Comportamentos alimentares noturnos inadequados (CANI) são caracterizados por comportamento alimentar desorganizado exclusivamente durante o período da noite. Seus portadores apresentam comportamento alimentar diurno normal sem evidência de sintomas típicos de bulimia nervosa, transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica ou hiperfagia psicogênica. É possível diferenciar duas síndromes distintas: a síndrome alimentar noturna (SAN) e o distúrbio alimentar relacionado ao sono (DARS). Este estudo avaliou voluntários portadores de CANI clinicamente e polissonograficamente, objetivando a identificação da presença de co-morbidades psiquiátricas, de comportamento alimentar e o padrão de sono. Para tanto foram convocados através da mídia indivíduos portadores de comportamento alimentar noturno inadequado caracterizado por episódios de ingestão alimentar hipercalórica noturna ocorrendo após o jantar ou refeição equivalente e antes de iniciado o sono e/ou presença de episódios bem definidos de ingestão alimentar após o início do sono, contando com um ou mais despertares noturnos com objetivo de comer ou beber; com idades entre 18 e 50 anos e com disponibilidade para participar dos protocolos da pesquisa. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de investigação uma anamnese clínica inicial, a Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para Transtornos do Eixo I do DSM-IV - SCID-I/P, o Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire (BNSQ), os diários de registros alimentar e de sono, além da realização de polissonografia. Responderam espontaneamente à convocação 138 indivíduos que inicialmente foram entrevistados por telefone. Destes, identificou-se que 79 indivíduos (57%) possuíam sintomas sugestivos de comportamento alimentar noturno inadequado, sem co-morbidade clínica associada que justificasse os sintomas. Compareceram efetivamente para participação da pesquisa 38 indivíduos. Destes 78,95% eram do sexo feminino, com idades médias de 42,21 ± 8,89anos no momento as avaliação, com IMC médio de 32,21 ± 7,58 Kg/m2 e idade média de início dos sintomas de 30,47 ± 8,82 anos. Aproximadamente 78,8% dos pacientes apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade. Avaliação de padrão alimentar revelou que 76,32% dos participantes apresentavam-se nada ou pouco faminto ao acordar pela manhã e 76,32% deles fazem a primeira refeição após as 09h. Em torno de 42,1% dos entrevistados apresentavam bastante ou extremo desejo para fazer lanches no período entre o jantar e a hora de dormir. O consumo alimentar diário superior a 50% após o jantar foi referido por 31,77% dos participantes avaliados, sendo que 60,53% afirmam consumir entre 25 e 50% do total alimentar diário após o jantar. Em torno de 57,9% afirmaram apresentar bastante ou extremo desejo ou urgência para realizar lanches quando acorda no meio da noite e 71% referiram que apresentam pelo menos um tanto de necessidade de comer para conseguir voltar a dormir. Referem estar conscientes durante o evento 78,9% dos voluntários, sendo que 44,7% apresentam nenhum ou pouco controle sobre este comportamento. Na avaliação do padrão de sono, 84% referiram acordar no meio da noite de 3 a 7 dias por semana, apresentando pelo menos 2 despertares por noite 68,4% deles. Queixaram-se de sono de má qualidade 47,4% dos voluntários e 26,3% apresentam necessidade de cochilos diurnos em 3 a 7 dias por semana. A avaliação da polissonografia revelou um aumento do índice de micro-despertares em 81,8% dos participantes avaliados, com redução da eficiência do sono abaixo da faixa considerada normal em 45,45% deles. O tempo total de vigília após iniciado o sono esteve aumentado em cerca de 80% dos voluntários com tempo médio de 60,43 ± 39,87 minutos. Pelo menos um diagnóstico psiquiátrico foi realizado em 71% dos voluntários. Transtornos do humor foram os diagnósticos mais prevalentes (57,89%), seguido de transtorno de ansiedade (13,16%). Em torno de 34,21% dos participantes já fizeram uso de benzodiazepínicos, entre eles lorazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, midazolam, diazepam e bromazepam, objetivando melhora da qualidade de sono. Foi possível identificar sintomas típicos de SAN na amostra de voluntários avaliados apresentando hiperfagia noturna, anorexia matinal e episódio recorrentes de despertares notunos para ingestão de alimentos. Além de apresentarem pior qualidade de sono, com aumento dos despertares noturnos e conseqüente redução da eficiência do sono. Não foi identificado nenhum indivíduo com sintomas sugestivos de DARS. Com o presente, apesar de a amostra ser limitada em números de participantes, foi possível identificar que portadores de SAN apresentam piora de qualidade de sono, redução da eficiência do sono, aumento do índice de micro-despertares, aumento da prevalência de co-morbidades psiquiátricas e aumento da prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade / Inadequate nocturnal eating behaviors (INEB) are characterized by disorganized feeding patterns occurring exclusively at night. These patients present a normal diurnal eating pattern