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11	Aproveitamento do engaço da uva para remoção da cafeína por adsorção Portinho, Rodrigo January 2016 (has links) A preocupação com a presença de poluentes emergentes em meios hídricos vem crescendo, justificando a busca por técnicas alternativas ou adicionais às aplicadas nos processos convencionais de tratamento de água. A utilização da adsorção com resíduos agrícolas diretamente como adsorventes ou como precursores para síntese de carvão ativado apresenta-se como um método viável, aliando eficiência de remoção, baixo custo e biodegradabilidade do material aplicado. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a empregabilidade do engaço da uva, um resíduo do processo de industrialização da uva sem aplicação prática efetiva, na remoção de cafeína de solução aquosa. Este poluente emergente foi selecionado por ser amplamente encontrado em águas superficiais, subterrâneas e até mesmo potáveis, além de ser a substância alteradora de comportamento mais consumida mundialmente. O engaço foi utilizado como adsorvente em formas distintas: bruto com apenas ajuste da granulometria (ENG), modificado através da ação do ácido fosfórico (ENGI) e na forma de carvões ativados (CAE50%, CAE70% e CAE85%). No caso do ENG e ENGI foi estudada a variação dos parâmetros pH, tempo de residência e concentração de sólido adsorvente, de forma a encontrar as condições ideais para os processos em batelada. Para o carvão ativado que apresentou melhores resultados (CAE85%), por outro lado, os percentuais de remoção de cafeína foram elevados, mesmo para a menor quantidade de adsorvente possível de ser medida com precisão aceitável, não justificando a variação do parâmetro de concentração. Foram observados maiores índices de remoção em soluções ácidas, com os valores de pH considerados ideais de 2,0 para ENG e ENGI e 4,0 para o CAE85%. Os tempos de residência e concentrações de sólidos adsorventes ideais foram de 40 min e 25 g L-1 (ENG), 30 min e 15 g L-1 (ENGI) e 30 min (CAE85%). Ademais, o equilíbrio foi avaliado a partir da construção das isotermas de adsorção, as quais foram mais bem representadas pelo modelo de Sips, exibindo coeficientes de determinação R² iguais a 0,994, 0,999 e 0,987 e capacidades máximas de adsorção qmáx iguais a 89,2, 129,6 e 916,7 mg g-1. Características particulares dos sólidos adsorventes como áreas específicas superficiais e volumes de microporos também foram determinadas, resultando para o ENG, ENGI e CAE85% em 6,23, 4,21 e 1099,86 m² g-1 e 0,003, 0,002 e 0,568 cm³ g-1, respectivamente. / Concern over emerging pollutants presence in water resources is growing, justifying the search for alternative or additional techniques to those applied in conventional water treatment processes. Use of adsorption with agricultural wastes directly as adsorbents or as precursors for activated carbon synthesis is a viable method, combining removal efficiency, low cost and biodegradability of the material applied. This study investigated the employability of grape stalk, a waste from grape industrialization process without effective use, in caffeine removal from aqueous solution. This emerging pollutant was selected because it is widely found in surface water, groundwater and even drinking water, besides being the most consumed behaviorally active substance. Grape stalk was used in different forms: raw with only grain size adjustment (ENG), modified by phosphoric acid action (ENGI) and as activated carbons (CAE50%, CAE70% and CAE85%). In the case of ENG and ENGI, parameters pH, retention time and adsorbent concentration were varied in order to find the ideal batch process conditions. For the activated carbon that presented better results (CAE85%), on the other hand, caffeine removal percentages were high even for the least amount of adsorbent that could be measured with acceptable accuracy, which did not justify variation of the concentration parameter. Better removal percentages were observed in acid solutions, with ideal pH values being considered as 2.0 for ENG and ENGI and 4.0 for CAE85%. Ideal residence time and adsorbent concentration were 40 min and 25 g L-1 (ENG), 30 min and 15 g L-1 (ENGI) and 30 min (CAE85%). Moreover, equilibrium was evaluated through adsorption isotherms construction, which were best represent by Sips model, displaying determination coefficient R² equal to 0.994, 0.999 and 0.987 and maximum adsorption capacities equal to 89.2, 129.6 and 916.7 mg g-1. Adsorbents particular characteristics such as specific surface areas and micropore volumes were also determined, resulting in 6.23, 4.21 and 1099.86 m² g-1 and 0.003, 0.002 and 0.568 cm³ g-1 for ENG, ENGI and CAE85%, respectively. Bagaço de uva Tratamento da agua Adsorção Cafeína Emerging pollutants Water treatment Adsorption Grape stalk Activated carbon Caffeine Sips
