Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de espaçamentos entre as linhas e densidades populacionais, em dois híbridos de milho, no desempenho agronômico da cultura com ênfase nos componentes de produção, produtividade e composição glicídica dos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2006/2007, em condições de campo, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, textura argilosa, A moderado, a 21°15'22"de latitude sul e longitude 48°18'58" WGr, em Jaboticabal - SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, compostos por 24 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de três espaçamentos entre as linhas (40, 60 e 80 cm) nas parcelas, dois híbridos (30K73 e 30F80) nas subparcelas, e quatro densidades populacionais (30, 50, 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1) nas sub-subparcelas, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: estatura de plantas, altura da 1ª espiga, n.º espigas por planta, diâmetro de colmo, acamamento e quebramento de plantas, n.º de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de mil grãos, produtividade de grãos e índice de colheita. Foram feitas análises químicas do grão para determinação do teor de sacarose, açucares redutores e amido. Verificou-se que a produtividade do milho aumentou com a redução do espaçamento entre as linhas de 80 para 40 cm, que o melhor arranjo de plantas, para os híbridos 30K73 e 30F80, nas condições de edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, é composto pela combinação de 40 cm de espaçamento entre as linhas e 75 e 80 mil plantas ha-1 de densidade populacional, respectivamente. Modificando o arranjo espacial de plantas de milho, a composição final de glicídios no grão não é alterada. / Abstract: The present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of row spacing and population densities, in two corn hybrids, on the agronomic performance of the culture with enface on production components and productivity. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, under field conditions, in a Typical Haplustox , clay texture, at 21°15'22" South latitude and longitude 48°18'58" W, at Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in split split-plot scheme with 24 treatments, where the plots were composed by three row spacing (40, 60 e 80 cm), the split-plots by two contrastive hybrids (30K73 ND 30F80) and the split split-plots by four population densities (30, 50, 70, e 90 thousand plants per hectare), with three replications. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, first ear height, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, plant lodging and breakage, number of grains per ear, mass of grains per ear, mass of a thousand grains, grain yield and yield index. Furthermore, grain chemical analyses were done to determine the content of saccharose, redacting sugars and starch. It was verified that corn productivity rises with the reduction of row spacing from 80 to 40 cm, that the best plant arrangement, for the hybrids 30K73 and P0F80, under Jaboticabal environment conditions, is the combination of 40 cm row spacing and 75 and 80 thousand plants per hectare, respectively. Final grain glicidic composition is not altered by the spacial arrangements of corn plants. / Orientador: Domingos Fornasieri Filho / Coorientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Aildson Pereira Duarte / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Mestre

Orientador: Lilian Casatti / Banca: Katharina Eichbaum Esteves / Banca: Denise de Cerqueira Rossa Feres / Resumo: As plantas aquáticas são importantes componentes dos ecossistemas lóticos e lênticos. Como conseqüências de transformações ambientais, algumas podem se tornar dominantes, sendo que as plantas aquáticas do gênero Typha são bem sucedidas em brejos e alagados, podendo também ser encontradas em córregos e ribeirões. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de T. angustifolia para a ictiofauna em riachos. Foram estudados seis riachos na bacia do Alto Rio Turvo, Estado de São Paulo, desprovidos de vegetação ripária nativa, mas com abundância de T. angustifolia no hábitat interno e ripário. Por meio da análise de mapas de cobertura do solo, observou-se que T. angustifolia está amplamente distribuída nas zonas ripárias ao longo das drenagens estudadas. Os riachos com as maiores proporções de T. angustifolia nas zonas ripárias também apresentaram a menor riqueza de espécies e abundância de peixes. A baixa semelhança na composição e estrutura da ictiofauna entre os períodos sazonais, a grande quantidade de espécies tolerantes e o fato de que a maioria das espécies foi ou acessória ou acidental, sugerem