantas y se elaboró una palinoteca de referencia. La identificación de los tipos polínicos de las muestras analizadas se realizó mediante la comparación con la palinoteca de referencia. El conteo palinológico y el cálculo del volumen citoplasmático, así como también la descripción de los tipos polínicos más importantes en la dieta de las abejas, fueron realizados utilizando el microscopio óptico. Para la descripción de la escultura y detalles de la pared y aperturas de los granos de polen se utilizó microscopía de barrido. Los cálculos estadísticos fueron realizados en Microsoft Excel y con paquetes estadísticos. La determinación del contenido proteico del polen se realizó mediante el método micro-Kjeldahl. En los alrededores de los nidos estudiados, se registró un total de más de 220 especies de plantas pertenecientes a 76 familias, de los cuales 79 tipos polínicos correspondientes a 40 familias fueron hallados en las reservas alimentarias de las tres especies de abejas. Sin embargo, los recursos florales intensivamente forrajeados (> 10%) estuvieron conformados sólo por 19 tipos polínicos pertenecientes a 15 familias de plantas: Achatocarpaceae (Achatocarpus praecox), Anacardiaceae (Schinopsis sp.-Schinus fasciculatus), Arecaceae (Trithrinax schizophylla), Capparidaceae (Capparis retusa, Capparis speciosa, Capparis tweediana-C. salicifolia y Capparis tweediana-C. speciosa), Celastraceae (Maytenus vitis-idaea-Moya spinosa), Celtidaceae (Celtis sp.), Fabaceae (subfamilia Mimosoideae) (Acacia praecox-A. furcatispina-A. bonariensis y Prosopis sp.), Fabaceae? (tipo Gleditsia amorphoides), Nyctaginaceae (Pisonia zapallo), Olacaceae (Ximenia americana), Rhamnaceae (Ziziphus mistol), Sapotaceae (Sideroxylon obtusifolium), Simaroubaceae (Castela coccinea), Solanaceae (Solanum sp. (ca. 14 µm)) y Zygophyllaceae (Bulnesia sarmientoi). Al considerar el conteo afectado por volumen, se observó que algunas familias fueron incorporadas a la lista de recursos importantes (> 10%), como Bignoniaceae, Euphorbiaceae y Malpighiaceae, debido a que sus tipos polínicos presentan elevado volumen. Las tres especies de Meliponini resultaron ser polilécticas (sensu Cane & Sipes 2006), recolectaron néctar y polen de una gran diversidad de plantas pero se concentraron en unas pocas. El análisis de la colecta de polen puso en evidencia un comportamiento de forrajeo más eficiente en Geotrigona argentina y Melipona orbignyi respecto de Tetragonisca fiebrigi. Dos de ellas presentaron algunas particularidades; Melipona orbignyi fue la única que puede forrajear polen de anteras poricidas y Geotrigona argentina fue capaz de aprovechar intensivamente las floraciones que preceden a las épocas de inundación. Las tres Meliponini compartieron la mayoría de los recursos del bosque, y pocos fueron exclusivos para cada especie. La mayoría de las familias más forrajeadas proveyeron a las abejas tanto néctar como polen, ellas fueron: Achatocarpaceae, Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Capparidaceae, Celastraceae, Celtidaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae (subfamilia Mimosoideae), Fabaceae?, Malpighiaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Olacaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapotaceae, Simaroubaceae, Solanaceae y Zygophyllaceae. Los taxa más importantes en la dieta fueron elementos conspicuos del bosque chaqueño como los “quebrachos colorados” Schinopsis lorentzii y S. balansae, el “mistol” Ziziphus mistol, la “palma de monte” Trithrinax schizophylla, el “guaraniná” o “molle” Sideroxylon obtusifolium, los “algarrobos” Prosopis alba y Prosopis nigra, el “itín” Prosopis kuntzei, el “vinal” Prosopis ruscifolia, los “talas” Celtis spp., el “sacha membrillo” Capparis tweediana, “sacha sandia” Capparis salicifolia, “sacha poroto” Capparis retusa, “bola verde” Capparis speciosa, “sal de indio” Maytenus vitis-idaea, Moya spinosa, el “meloncillo” Castela coccinea, el “palo tinta” Achatocarpus praecox, el “palo santo” Bulnesia sarmientoi, entre otros. La mayoría de estas plantas también fueron utilizadas como sustrato para sus nidos (Vossler 2012). Las flores más utilizadas presentaron corolas pequeñas, de colores pálidos, con fácil acceso al polen y al néctar; esas flores se agrupan en inflorescencias localizadas en los estratos arbóreos y arbustivos, tal como se observó en los bosques tropicales. Se observó cierta constancia en la colecta de polen de volumen pequeño o mediano y de escultura no equinada. Esto podría deberse a que la principal oferta de polen de la vegetación chaqueña presente esas características, hipótesis que será considerada en futuros estudios. El valor nutricional del polen recolectado por las tres Meliponini presentó valores óptimos de contenido proteico; estos fueron cercanos o mayores al 20% a excepción de Capparis (9,78%) y algunos conjuntos polínicos. Si bien se desconocen los requerimientos nutricionales de las Meliponini estudiadas, se sabe que para Apis mellifera el 20% de proteína cruda resulta óptimo para el desarrollo completo de sus crías.