12	Aproveitamento do engaço da uva para remoção da cafeína por adsorção Portinho, Rodrigo January 2016 (has links) A preocupação com a presença de poluentes emergentes em meios hídricos vem crescendo, justificando a busca por técnicas alternativas ou adicionais às aplicadas nos processos convencionais de tratamento de água. A utilização da adsorção com resíduos agrícolas diretamente como adsorventes ou como precursores para síntese de carvão ativado apresenta-se como um método viável, aliando eficiência de remoção, baixo custo e biodegradabilidade do material aplicado. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a empregabilidade do engaço da uva, um resíduo do processo de industrialização da uva sem aplicação prática efetiva, na remoção de cafeína de solução aquosa. Este poluente emergente foi selecionado por ser amplamente encontrado em águas superficiais, subterrâneas e até mesmo potáveis, além de ser a substância alteradora de comportamento mais consumida mundialmente. O engaço foi utilizado como adsorvente em formas distintas: bruto com apenas ajuste da granulometria (ENG), modificado através da ação do ácido fosfórico (ENGI) e na forma de carvões ativados (CAE50%, CAE70% e CAE85%). No caso do ENG e ENGI foi estudada a variação dos parâmetros pH, tempo de residência e concentração de sólido adsorvente, de forma a encontrar as condições ideais para os processos em batelada. Para o carvão ativado que apresentou melhores resultados (CAE85%), por outro lado, os percentuais de remoção de cafeína foram elevados, mesmo para a menor quantidade de adsorvente possível de ser medida com precisão aceitável, não justificando a variação do parâmetro de concentração. Foram observados maiores índices de remoção em soluções ácidas, com os valores de pH considerados ideais de 2,0 para ENG e ENGI e 4,0 para o CAE85%. Os tempos de residência e concentrações de sólidos adsorventes ideais foram de 40 min e 25 g L-1 (ENG), 30 min e 15 g L-1 (ENGI) e 30 min (CAE85%). Ademais, o equilíbrio foi avaliado a partir da construção das isotermas de adsorção, as quais foram mais bem representadas pelo modelo de Sips, exibindo coeficientes de determinação R² iguais a 0,994, 0,999 e 0,987 e capacidades máximas de adsorção qmáx iguais a 89,2, 129,6 e 916,7 mg g-1. Características particulares dos sólidos adsorventes como áreas específicas superficiais e volumes de microporos também foram determinadas, resultando para o ENG, ENGI e CAE85% em 6,23, 4,21 e 1099,86 m² g-1 e 0,003, 0,002 e 0,568 cm³ g-1, respectivamente. / Concern over emerging pollutants presence in water resources is growing, justifying the search for alternative or additional techniques to those applied in conventional water treatment processes. Use of adsorption with agricultural wastes directly as adsorbents or as precursors for activated carbon synthesis is a viable method, combining removal efficiency, low cost and biodegradability of the material applied. This study investigated the employability of grape stalk, a waste from grape industrialization process without effective use, in caffeine removal from aqueous solution. This emerging pollutant was selected because it is widely found in surface water, groundwater and even drinking water, besides being the most consumed behaviorally active substance. Grape stalk was used in different forms: raw with only grain size adjustment (ENG), modified by phosphoric acid action (ENGI) and as activated carbons (CAE50%, CAE70% and CAE85%). In the case of ENG and ENGI, parameters pH, retention time and adsorbent concentration were varied in order to find the ideal batch process conditions. For the activated carbon that presented better results (CAE85%), on the other hand, caffeine removal percentages were high even for the least amount of adsorbent that could be measured with acceptable accuracy, which did not justify variation of the concentration parameter. Better removal percentages were observed in acid solutions, with ideal pH values being considered as 2.0 for ENG and ENGI and 4.0 for CAE85%. Ideal residence time and adsorbent concentration were 40 min and 25 g L-1 (ENG), 30 min and 15 g L-1 (ENGI) and 30 min (CAE85%). Moreover, equilibrium was evaluated through adsorption isotherms construction, which were best represent by Sips model, displaying determination coefficient R² equal to 0.994, 0.999 and 0.987 and maximum adsorption capacities equal to 89.2, 129.6 and 916.7 mg g-1. Adsorbents particular characteristics such as specific surface areas and micropore volumes were also determined, resulting in 6.23, 4.21 and 1099.86 m² g-1 and 0.003, 0.002 and 0.568 cm³ g-1 for ENG, ENGI and CAE85%, respectively. Bagaço de uva Tratamento da agua Adsorção Cafeína Emerging pollutants Water treatment Adsorption Grape stalk Activated carbon Caffeine Sips