uma dinâmica populacional do tipo "fonte e dreno" nos riachos estudados. Desta forma, os trechos livres de Typha atuam como "fontes", provendo indivíduos que, por migração, podem ocasionalmente explorar os trechos com elevada abundância de T. angustifolia. Nestes trechos, que teriam o papel funcional de "drenos", as condições ambientais são pouco apropriadas para a manutenção de uma comunidade diversa e residente de peixes. Os indivíduos dos trechos "fonte" à montante e à jusante que para ali migram se beneficiam de uma oferta relativamente constante de alimento, embora pouco variada (principalmente larvas aquáticas de Chironomidae e detritos), e abrigos (raízes de Typha). / Abstract: Aquatic plants are a major component of lenthic and lotic ecosystems. As consequences of environmental changes, some species may became dominant, being that aquatic plants of the genus Typha are a well successful group of weeds in swamps and flooded areas, but also found in headwaters and large streams. This study was made with the aim to investigate the influences of T. angustifolia on the fish assemblages in streams. A total of six streams in the Upper Rio Turvo basin, São Paulo state, without riparian vegetation but with abundance of T. angustifolia in the instream and riparian habitat, were studied. By analyzing soil coverage maps, it was registered that T. angustifolia was widespread in the riparian zones along studied drainages. Streams with the largest proportions of T. angustifolia along riparian zones were also those with lowest fish species richness and abundance. Low similarity in the composition and structure of fish fauna between seasonal periods, together with a large number of tolerant species, and the fact that most species are accessory or accidental, suggest a "source and sink" population dynamic in the studied streams. Thus, free Typha stretches play as a "source" habitat, providing individuals that, by migration, may occasionally explore stretches with large abundance of T. angustifolia. In these stretches, which play a "sink" functional role, environmental conditions are often little appropriated to the maintenance of a diverse and resident fish assemblage. The migrating individuals from up and down "source" stretches are benefited by relatively constant food offer, but few diverse (mostly aquatic larvae of Chironomidae and detritus), and shelters (Typha roots). / Mestre

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Atualmente nas indústrias é notória a presença de problemas envolvendo a dinâmica dos fluidos com transferência de energia térmica. Neste contexto, problemas onde a transferência de energia térmica ocorre sobre cilindros aquecidos merece um destaque especial. No presente trabalho objetivou-se desenvolver uma análise numérica tridimensional sobre o problema de transferência de energia térmica por convecção natural em cilindros concêntricos na presença de pares discretos de fonte-sumidouro de energia térmica, com ênfase no estudo do regime estável-instável do escoamento (fluido de trabalho ar). O código numérico foi desenvolvido em coordenadas cilíndricas, discretizado utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos e esquemas temporais e espaciais de segunda ordem, onde o acoplamento pressão velocidade é feito através do método do passo fracionado. Através dos campos de velocidades, de temperatura e de vorticidade obtidos, verificou-se como a transferência de energia térmica é afetada pelas primeiras instabilidades no regime instável. Foi possível também, evidenciar a desestabilização do escoamento estudado, não sendo necessário para tal o uso de uma malha fina. Além disso, os dados obtidos apresentaram uma excelente concordância com os resultados experimentais da literatura, sobretudo no regime estável. / In the current industry, is notorious the presence of problems involving fluid dynamics with heat transfer. In this context, problems where the heat transfer occurs over heated cylinders deserves a special attention. The present work study aimed to develop a three-dimensional numerical analysis of the heat transfer by natural convection in concentric cylinders in the presence of discrete heat source-sink pairs, with emphasis on the study of stable-unstable regime flow (air working fluid). The numerical code was developed in cylindrical coordinates, discretized using the finite volume technique and temporal/ spatial schemes of second order, where the pressure-velocity coupling is done through the fractional step method. Through velocity, temperature and vorticity fields, it was found that the heat transfer is affected by the first instabilities in the unstable regime. It was also possible to verify the destabilization of the flow with a thin mesh. Moreover, the data obtained showed an excellent agreement with the experimental data found in the literature, especially in the stable regime. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