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This study focuses on the sense of self of adolescents when they are reintegrated into schools after dropping out. Dropout is a global phenomenon and yet very little research has been undertaken regarding reintegration and especially the successful reintegration of adolescents and how this reintegration affects their sense of self. The goal of the study was to determine how reintegrated adolescents experience their reintegration into schools, and how this has affected them in terms of how they see themselves. The research hoped to discover what personal difficulties the adolescents had overcome in their return to school as well as the motivating factors that would keep the reintegrated adolescents in school. The research was conducted from a phenomenological Gestalt, field approach and followed a qualitative research design within an interpretivist framework. This research design allows the participants to give meaning to their own experiences. A total of six adolescent boys between the ages of 13 and 17 were purposefully selected from the informal settlement of Groenheuwel, Paarl in the Western Cape. Five of the six adolescents had been reintegrated into schools in 2011 and 2012 by the Khula Development Group. One adolescent participant was a peer educator and although he had never dropped out, he contributed meaningful data on how reintegrated adolescents are experienced as seen from his role as a peer educator. Other participants in the research included the Headmaster of Groenheuwel Primary School and the President and Project leader of the Khula Development Group. The qualitative data were collected in the form of individual open-ended interviews with the adolescents, project leader and headmaster. The researcher’s objective was to understand and interpret the meanings the participants gave to their own experiences, which was further done through observation, member checking, and a reflective group discussion including the application of an art technique. The interviews were recorded on DVD. The reflective group discussion was held with the adolescent participants two weeks after the individual interviews. The group discussion included an art technique, where the adolescents were asked to create their experiences of their return to school in clay. This session was also recorded on DVD. Recordings were transcribed by the researcher to ascertain certain emerging themes and categories. Thematic data analysis was used to transform the transcribed data into meaningful information. The principles and strategies for enhancing the trustworthiness of the data were done through crystallisation. The findings of the study revealed the unrealistic expectations with which the adolescents view their sense of self. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This study focuses on the sense of self of adolescents when they are reintegrated into schools after dropping out. Dropout is a global phenomenon and yet very little research has been undertaken regarding reintegration and especially the successful reintegration of adolescents and how this reintegration affects their sense of self. The goal of the study was to determine how reintegrated adolescents experience their reintegration into schools, and how this has affected them in terms of how they see themselves. The research hoped to discover what personal difficulties the adolescents had overcome in their return to school as well as the motivating factors that would keep the reintegrated adolescents in school. The research was conducted from a phenomenological Gestalt, field approach and followed a qualitative research design within an interpretivist framework. This research design allows the participants to give meaning to their own experiences. A total of six adolescent boys between the ages of 13 and 17 were purposefully selected from the informal settlement of Groenheuwel, Paarl in the Western Cape. Five of the six adolescents had been reintegrated into schools in 2011 and 2012 by the Khula Development Group. One adolescent participant was a peer educator and although he had never dropped out, he contributed meaningful data on how reintegrated adolescents are experienced as seen from his role as a peer educator. Other participants in the research included the Headmaster of Groenheuwel Primary School and the President and Project leader of the Khula Development Group. The qualitative data were collected in the form of individual open-ended interviews with the adolescents, project leader and headmaster. The researcher’s objective was to understand and interpret the meanings the participants gave to their own experiences, which was further done through observation, member checking, and a reflective group discussion including the application of an art technique. The interviews were recorded on DVD. The reflective group discussion was held with the adolescent participants two weeks after the individual interviews. The group discussion included an art technique, where the adolescents were asked to create their experiences of their return to school in clay. This session was also recorded on DVD. Recordings were transcribed by the researcher to ascertain certain emerging themes and categories. Thematic data analysis was used to transform the transcribed data into meaningful information. The principles and strategies for enhancing the trustworthiness of the data were done through crystallisation. The findings of the study revealed the unrealistic expectations with which the adolescents view their sense of self. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013