Magister Legum - LLM / After the establishment of the British Protectorate in the Busa‘idi Sultanate in 1890, the British colonial administration embarked on a policy of transforming the administration of Islamic law and its institutions which included the kadhi, liwali and mudir courts. The ultimate objective of the transformation process was to incorporate such institutions into the colonial enterprise and gradually reform them. Within a span of seven decades of their colonial rule in the Busa‘idi Sultanate, the British colonial authorities managed to transform the administration of Islamic law and its institutions. Key areas of the transformation process included the formalisation of the administration of Islamic law in which procedural laws related to MPL and wakf regulations were codified. Kadhi courts and wakf commissions were institutionalised and incorporated into the colonial apparatus. In the process of transforming the kadhi courts, the British colonial authorities adopted three major policies: institutional transformation, procedural transformation, and exclusion of criminal jurisdiction from kadhi courts. The focus of the transformation process was on the curtailment of kadhis powers. By 1916 criminal jurisdiction was removed from kadhis and their civil jurisdiction was gradually confined to MPL. Other significant areas of the transformation process were the wakf institutions and slavery. Wakf institutions were related to land issues which were crucial to the colonial politics and the abolition of slavery in the Busa‘idi Sultanate was a primary concern of the British colonial administration. Through policies of compromise and coercion, the British colonial officials managed to gradually abolish slavery without causing political or social upheavals in the Sultanate. Due to the fact that there was no uniform policy on the transformation exercise undertaken by the British colonial officials on the ground, the reform process was marked with transformative contradictions which seemed to be a hallmark of British colonial policy in the Busa‘idi Sultanate. For instance, British colonial policies on transforming wakf institutions were caught in a contradiction in that, on the one hand, colonial efforts were geared towards transforming the land system in order to achieve economic development, and on the other hand, the British colonial officials were keen to uphold a paternalistic approach of adopting a non-interference policy in respect of religious institutions. Similarly, in abolishing slavery, the British colonial government, on the one hand, was under pressure from philanthropists and missionaries to end slavery, and, on the other hand, the British colonial officials on the ground portrayed their support of the slave owners and advocated a gradual approach to abolish slavery. Findings of this thesis reveal that the British colonial administration managed to achieve complete reform in some cases, such as, the abolition of liwali and mudir courts and confining kadhis’ civil jurisdiction to MPL, while in other areas, such as, the management of wakf institutions and the abolition of slavery, the British faced resistance from the Sultans and their subjects which resulted in partial reforms. Hence, in the process of transforming the administration of Islamic law and its institutions in the Busa‘idi Sultanate, the British colonial administration adopted a dual policy of reforming and retreating. / South Africa

This dissertation focuses on the relationship between cotton, slavery and finance. At its core is a consideration of the Atlantic credit networks that supported the cultivation of cotton across the antebellum South. Planters relied on credit to finance their operating costs from year to year. The credit they received from British merchant banking houses made slavery a tenable labor regime in the antebellum South and enabled the plantation complex to function. This in turn contributed to the expansion of the American economy. The evolution of banking practices and credit mechanisms prompted by the burgeoning trade in cotton and the banking infrastructure developed to support this activity stimulated British industrialization and economic growth. The links between slavery and the development of an Anglo-American financial world are traced here through an examination of cotton sales, consignments and advances made to Southern planters. This dissertation highlights how cotton and the long reach of international finance in turn shaped banking practices across the Atlantic world. / History

This dissertation is a comparative analysis of the uses of tropes of marginality in American, Caribbean, British, and African fiction that engages with the aftermaths of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery. This study begins by exploring the utility of the frame of Paul Gilroy's concept of the "black Atlantic" as a heuristic model for understanding encounters with slavery and the slave trade as phases of an emerging capitalist modernity. I suggest that, within this heuristic framework, marginality is always variable, contingent and changing. Several positions of marginality might even emerge in conflict with each other, since the ideological deployments of slavery in the U.S., the Caribbean, and in African countries are not always in concert. In fact, it is through the study of conflicts and tensions between such seemingly unified marginalities that their differences become discernible. As a result, the common theme in the texts I examine is the need to create communities of listeners who can discern the transformations of the colonising moment in the disparate sites of the diaspora. The practice of listening is a step in apprehending the forms of marginalisation and occlusions of the violence of colonisation that continue at different sites. In the five chapters of this dissertation, I read stories by Edgar Allan Poe and Herman Melville, and novels by Richard Wright, Toni Morrison, Caryl Phillips, Maryse Conde, Joseph Conrad, Ayi Kwei Armah, Amos Tutuola, Yaw Boateng, and Syl Cheney- Coker. I focus, particularly, on the use of animals, spatial boundaries, literacy, orality, and tropes of listening in the selected texts. I show that these authors use the opposition of visual and aural metaphors to draw attention to the limits of their characters' knowledge in order to highlight the situatedness of each character in processes of marginalisation that continue to unfold. Further, as much as these narratives excavate the afterlives of slavery, they are also engaged in the task of differentiating them in order to identify the necessary site-specific tasks of reparation or repair. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