A pesquisa realizada envolveu a avaliação experimental dos efeitos do fluido e da orientação do escoamento no desempenho de um dissipador de calor baseado na ebulição convectiva em microcanais. Estes dissipadores de calor são usados como uma nova aplicação para a refrigeração dos novos dispositivos eletrônicos que geram altas taxas de calor. Efetuou-se inicialmente uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o escoamento monofásico e a ebulição convectiva em microcanais e em multi-microcanais através da qual levantou-se os principais métodos de previsão do coeficiente de transferência de calor e da perda de pressão. Então, utilizando o aparato experimental desenvolvido durante o mestrado de Do Nascimento (2012) avaliou-se a transferência de calor e perda de pressão de um dissipador de calor baseado em multi-microcanais paralelos. O dissipador de calor avaliado possui 50 microcanais retangulares dispostos paralelamente com 15 mm de comprimento, 100 µm de largura, 500 µm de altura e espaçados de 200 µm. Ensaios experimentais foram executados para o R245fa, fluido de baixa pressão utilizado em ciclos frigoríficos de baixa pressão, e R407C, fluido de alta pressão usado para conforto térmico, temperatura de saturação de 25 e 31°C, velocidades mássicas de 400 a 1500 kg/m²s, graus de subresfriamento do líquido de 5, 10 e 15°C, título de vapor máximo de até 0,38, fluxos de calor de até 350 kW/m², e para 3 orientações diferentes do dissipador de calor, horizontal, vertical com os canais alinhados horizontalmente e vertical com escoamento ascendente. Os resultados obtidos foram parametricamente analisados e comparados com métodos da literatura. Coeficientes de transferência de calor médios de até 35 kW/m² °C foram obtidos. Resultados adquiridos para o R245fa e R407C foram inferiores aos levantados por Do Nascimento (2012) para o R134a utilizando o mesmo dissipador. O fluido R407C apresentou frequências e amplitudes de oscilações inferiores aos fluidos R134a e R245fa. Nenhum método para o coeficiente de transferência de calor e perda de pressão proporcionou previsões satisfatórias dos dados experimentais. O modelo Homogêneo com viscosidade da mistura bifásica dada por Cicchitti et al. (1960) apresentou as melhores previsões da perda de pressão, já para o coeficiente de transferência de calor, os métodos de Bertsch et al. (2009) e Liu e Winterton (1991) apresentaram as melhores previsões. O dissipador com sua base posicionada horizontalmente fornece coeficientes de transferência de calor superiores enquanto sua base na vertical e escoamento ascendente verificam-se perdas de pressão inferiores. Imagens do escoamento bifásico foram obtidas com uma câmera de alta velocidade e analisadas. / This study presents an experimental investigation on the effect of the fluid and the footprint orientation on the performance of a heat spreader based on flow boiling inside micro-scale channels. This heat spreader is used in an electronics cooling application with high-power density. Initially an extensive investigation of the literature concerning single-phase and two-phase flow inside a single microchannels and multi-microchannels was performed. In this literature review the leading predictive methods for heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are described. The experimental study was carried out in the apparatus developed by Do Nascimento (2012). The heat sink evaluated in the present study is comprised of fifty parallel rectangular microchannels with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 µm width and of 500 µm depth, and total length of 15 mm. The fins between consecutive microchannels are 200 µm thick. Experimental tests were performed for R245fa, low-pressure fluid used in low pressure refrigeration cycles, and R407C, high-pressure fluid used for heat comfort, saturation temperature of 25 and 31°C, mass velocities from 400 to 1500 kg/m² s, degrees of subcooling of the liquid of 5, 10 and 15°C, outlet vapor quality up to 0.38, heat fluxes up to 350 kW/m², and for the following footprint heat sink orientations: horizontal, vertical with the microchannels aligned horizontally and vertical with upward flow. The results were parametrically analyzed and compared again the predictive methods from literature. Average heat transfer coefficients up to 35 kW/m² °C were obtained. The results for R134a from Do Nascimento (2012) for the same heat sink presented heat