13	Aproveitamento do engaço da uva para remoção da cafeína por adsorção Portinho, Rodrigo January 2016 (has links) A preocupação com a presença de poluentes emergentes em meios hídricos vem crescendo, justificando a busca por técnicas alternativas ou adicionais às aplicadas nos processos convencionais de tratamento de água. A utilização da adsorção com resíduos agrícolas diretamente como adsorventes ou como precursores para síntese de carvão ativado apresenta-se como um método viável, aliando eficiência de remoção, baixo custo e biodegradabilidade do material aplicado. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a empregabilidade do engaço da uva, um resíduo do processo de industrialização da uva sem aplicação prática efetiva, na remoção de cafeína de solução aquosa. Este poluente emergente foi selecionado por ser amplamente encontrado em águas superficiais, subterrâneas e até mesmo potáveis, além de ser a substância alteradora de comportamento mais consumida mundialmente. O engaço foi utilizado como adsorvente em formas distintas: bruto com apenas ajuste da granulometria (ENG), modificado através da ação do ácido fosfórico (ENGI) e na forma de carvões ativados (CAE50%, CAE70% e CAE85%). No caso do ENG e ENGI foi estudada a variação dos parâmetros pH, tempo de residência e concentração de sólido adsorvente, de forma a encontrar as condições ideais para os processos em batelada. Para o carvão ativado que apresentou melhores resultados (CAE85%), por outro lado, os percentuais de remoção de cafeína foram elevados, mesmo para a menor quantidade de adsorvente possível de ser medida com precisão aceitável, não justificando a variação do parâmetro de concentração. Foram observados maiores índices de remoção em soluções ácidas, com os valores de pH considerados ideais de 2,0 para ENG e ENGI e 4,0 para o CAE85%. Os tempos de residência e concentrações de sólidos adsorventes ideais foram de 40 min e 25 g L-1 (ENG), 30 min e 15 g L-1 (ENGI) e 30 min (CAE85%). Ademais, o equilíbrio foi avaliado a partir da construção das isotermas de adsorção, as quais foram mais bem representadas pelo modelo de Sips, exibindo coeficientes de determinação R² iguais a 0,994, 0,999 e 0,987 e capacidades máximas de adsorção qmáx iguais a 89,2, 129,6 e 916,7 mg g-1. Características particulares dos sólidos adsorventes como áreas específicas superficiais e volumes de microporos também foram determinadas, resultando para o ENG, ENGI e CAE85% em 6,23, 4,21 e 1099,86 m² g-1 e 0,003, 0,002 e 0,568 cm³ g-1, respectivamente. / Concern over emerging pollutants presence in water resources is growing, justifying the search for alternative or additional techniques to those applied in conventional water treatment processes. Use of adsorption with agricultural wastes directly as adsorbents or as precursors for activated carbon synthesis is a viable method, combining removal efficiency, low cost and biodegradability of the material applied. This study investigated the employability of grape stalk, a waste from grape industrialization process without effective use, in caffeine removal from aqueous solution. This emerging pollutant was selected because it is widely found in surface water, groundwater and even drinking water, besides being the most consumed behaviorally active substance. Grape stalk was used in different forms: raw with only grain size adjustment (ENG), modified by phosphoric acid action (ENGI) and as activated carbons (CAE50%, CAE70% and CAE85%). In the case of ENG and ENGI, parameters pH, retention time and adsorbent concentration were varied in order to find the ideal batch process conditions. For the activated carbon that presented better results (CAE85%), on the other hand, caffeine removal percentages were high even for the least amount of adsorbent that could be measured with acceptable accuracy, which did not justify variation of the concentration parameter. Better removal percentages were observed in acid solutions, with ideal pH values being considered as 