A largely quantitative view of the institution of slavery in Hempstead County, Arkansas, this work does not describe the everyday lives of slaveholders and slaves. Chapters examine the origins, expansion, economics, and demise of slavery in the county. Slavery was established as an important institution in Hempstead County at an early date. The institution grew and expanded quickly as slaveholders moved into the area and focused the economy on cotton production. Slavery as an economic institution was profitable to masters, but it may have detracted from the overall economic development of the county. Hempstead County slaveholders sought to protect their slave property by supporting the Confederacy and housing Arkansas's Confederate government through the last half of the war.

Orientador: Robert Wayne Andrew Slenes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:55:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraccaro_LauraCandian_M.pdf: 1045553 bytes, checksum: 0dcb45d29030b5c8e37a4cbdabd9095a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A Vila de São Carlos, atualmente Campinas, passou por transformações intensas durante todo o século XIX. Em menos de meio século, a economia da Vila de São Carlos passou de um modo doméstico de produção para uma economia baseada no valor de mercado. Já na década de 1830, conseguiu se estabelecer como produtora de um terço da produção de açúcar da província de São Paulo. As terras passaram a ser disputadas por grandes produtores que, de diversas maneiras, buscavam retirar os pequenos agricultores de suas propriedades. Os libertos que na terra trabalhavam conviviam com a ameaça de perder sua produção e de se endividar. O comércio feito por libertas passou a ser regulado, fiscalizado e perseguido tanto pelas autoridades como por outros comerciantes. Como trabalhadores livres, os egressos da escravidão e seus descendentes viram a precariedade se instalar em suas vidas. Na busca para entender como esse processo do capitalismo afetou diretamente a trajetória dessas pessoas, analiso os diferentes padrões de acumulação alcançados por diferentes gerações e as suas respectivas estratégias para garantir a subsistência. A metodologia estabelecida foi o cruzamento nominativo, no qual cruzo os nomes de pessoas relacionadas como pardas encontradas nas Listas de Habitantes da Vila de São Carlos de 1801 e 1829 com os processos da base de dados do Tribunal de Justiça de Campinas / Abstract: The township of San Carlos, now Campinas, went through intense changes during the 19th century. In less than 50 years, it went from a domestic mode of production to an economy based on exchange and market value. In the 1830s, it produced one-third of the production of sugar of the province of Sao Paulo. The land began to be disputed by large producers who sought in various ways to remove small farmers from their properties. The freedmen who worked the land, lived with the threat of losing their means of production, and of falling into debt. In this process of social and economic expropriation of the lower classes, the freedwomen engaged in commerce were subjected to increasing regulation and supervision and were harassed by the authorities as well as by other merchants. As free workers, freed slaves and their descendants saw their lives become more and more precarious. Seeking to understand how the advance of capitalism directly affected the trajectory of these people, I analyze the different patterns of accumulation and strategies for survival that characterized different generations The methodology applied was that of nominative record linkage names of people identified as "pardos" in the Lists of Inhabitants of the township of San Carlos, between 1801 and 1829 were cross-referenced with the names of the principal judicial and probate documents / Mestrado / Historia Social / Mestra em História

Orientador: Silvia Hunold Lara / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:19:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_RoberioSantos_D.pdf: 2979635 bytes, checksum: 7e864f5ab8942b61da96d67123db4380 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A tese trata dos trabalhadores das obras de construção da ferrovia que ligava Salvador a Alagoinhas, pela Bahia and San Francisco Railway Company, no período entre 1858-1863 na Província da Bahia. De um modo geral, a sua estrutura está organizada em cinco capítulos que correspondem à análise da atuação dos empresários ingleses, das formas de recrutamento da mão-de-obra, da constituição formal das relações de trabalho e das várias experiências compartilhadas pela multidão de homens imigrantes e nacionais, livres, libertos e escravos engajados nas obras da ferrovia baiana. Foram utilizadas, principalmente, fontes administrativas da companhia inglesa responsável pelas obras, completadas pela correspondência entre os engenheiros e as autoridades provinciais bem como documentos policiais e iconográficos. A historiografia brasileira geralmente caracteriza as últimas décadas do século XIX como um período de "transição do trabalho escravo para o trabalho livre e assalariado". Esta análise normalmente concebe a escravidão como oposta à experiência da liberdade ou enfatiza o trabalho escravo como antagônico ao trabalho livre e assalariado no século XIX. De modo diverso, esta tese ressalta que as fronteiras entre a escravidão e a liberdade podiam ser muitas vezes tênues na sociedade escravista oitocentista, tornando as experiências de trabalhadores escravos, libertos e livres pobres ambíguas, indeterminadas e precárias. Apesar de considerar as diferenças de condição entre esses trabalhadores, a tese argumenta que as experiências comuns de exploração bem como as ambiguidades e a precariedade da vida em liberdade forjaram, naquele contexto, uma identidade social entre os livres e os escravizados / Abstract: This thesis examines the laborers who took part in the construction of the railroad that connected Salvador to Alagoinhas, by the Bahia and San Francisco Railway Company, in the period from 1858-1863 in the province of Bahia. Overall, its structure is organized into five chapters that correspond to an analysis of the actions of the English businessmen, the forms of recruitment of manpower, the formal establishment of the working relationships, and the various shared experiences of the multitude of immigrant and national men -- free, freed, and slaves -- involved in the works of the Bahian railroad. We use primarily administrative records of the English company responsible for the works, supplemented by the correspondence between the engineers and the provincial authorities, as well as police documents and iconographic records. The Brazilian historiography generally characterizes the last decades of the 19th century as a period of "transition from slave labor to free and salaried labor". This analysis normally conceives of slavery as the opposite of the experience of liberty or emphasizes slave labor as antagonistic to free and salaried labor in the 19th century. In contrast, this thesis stresses that the frontiers between slavery and freedom could often be tenuous in the slaveholding society of the 1800s, making the experiences of slave laborers, freed laborers, and poor free laborers ambiguous, indeterminate and precarious. Despite considering the differences in condition between these workers, the thesis argues that the common experiences of exploitation, as well as the ambiguities and the precariousness of life in freedom, forged, in that context, a social identity between the free and the enslaved / Doutorado / Historia Social / Doutor em História