transfer coefficients higher than R245fa and R407C. The fluid R407C presented oscillation of the temperature due to thermal instability effects with lower frequency and amplitude lower than R134a, and R245fa. None predictive method provided satisfactory heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop predictions of the experimental data. The Homogeneous model with the viscosity given by Cicchitti et al. (1960) provided the best pressure drop prediction while the heat transfer coefficient was best predicted by Bertsch et al. (2009) and Liu and Winterton (1991). The horizontal orientation of the footprint provided the highest heat transfer coefficients while the vertical footprint orientation with upward flow the lowest pressure drops. Images of the two-phase flow were obtained with a high-speed camera and analyzed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_silvana_rodrigues.pdf: 749385 bytes, checksum: bb05166dd4cb67ec59ad2ef37911e97d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / The mini watermelons growing in greenhouses can be a more viable alternative crop to be used in rotation or soilless systems under protected cultivation. Greenhouse cultivation and staking require the use and suitability of various other crop management practices, such as increasing plant density and fruit thinning. Two experiments were performed at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS from November 2010 to January 2011, in order to study plant growth (dry matter production and partitioning), fruit yield and quality of mini watermelon Rapid Fire under greenhouse and NFT hydroponic system conditions. The first experiment aimed to study different plant densities (1.8, 2.4, 2.9, 3.4 and 3.9 plants m-2), setting four fruits per plant. The second experiment was conducted to verify the effect of sink demand (number of fruits per plant) in five levels (01, 02, 03, 04 and 05 fruits per plant). Fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems, roots and fruits, leaf area, average fruit weight, soluble solids content and pulp colour were evaluated. Regarding the results obtained in the first experiment, it was observed that increasing plant density from 1.8 to 3.9 plants m-2 reduced linearly growth of all organs and fruit yield per plant (from 9.58 to 7.47 kg) and presented no effect on fruit sugar content and pulp colour. However, from a marketable point of view, it neither caused losses in the average fruit weight (ranging from 2.39 to 1.86 kg) nor altered the plant dry matter partitioning. But, it increased linearly crop and fruit dry matter production as well as fruit yield obtained per square meter (from 17.23 to 29.11 kg m-2).Thus, we can recommend the density of 3.9 plants m-2 for the stanking mini watermelon Rapid Fire in hydroponic cultivation. The results obtained in the second experiment indicate that increasing fruit load caused a strong competition by fotoasimilates among different plant organs and reduced leaf expansion and fruit as well as other plant organs dry matter production. But, it had no effect on dry matter partitioning. Thus, one fruit per plant can be considered as the saturation fruit load related to the fraction partitioned into fruits. A linear reduction of the average fruit fresh weight from 3.42 kg to 1.77 and 1.26 kg was observed when the number of fruit increased from one to 4 and 5 fruits, respectively. Also, fruit soluble solids content was reduced, without any effect on pulp colour. The water accumulation into the fruits occurred differently from the dry matter accumulation. As a consequence, fruit yield increased linearly from 3.42 kg plant-1, at one fruit, until 7.09 kg plant-1, at 4 fruits per plant. The obtained results allow us to recomend a fruit load of two fruits per plant when the goal is to achieve more quality markets and three fruits per plant, when the goal is to increase fruit production without major losses in fruit quality of mini watermelon Rapid Fire in hydroponic cultivation. / O cultivo de mini melancias em estufas agrícolas se apresenta como uma alternativa viável a ser empregada em rotação de culturas ou em cultivos sem solo em sistemas de produção desenvolvidos em ambiente protegido. A adoção de ambiente protegido e tutoramento pressupõem o uso e adequação de vários outros tratos culturais, como o aumento da densidade de plantio e do raleio de frutos. Com o objetivo de se estudar o crescimento (produção e partição de massa seca), a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos de mini melancia Rapid Fire em condições de ambiente protegido e cultivo hidropônico do tipo NFT, dois experimentos foram realizados entre