without evidence of typical symptoms of bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder or psychogenic overeating. It is possible to differentiate two distinct syndromes: night eating syndrome (NES) and sleep related eating disorders (SRED). This study evaluated volunteers with clinical and polysomnographic INEB, identifying the presence of psychiatric comorbidities, the behavior of food intake and sleep patterns. It was called individuals with night eating episodes characterized by inadequate intake of high calorie food at night after dinner and before the beginning of sleep and/or the presence of episodes of food intake after sleep, with at least one awakening in order to eat or drink, aged between 18 and 50 years and with availability to participate in protocols. Were used as research tools and an initial clinical history, the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I Disorders DSM-IV - SCID-I / P, the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire (BNSQ), the daily records of food and sleep, addition to polysomnography. Spontaneously responded to the call 138 individuals and then they were initially interviewed by telephone. Of these, we identified that 79 individuals (57%) had symptoms suggestive of inadequate nocturnal eating behavior. Third-eight individuals were effectively part of the research. Of these, 78.95% was female, mean age of 42.21 years at the time of evaluation, with an average BMI of 32.21 kg/m2 and mean age at onset of symptoms was 30.47 years. Approximately 78.8% of patients were overweight or obese. Evaluation of dietary habits revealed that 76.32% of participants had become nothing or a little hungry when they wake up in the morning and 76.32% of them make the first meal after 09h. Around 42.1% were very or extreme desire to make snacks at the period between dinner and bedtime. The daily food intake more than 50% after the dinner was reported by 31.77% of participants assessed, and 60.53% say that consume between 25 and 50% of total daily food intake after dinner. Around 57.9% said they have extreme urgency or desire to make snacks when wake up in the middle of the night and 71% said they have at least \"somewhat\" need to eat to get back to sleep. A report being conscious during the event 78.9% of the volunteers, and 44.7% says have no or little control over this behavior. In the assessment of sleep patterns, 84% reported waking up at night 3 to 7 days a week, with at least two awakenings per night was reported by 68.4% of them. The complaint of poor sleep quality was reported by 47.4% of the volunteers and 26.3% of them have need for daytime naps in 3 to 7 days a week. The evaluation of polysomnography showed an increase in the rate of micro-arousals in 81.8% of participants evaluated with reduced sleep efficiency below the range considered normal in 45.45% of them. The total time awake after falling asleep was increased by about 81% of volunteers with a mean of 60.43 minutes. At least one psychiatric diagnosis was performed in 71% of the volunteers. Mood disorders were the most prevalent diagnosis (57.89%), followed by anxiety disorder (13.16%). Around 34.21% of the participants have made use of benzodiazepines, including lorazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, midazolam, diazepam and bromazepam, aiming at improving the quality of sleep. It was possible to identify symptoms of SAN in the sample of subjects studied as nocturnal hyperphagia, morning anorexia and recurrent episodes of awakenings for snacks. Associated with poor sleep quality with increased awakenings and consequent reduction of sleep efficiency. It was not find any individual with symptoms suggestive of SRED. With this, even though the sample is limited in numbers of participants, that patients with SAN have a lower quality of sleep, increased prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities and increased prevalence of obesity

The elderly population in the United States is growing rapidly, presenting increasing challenges in health care provision. One of the most salient and complex issues facing the elderly is cognitive impairment. This condition often leads to dementia and has a significant quality of life and financial impact. One of the most common and preventable causes of cognitive decline is heart disease, specifically atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD). This condition is related to myriad health risk factors and conditions, including sleep disorders. The current study examined 51 adults between the ages of 55 and 88 with a diagnosis of AVD. Participants were divided into sleep disordered (N = 20) and non sleep disordered (N =31) groups and compared in terms of fatigue, performance on neuropsychological testing, and a marker of inflammatory pathology. Participants with sleep disorders and AVD reported significantly greater levels of daytime fatigue and performed significantly more poorly on objective cognitive testing than those with AVD alone. Implications for the relationship of disordered sleep, AVD, and cognition as well as future research directions are discussed.