2.0 for ENG and ENGI and 4.0 for CAE85%. Ideal residence time and adsorbent concentration were 40 min and 25 g L-1 (ENG), 30 min and 15 g L-1 (ENGI) and 30 min (CAE85%). Moreover, equilibrium was evaluated through adsorption isotherms construction, which were best represent by Sips model, displaying determination coefficient R² equal to 0.994, 0.999 and 0.987 and maximum adsorption capacities equal to 89.2, 129.6 and 916.7 mg g-1. Adsorbents particular characteristics such as specific surface areas and micropore volumes were also determined, resulting in 6.23, 4.21 and 1099.86 m² g-1 and 0.003, 0.002 and 0.568 cm³ g-1 for ENG, ENGI and CAE85%, respectively. Bagaço de uva Tratamento da agua Adsorção Cafeína Emerging pollutants Water treatment Adsorption Grape stalk Activated carbon Caffeine Sips
14	Fluoride removal by low-cost adsorbents Bernheim, Fredrik January 2022 (has links) Fluoride, the most abundant form of fluorine, is an ion released into the environment, mainly via anthropogenic sources and erosion of mineral rocks. Although the element is well known for its health benefits on teeth and bones, it can as well be a harmful pollutant. In some areas on earth, the population can not obtain drinking water that is below the guideline limits of fluoride, which is set to 1.5 mg/L by the world health organization (WHO). Therefore there is a relevance to develop methods that can clean the waters from excess fluoride. The potential problems when it comes to finding these types of methods is that they can be expensive. However, materials generated as residues in industrial processes may be low in cost. In this thesis, silicon reduced AOD-slag, a material generated as a by-product from the production of stainless steel, was examined by its fluoride adsorption behavior and adsorption capacity. The concentrations of fluoride were measured with ion chromatography (IC) and the concentration of metals were analyzed with microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). Additionally pH and conductivity were measured. The functionality of the material surface was analyzed with isotherm modeling, where the Sips isotherm model was tested. Moreover, optimization of the slag was performed by heat treating the material, as well as a sorption kinetics test on both optimized and original slags. The results from the analysis indicated that the material corresponds well to the Sips isotherm. Considering this result it is suggested that at low concentrations, the surface can be characterized as heterogeneous, with different binding energies at different available sites. At higher concentrations the Sips-model explains the surface to be saturated when a monolayer of fluoride is formed. Therefore the binding on the slag surface can be described to have an inner-sphere and covalent character. The metal analysis showed that calcium ions are released from the slag when in aqueous solutions. The presence of calcium in the liquid samples are believed to result in formations of solid calcium fluoride (CaF2), precipitated on the slag surface. Lastly, the maximum fluoride removal is believed to differ between different types of AOD-slag, where there as well are possibilities to optimize the material. Fluoride calcium adsorption surface precipitation pH AOD-slag ion chromatography MP-AES isotherms Langmuir Freundlich Sips. Chemical Sciences Kemi
15	Analýza platobných systémov v Českej republike a Slovenskej republike / Analysis of payment systems in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic Gavorníková, Zuzana January 2010 (has links) The dissertation deals with interbank payment systems with finality of settlement in Czech Republic and Slovakia. First chapter defines each payment system based on different criteria and deals with risks related to operation of payment systems. As both countries are members of European Union, same legal documents of European Union apply for both of them. These documents are described in the second chapter. A brief description of payment systems used in European Union is included in the third chapter. There is also described the development of payment flows in European payment systems TARGET, TARGET2 and EURO1. Forth chapter contains global analysis of Czech payment system CERTIS and Slovak payment systems EURO SIPS and TARGET2-SK from different perspectives. Very important part of this dissertation is fifth chapter, where payment systems are analyzed based on the comparison -- number of participants, number of process payments and volumes of these transactions.