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Modern Slavery is a complex type of crime. It may take many forms starting from the forced labor, servitude, sexual exploitation, organ harvesting, slavery, to trafficking and others. UK’s Modern Slavery Act, 2015 is undoubtedly an admirable effort to tackle such heinous crimes in the society however the act is criticized as weak regarding the victim support and wellbeing during and after the identification. All potential victims upon consent are referred at first by the first responders to National Referral Mechanism (NRM) process which is a UK framework adopted in 2009 in line with the council of Europe’s directives to identify & support victims of modern slavery. There are two separate guidance’s regarding the NRM process one is for England & Wales and the other is for Scotland & Northern Ireland. The aim of this literature review study is to explore the wellbeing status of the modern slavery victims during the post identification (NRM) period and how does the act support such victims. The study finds that it lacks a needs-based support system for victims that addresses issues like safe housing, advocacy, adequate so called “reflection and recovery” time period of support resulting in poor trust and confidence among the victim groups upon the authorities. Moreover, structural changes like amendments to the labor, immigration laws are required to make a long-term meaningful impact on the lives of the victims. At last the author provides some recommendations about the matters affecting the lives of the victims the most.

This dissertation presents an account of fugitivity in poetic form as well as political practice. In this account, fugitivity is an ecological strategy of resistance to enslavement, where ecology describes both the set of relations orchestrated between words on a page and the set of relations between species, including humans, on the plantation. In order to understand fugitivity as an ecological strategy, I examine the mutual imbrication of nascent theories of race and ecology in the long nineteenth century. I thus present two competing theories of race and ecology, each of which carries distinct poetic implications. The first, plantation poetics, is evident in poems written on and about plantations in the second half of the eighteenth-century. These poems, in their rigid poetic structures, reinforce the racial and ecological logics of the plantation, in which hierarchical relations between and within species are inherited from early natural histories, and are used to support both slavery and the monocultural cultivation of the plantation. In contrast to this system, I present a fugitive poetics that, sharing the theory of race and ecology as intertwined systems, turns that theory against the ends of the plantation and toward a poetics premised on shifting, porous relations, rather than hierarchies and containment. In so doing, I link fugitivity to a set of formal strategies that were fully operative in nineteenth-century poetics, ecological thought, and political resistance, and that remain relevant for political, ecological, and poetic thought to this day. Though this project follows a chronological trajectory, its aim is not to present a history of political resistance in the plantation era, nor even a history of poetic form in the nineteenth-century. Instead, it undertakes a strategic analysis of poetic form as necessarily linked to political resistance and to the long history of environmental racism. The first chapter establishes the colonialist poetic tradition I call plantation poetics, tied to maintenance of the ecological enclosure of the plantation. In the work of James Grainger, John Singleton, and Edward Rushton, I argue that the poetic line came to stand in for both the lines of the plantation and the delineation of racial hierarchy so yoked to the natural histories of the eighteenth century. The chapters that follow offer several different models of fugitive poetics, in the work of George Moses Horton and the editors of Freedom’s Journal, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Emily Dickinson, and Albery Allson Whitman. While each of these writers engages with ecology and political domination differently, all of them combine political and ecological investments to create a poetic project that resists the plantation poetics of colonization. The distinct strategies employed by each writer teach us what poetic strategies, and what fugitive practices, are best suited to our current moment of ecological and political crisis.