Hypoxia is a common feature of many respiratory disorders including acute severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia. Hypoxia also occurs during sleep - disordered breathing in conditions such as sleep hypoventilation syndrome and sleep apnea. In most respiratory diseases hypoxia is coupled with increased respiratory load. Compensatory protective mechanisms are activated to oppose these impediments to respiration. However, hypoxia is associated with impaired neurocognitive function and recent studies have demonstrated that hypoxia suppresses respiratory load perception in healthy individuals and asthma patients. These recent findings raise the possibility that a variety of protective physiological reflex responses to increased respiratory load may be impaired during periods of hypoxia. The effects of hypoxia on several of these protective responses and possible mechanisms of respiratory sensory depression by hypoxia are explored in the experiments outlined in this thesis. In the first study, the respiratory related evoked potential ( RREP ) was used to investigate the mechanisms underlying hypoxia - induced suppression of respiratory load sensation in healthy individuals. As a positive control the effects of hypoxia on respiratory load perception to inspiratory resistive loads were also measured. The amplitude of the first and second positive peaks ( P1 and P2 ) of the RREP were significantly reduced during hypoxia. P1 is thought to reflect the arrival of the ascending respiratory signals to the somatosensory area of the cortex. The perceived magnitude of externally applied inspiratory resistive loads was also reduced during hypoxia. These data provide further support that hypoxia suppresses respiratory load perception and suggest that this is mediated, at least in part, by suppression of respiratory afferent information prior to its arrival at the cortex. In the second study, the effects of acute sustained hypoxia on the cough reflex threshold and cough tachyphylaxis to inhaled capsaicin were explored in healthy individuals. Acute sustained hypoxia suppressed cough reflex sensitivity to inhaled capsaicin. This finding raises the possibility that the cough reflex, important for protecting the lungs from inhalation or aspiration of potentially injurious substances and for clearing excess secretions, may be impaired during acute exacerbations of hypoxic - respiratory disease. In the third study, reflex responses of the genioglossus and scalene muscles to brief pulses of negative airway pressure were compared between hypoxia and normoxia during wake and sleep in healthy males in the supine position. Cortical RREPs to the same stimuli were also examined under these conditions. The genioglossus is the largest upper airway ( UA ) dilator muscle and can be reflexively augmented in response to negative UA pressure. A diminished response of this muscle during sleep has been postulated to be a contributing mechanism to obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA ) in individuals with an anatomically narrow UA. Cortical activation ( i.e. arousal ) to sudden airway narrowing in OSA is an important protective response to help restore ventilation during an obstructive event. In this study, genioglossus reflex responses to negative pressure pulse stimuli were maintained during mild overnight hypoxia. Conversely, reflex inhibition of the scalene muscle to the same stimuli was prolonged during hypoxia. In addition, a previously undescribed morphology of the genioglossus negative pressure reflex consisting of activation followed by suppression was observed with greater suppression during sleep than wake. The amplitude of the P2 component of the RREP was also significantly reduced during hypoxia. In summary, the potential mechanisms underlying hypoxia - induced suppression of respiratory load sensation and the effects of hypoxia on several protective respiratory responses have been investigated in healthy subjects. The potential implications of these findings for patients with hypoxic - respiratory disease are discussed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2006.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Background: Sleep disorders have been poorly described in children and adolescents diagnosed with FASD. The objective of this study is to describe the sleep and circadian rhythm characteristics of children with FASD using overnight polysomnography, sleep questionnaires, and the Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO) test. To our knowledge, no comprehensive studies of this nature have been conducted. Methods: Children ages 6-18 years diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) were recruited from various FASD clinics to the Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre in Toronto. After medical consultation, each participant had one night of overnight polysomnography, as well as an additional night of DLMO. Participants completed various sleep and FASD questionnaires. Results: Significant differences were found when comparing the sleep architecture of FASD participants to normative data. There was a high prevalence of sleep disorders in this sample. Most of the melatonin profiles of the FASD participants were found to be abnormal.

Background: Sleep disorders have been poorly described in children and adolescents diagnosed with FASD. The objective of this study is to describe the sleep and circadian rhythm characteristics of children with FASD using overnight polysomnography, sleep questionnaires, and the Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO) test. To our knowledge, no comprehensive studies of this nature have been conducted. Methods: Children ages 6-18 years diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) were recruited from various FASD clinics to the Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre in Toronto. After medical consultation, each participant had one night of overnight polysomnography, as well as an additional night of DLMO. Participants completed various sleep and FASD questionnaires. Results: Significant differences were found when comparing the sleep architecture of FASD participants to normative data. There was a high prevalence of sleep disorders in this sample. Most of the melatonin profiles of the FASD participants were found to be abnormal.