novembro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011, no Campus da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS. O primeiro experimento teve o objetivo de estudar diferentes densidades de plantio (1,8; 2,4; 2,9; 3,4 e 3,9 plantas m-2), fixando-se quatro frutos por planta. O segundo experimento foi conduzido a fim de verificar o efeito da demanda de drenos (número de frutos por planta), estabelecendo-se cinco níveis (01, 02, 03, 04 e 05 frutos por planta). Em ambos os experimentos, avaliaram-se a matéria fresca e seca de folhas, caule, raízes e frutos, a área foliar, a massa média dos frutos, o teor de sólidos solúveis totais e a coloração da polpa. Em relação aos resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento, observou-se que o aumento da densidade de plantio no intervalo entre 1,8 e 3,9 plantas m-2 reduziu o crescimento de todos os órgãos e a produtividade das plantas de forma linear (de 9,58 para 7,47 kg planta-1) e não afetou a concentração de açúcares e a coloração da polpa. No entanto, não prejudicou a massa média do fruto do ponto de vista comercial (que variou de 2,39 a 1,86 kg) e nem alterou a partição de massa seca da planta, aumentando de forma linear a produção absoluta de massa seca da cultura e dos frutos bem como a produtividade por unidade de área (de 17,23 para 29,11 kg m-2). Desta forma, recomenda-se a densidade de 3,9 plantas m-2 para a mini melancia Rapid Fire tutorada em cultivo hidropônico. Os resultados obtidos no segundo experimento indicam que o aumento da carga de frutos na planta provoca uma forte competição por fotoassimilados entre os diferentes órgãos da planta, diminuindo a expansão foliar, a produção de massa seca dos frutos e dos demais órgãos da planta, sem afetar a partição de massa seca. Portanto, a carga saturante para a partição de massa seca para os frutos é a de um fruto por planta. Ocorreu uma redução da massa fresca média dos frutos de forma linear de 3,42 kg para 1,77 e 1,26 kg, quando se aumentou o número de frutos na planta de um para 4 e 5 frutos, respectivamente. Também, houve uma diminuição do teor de sólidos solúveis dos frutos, sem efeitos sobre a coloração da polpa. O acúmulo de água nos frutos ocorreu em uma proporção diferente do acúmulo da massa seca, fazendo com que o aumento do número de frutos levasse a uma elevação linear da produtividade, passando de 3,42 kg planta-1, na carga de um fruto, até 7,09 kg planta-1, na carga de 4 frutos. Os resultados obtidos permitem recomendar a carga de dois frutos para atingir mercados mais exigentes em qualidade e de três frutos para aumentar a produção, sem grandes prejuízos à qualidade da mini melancia Rapid Fireem cultivo hidropônico.

Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur femåriga barn i förskolan förklarar och kommer på lösningar kring ett problemlösande experiment kring det fysikaliska fenomenet flyta-sjunka. Metoden som valts att använda var videoobservation. Studien baseras på en videoobservation under ca 25 minuter med fyra barn i femårsåldern. Aktiviteten delades in i två olika delar, där första delen fokuserar på hypoteser kring om olika föremål skulle antingen flyta eller sjunka och den andra delen fokuserar på ett problemlösande, där barnen skulle få något som tidigare sjönk att kunna flyta. Resultatet i studien visar på att barnen har fokus på tyngd, form och storlek utifrån om ett föremål ska flyta eller sjunka. Barnen visar också stort intresse och initiativtagande till att lösa den problematiserande uppgiften de fick i början av aktiviteten, de konstruerar och formar olika material och de lyckas forma en aluminiumbåt som bär en kotte och tre stenar. / The purpose of the study is to find out how five-year-old children explain and find solutions in relation to a problem-solving experiment around the physical phenomenon float-sink. The method that was opted to use was video observation. The study is based on a video observation that lasted for 25 minutes with four children who were around five years old. The activity was divided into two different parts, the first part focused on hypotheses around the outcome of different objects in water, if they would either float or sink. The other part focused on problem solving, where the children should get something that earlier sank to float. The result of the study shows that the children focused on weight, form and size of the objects, in predicting whether they would sink or float. The children also show a big interest and take initiative to solve the problem that they were given in the beginning of the activity. They construct and shape the different materials and they succeed by creating an aluminium boat that could carry a pinecone and three stones.