16	Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services Perlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links) The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds. \| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD Agents Airtime transfer Airtime -based SOV Allocation of loss Allocation of risk Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Aristotle Australian school Auto-subscription Banks Banks Act Bilateral Juristic Act Bottom of Pyramid Branchless Banking BSD Business of banking Cash-In /Cash out Central Bank Claim school Competition Commission Condictiones Consumer protection Consumer Protection Act (CPA) Contract law Convergence CTF Dedicated Banks Bill Delict Regulatory philosophies Deposits Deposit-taking Directives Dodd-Frank Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic money (e-money) Electronic Money Directive (EMD) European Union (EU) FA Mann Fiat Fiat-based SOV FICA Financial inclusion Financial literacy Foley v Hill Hacking ICASA Kenya KYC Legal capacity m-Banking Means of exchange Means of payment MFS MFSP Miller v Race Minors MNO Mobile Banking (m-Banking Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) Mobile Financial Services (MFS) Mobile Financial Service Provider (MFSP) Mobile Financial Services Provide (MFSP) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) Mobile payments Mobile payments (m-Payments) Mobile purse Mobile wallet Money Money Laundering (ML) m-Payments m-pesa National Consumer Commission National Payment System National Payment System Act (NPSA) Non-Banks NPSA Orthodox school Oversight Payment instrument Payments law Pooled accounts Position paper Proportional regulation Prudential Regulation PSD PSPL PSRA Redeemable funds Regulator's dilemma Regulatory capture Remittances (RICA) (South Africa) Security SIM Card SIPS South African Reserve Bank SOV Specie Store of Value (SOV) Stored Value Account (SVA) Subscriber Supervison Systemic risk Telecommunications Transformational banking Trust accounts Unbanked Underserved Underbanked Unit of account United Dominions Trust (UDT) Unjustified enrichment USA Value Added Services (VAS) Wallet WASP WASPA Additive banking Regulatory arbitrage 346.82120680285 Banks and banking, mobile --South Africa
17	Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services Perlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links) The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds. \| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D. Agents Airtime transfer Airtime -based SOV Allocation of loss Allocation of risk Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Aristotle Australian school Auto-subscription Banks Banks Act Bilateral Juristic Act Bottom of Pyramid Branchless Banking BSD Business of banking Cash-In /Cash out Central Bank Claim school Competition Commission Condictiones Consumer protection Consumer Protection Act (CPA) Contract law Convergence CTF Dedicated Banks Bill Delict Regulatory philosophies Deposits Deposit-taking Directives Dodd-Frank Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic money (e-money) Electronic Money Directive (EMD) European Union (EU) FA Mann Fiat Fiat-based SOV FICA Financial inclusion Financial literacy Foley v Hill Hacking ICASA Kenya KYC Legal capacity m-Banking Means of exchange Means of payment MFS MFSP Miller v Race Minors MNO Mobile Banking (m-Banking Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) Mobile Financial Services (MFS) Mobile Financial Service Provider (MFSP) Mobile Financial Services Provide (MFSP) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) Mobile payments Mobile payments (m-Payments) Mobile purse Mobile wallet Money Money Laundering (ML) m-Payments m-pesa National Consumer Commission National Payment System National Payment System Act (NPSA) Non-Banks NPSA Orthodox school Oversight Payment instrument Payments law Pooled accounts Position paper Proportional regulation Prudential Regulation PSD PSPL PSRA Redeemable funds Regulator's dilemma Regulatory capture Remittances (RICA) (South Africa) Security SIM Card SIPS South African Reserve Bank SOV Specie Store of Value (SOV) Stored Value Account (SVA) Subscriber Supervison Systemic risk Telecommunications Transformational banking Trust accounts Unbanked Underserved Underbanked Unit of account United Dominions Trust (UDT) Unjustified enrichment USA Value Added Services (VAS) Wallet WASP WASPA Additive banking Regulatory arbitrage 346.82120680285 Banks and banking, mobile --South Africa

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