ABSTRACT In our modern society, the design and implementation of intelligent equipments for autonomous physical services become more and more important. In line with this, the proposed Intelligent Vision Agent System, IVAS, is able to automatically detect and identify a target for a specific task by surveying human activities space. One of IVAS’ applications can be the adjustment of sink height for different height of people. Usually, the sink is fixed in one place, however, the height of sink could be too high to use for children. It becomes a real problem and may bring much of inconvenience and insecurity for the little boys and girls. The equipment for dynamical adjustment of sink height is rare in today’s society. The most common sink height adjustments are of two types. The first way is to place two sinks, one for adult and one for a kid individually. The second way is to use a spring device to adjust the height of sink. But, the both solutions have some limitations. The disadvantage of first method is that it takes too much space, and not all bathrooms can accommodate two sinks at the same time. The weakness of second way is a need to manually adjust the height of sink. In order to achieve an optimal design of adjustable sink high, the author uses a camera fixed on wall connected to an intelligent agent controlling suitable actuators. The camera captures a photo of the person who comes to the sink. The height of person can be estimated from the image. Furthermore, one makes use of this height value to find the suitable sink height for the user. Finally, the sink is descending or ascending by the lifting columns to adjust it to the different height of people. In this thesis, the author has implemented a method, which estimates the height of person from a single image. This technique is based on the single view metrology. Keywords: Sink, Height Measurement, Vision, Single View Metrology

Ce travail porte sur l’étude d’amortissement piézoélectrique shunté pour les roues aubagées désaccordées de turbomachines. Les problèmes vibratoires sont de première importance pour les motoristes aéronautiques et, parmi ceux-ci, les vibrations causées par le désaccordage des aubes tiennent une place importante puisqu’elles sont à l’origine des phénomènes de fatigue oligocyclique et des risques de défaillance associés. L’usage de technologies d’amortissement est donc assez répandu pour réduire l’amplitude vibratoire. Ici, on s’intéresse à l’étude de l’amortissement piézoélectrique shunté appliqué aux roues aubagées désaccordées. Dans notre stratégie, des patchs piézoélectriques shuntés sont attachés sur la surface de la roue entre les aubes adjacentes afin de dissiper l’énergie mécanique de la roue. Par conséquent, l’amplitude des aubes peut être réduite du fait du couplage entre les aubes et la roue. Cette stratégie est d’intérêt pour l’ingénieur car les transducteurs piézoélectriques sont placés en dehors du flux principal des turbomachines. Un modèle numérique a été développé intégrant des circuits piézoélectriques shuntés résonnants. L’amortissement piézoélectrique shunté et un motif optimisé de désaccordage piézoélectrique sont tous les deux introduits afin de minimiser l’effet du désaccordage des aubes. En pratique, le désaccordage des aubes change au cours de la vie du moteur. Les raisons peuvent être multiples comme l’usure, des endommagements par impacts qui vont conduire inévitablement à une évolution du motif du désaccordage. En s’appuyant sur la stratégie de contrôle adaptatif, nous avons proposé un shunt piézoélectrique résonant capable de suivre l’évolution de la structure au cours du temps. Les simulations numériques montrent qu’une bonne efficacité est obtenue en termes de réduction des vibrations de roues aubagées désaccordées. Dans cette thèse, une dernière stratégie est proposée qui correspond à la mise en place d’un système de pompage énergétique nonlinéaire basé sur les éléments piézoélectriques. Une fois intégrées dans une structure mécanique, il est donc en mesure d’agir en tant qu’amortisseur de vibrations, adaptatif et large bande. Une méthode numérique, à coefficient variables de balance harmonique, a été développée afin de calculer les réponses quasi-périodiques associés à ce type de problème. Ce dispositif de pompage énergétique piézoélectrique semble particulièrement intéressant dans le cadre des roues aubagées désaccordées, car il est capable d’interagir de façon adaptative avec chaque secteur de la roue désaccordé. Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus et illustrent démontrent ce point de vue. / This study deals with piezoelectric shunt damping in the mistuned bladed disks. Bladed disks are rich dynamical systems that are known to suffer from severe vibration problems. Blade mistuning is an issue of major concern since it is responsible for high cycle fatigue and failure risks. In the mitigation practice, additional damping is usually introduced into the structure to reduce vibration amplitudes. Here, we are interested in piezoelectric shunt damping applied into mistuned bladed disks. In our proposed damping strategy, shunted piezoelectrics are attached onto the disk surface between adjacent blades in order to dissipate the disk mechanical energy. Consequently the blade vibration can be reduced due to the blade-disk coupling. This strategy is of engineering interest since piezoelectric transducers are placed outside other main stream in turbomachinery. This idea is developed based on a lumped-parameter bladed disk model. Resonant shunt circuits are adopted. Both piezoelectric shunt damping and optimized piezoelectric mistuning are introduced to minimize the blade mistuning effect. Piezoelectric mistuning can be seen as a kind of damping mistuning; it is modeled as a small variation of the inductance value of each shunt circuit. In reality the blade mistuning pattern is not constant in the long run. Due to various complexities, a perturbation of the blade mistuning pattern might result. In benefitting from the manageability and controllability of piezoelectric shunt circuits, an adaptive control strategy is developed to adjust the optimal piezoelectric mistuning pattern according to the perturbation. Numerical simulations reveal that a fine performance is achieved in terms of reducing the blade vibration of slowly time-variant, mistuned bladed disks. An essentially nonlinear piezoelectric shunt circuit is proposed as practical realization of nonlinear energy sink (NES). This piezoelectricbased NES is featured by nonexistence of preferential resonant frequency. It is therefore able to act in essence, as a passive, adaptive, broadband vibration absorber, when integrated into a mechanical structure. A variable-coefficient harmonic balance method for quasiperiodic responses is devised. It helps gain insights into the complex dynamics of forced response when the coupled electromechanical system is under harmonic external forcing. The appealing property of the piezoelectric-based NES enables it especially suitable for applications in mistuned bladed disks since it is capable of adaptively interacting with each sector of mistuned bladed disks in a broadband fashion. Promising results obtained in the numerical studies further demonstrate this viewpoint.

Le plateau sud-africain (ou Kalahari) est le plateau anorogénique le plus grand au monde. Sa très grande longueur d’onde (×1000 km) et son altitude moyenne élevée (1000-1500 m) impliquent des processus mantelliques. La cinétique et l’origine de ce relief sont mal comprises. D’un côté, les études géomorphologiques le considèrent comme un relief mis en place à la fin de l’intervalle Cénozoïque (<30 Ma). A l’inverse, les données thermochronologiques montrent deux phases de dénudation pendant l’intervalle crétacé, corrélées à des phases d’accélération du flux silicoclastique sur les marges, qui suggèrent qu’il s’agirait d’un relief plus ancien hérité du Crétacé supérieur. Peu d’études ont porté sur l’évolution du système terre-mer depuis le bassin versant en érosion aux marges en sédimentation. Ce travail de thèse repose donc sur une double approche : une analyse géomorphologique des formes du relief (surfaces d’aplanissement) à terre, basée sur leur (i) cartographie, (ii) chronologie relative, (iii) relation avec les profils d’altération et (iv) datation au moyen des placages sédimentaires et du volcanisme datés qui les fossilisent ; une analyse stratigraphique de l’intervalle post-rift des marges, basée sur l’interprétation de données de sub-surface (lignes sismiques et puits), réévaluées en âge (biostratigraphie), pour (i) identifier, dater et mesurer les déformations des marges et de leur relief amont , (ii) mesurer les flux silicoclastiques, produits de l’érosion continentale. Un calendrier et une cartographie des déformations ont été obtenus sur les marges et mis en relation avec les différentes générations de surfaces d’aplanissement étagées qui caractérisent le relief du plateau sud-africain. Au moins deux périodes de déformation ont été identifiées au Crétacé supérieur (92-70 Ma) et à l’Oligocène (30-15 Ma). L’évolution est la suivante : 100 - 70 Ma (Cénomanien à Campanien) : plateau à très grande longueur d’onde, peu élevé (0-500 m), bordé à l’est par des reliefs plus hauts et plus anciens le long des marges indiennes, qui agissent comme une ligne de partage des eaux entre l’océan Atlantique et l’océan Indien. La déformation est initiée à l’est avec une flexuration brève, à grande longueur d’onde, des marges indiennes aux alentours de ~92Ma. Cette première surrection marque un paroxysme d’érosion enregistré par la mise en place d’un delta géant sur la marge atlantique (delta de l’Orange). La déformation migre ensuite vers l’ouest avec la croissance du bourrelet marginal atlantique entre 81 et 70 Ma. Le relief acquiert sa configuration actuelle comme l’indique une diminution du flux silicoclastique sur la marge atlantique qui traduit un changement majeur du système de drainage ; 70-30 Ma (Crétacé terminal-Paléogène) : période d’apparente non déformation. Le relief est fossilisé et intensément altéré (latérites) ; 30-15 Ma (Oligocène - Miocène inférieur) : deuxième surrection du plateau sud-africain qui acquière sa topographie actuelle. La déformation semble plus importante à l’est du plateau - flexure des marges nord indiennes initiée à ~25 Ma qui alimente les grands deltas de l’océan Indien (Zambèze, Limpopo, Tugela) ; le relief est fossilisé à partir du Miocène moyen, synchrone d’une aridification majeure de l’Afrique australe. / The South African (Kalahari) Plateau is the world's largest non-orogenic plateau. It forms a large-scale topographic anomaly (×1000 km) which rises from sea level to > 1000 m. Most mechanisms proposed to explain its elevation gain imply mantle processes. The age of the uplift and the different steps of relief growth are still debated. On one hand, a Late Cretaceous uplift is supported both by thermochronological studies and sedimentary flux quantifications. On the other hand, geomorphological studies suggest a Late Cenozoic uplift scenario (<30 Ma). However few attentions were paid to the evolution of the overall geomorphic system, from the upstream erosional system to the downstream depositional system. This study is based on two different approaches : onshore, on the mapping and chronology of all the macroforms (weathering surfaces and associated alterites, pediments and pediplains, incised rivers, wave-cut platforms) dated by intersection with the few preserved sediments and the volcanics (mainly kimberlites pipes) ; offshore, on a more classical dataset of seismic lines and petroleum wells, coupled with biostratigraphic revaluations (characterization and dating of vertical movements of the margins - sediment volume measurement). The main result of this study is that the South African Plateau is an old Upper Cretaceous relief (90-70 Ma) reactivated during Oligocene (30-15 Ma) times. Its evolution can be summarized as follows : 100-70 Ma (Cenomanian to Campanian): low elevation plateau (0-500 m) with older and higher reliefs located along the Indian side, acting as a main divide between the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. First uplift occurred in the east at ~92 Ma, with a fast flexuration of the Indian margins. This initiates a paroxysm of the erosion (90-80 Ma) with the growth of a large delta along the Atlantic margin (Orange delta). Deformation migrated progressively westward and resulted on the growth of the Atlantic marginal bulge between 81 and 70 Ma. Most of the present-day relief was probably created at this time. This is supported by the decrease of the sedimentary flux which suggests a reorganisation of the interior drainage pattern ; 70-30 Ma (Uppermost Cretaceous-Paleogene): most of the relief is fossilized and weathered - relative tectonic quiescence ; 0-15 Ma (Oligocene-Early Miocene): second period of the South African Plateau uplift. Most of the deformation took place along the Indian side of the Plateau (strike flexure) feeding the Zambezi, Limpopo and Tugela deltas ; since at least Middle Miocene times, all those reliefs have been fossilized, with very low erosion rates (x1m/Ma), in response to the major aridification of southern Africa.

In this investigation, a single phase fluid is used to study the coupling between natural convection heat transfer within an enclosure and forced convection through computer covering case to cool the electronic chip. Two working fluids are used (water and air) within a rectangular enclosure and the air flow through the computer case is created by an exhaust fan installed at the back of the computer case. The optimum enclosure size configuration that keeps a maximum temperature of the heat source at a safe temperature level (85°C) is determined. The cooling system is tested for varying values of applied power in the range of 15-40W. The study is based on both numerical models and experimental observations. The numerical work was developed using the commercial software (ANSYS-Icepak) to simulate the flow and temperature fields for the desktop computer and the cooling system. The numerical simulation has the same physical geometry as those used in the experimental investigations. The experimental work was aimed to gather the details for temperature field and use them in the validation of the numerical prediction. The results showed that, the cavity size variations influence both the heat transfer process and the maximum temperature. Furthermore, the experimental results ii compared favourably with those obtained numerically, where the maximum deviation in terms of the maximum system temperature, is within 3.5%. Moreover, it is seen that using water as the working fluid within the enclosure is capable of keeping the maximum temperature under 77°C for a heat source of 40W, which is below the recommended electronic chips temperature of not exceeding 85°C. As a result, the noise and vibration level is reduced. In addition, the proposed cooling system saved about 65% of the CPU fan power.