Clinical professionals in South Africa are generally unaware of the impact of obstructive sleep apnoea (OS A). The cost to the state of untreated apnoea may be extremely high. In primary health care encounters OSA often goes undiagnosed. The cascade of symptoms linked to OSA is profound, placing patients at risk for debilitating problems impacting on self and others. The aim of this study was to validate a questionnaire, which could be used at a primary health care level to identify patients with OSA thus cutting costs and improving efficient, effective and ethical service to patients. The Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) (Netzer et al. 1999) was administered to a clinical sample of consenting patients at a private sleep laboratory in Durban, South Africa (N = 119)(completed n = 110). Home-based sleep studies (n = 116) on a portable cardio-respiratory screening device were also obtained for objective comparison. From the results obtained in this South African sample, the BQ showed low validity and reliability (Cronbach a = 0.62 - 0.84) to individual items of the BQ. The total BQ score and high-risk symptom category analysis showed mildly significant correlations with internationally approved protocols. The BQ identified 60% of the high-risk group (AHI >5). Furthermore, risk categories were useful in predicting AHI ratings in 64% of moderate OSA cases and 25% of severe OSA cases. The BQ therefore has useful psychometric properties as an adjunct assessment tool to screen for high-risk OSA cases where resources are scant. Clinical health psychologists are in an ideal position to recognise the risk factors and symptoms of OSA. The clinical assessment and the value of the correct diagnosis will alleviate the treatment of psychological symptoms at a superficial level in primary health care facilities. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

Although a broad range of neuropsychological deficits have been reported to occur in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), few studies have examined the executive functions in this patient group. The executive functions provide conscious control of the more basic cognitive functions and play an important role in daily living. They include capacities such as concept formation, planning, cognitive flexibility and resistance to interference. This study compared the performance of groups of moderate and severe OSAS patients with a group of unaffected individuals (N=24), on five tests of executive functioning. Two indices of sleep disordered breathing, sleep fragmentation and . hypoxemia, obtained from overnight polysomnography, were respectively used to categorise participants. ID patients with severe OSAS, executive function deficits were evident, while in those with moderate OSAS these abilities appeared largely intact. Further analyses revealed that the observed findings could not be attributed to differences in vigilance. These results suggest a discontinuity in the manifestation of executive function deficits between moderate and severe OSAS patients. There may be a threshold of OSAS severity, which if exceeded, impairments tend to occur. The magnitude of the impairment in patients with severe OSAS may be sufficient to interfere with daily cognitive functioning. Further research is needed both to replicate these findings and to establish the underlying pathogenesis of these deficits. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Att arbeta skift har visat sig vara en stressfaktor som påverkar både sömn och hälsa negativt och inom sjukvården kan även patientsäkerheten äventyras om personalen är utmattad på grund av sömnbrist. Syfte Syfte med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva vilka faktorer som påverkar sömnen och kan medföra sömnstörningar, samt vilka preventiva åtgärder som kan leda till förbättrad sömn hos skiftarbetande vårdspersonal. Metod Resultatet bygger på tio vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade under åren 2007-2013. Dessa söktes genom databaserna Cinahl, PsykINFO och PubMed. Resultat I analysen av artiklarna framkom att skiftarbete som inkräktar på normala sömntider har en uppenbart skadlig effekt på sömnen med svårigheter att somna och sömnighet under både arbetstid och ledighet. Utmärkande var att stigande ålder och låg stresströskel (hardiness) ökade risken för sömnstörningar. Att ges möjlighet till tupplur under nattpass var en viktig åtgärd för att förebygga trötthet och främja hälsan hos skiftarbetande vårdpersonal. Slutsats Eftersom skiftarbete i sig har en uppenbart skadlig effekt på sömnen så är det av största vikt att ge vårdpersonalen bästa möjliga förutsättningar för att bibehålla sin hälsa på sikt. Förutom att planera för bra skiftscheman med schemalagd rast samt möjlighet att sova på nattpassen, bör man ta hänsyn till vårdpersonalens ålder och stresstålighet (hardiness). / ABSTRACT Background Working shift has been shown to be a stressor that impacts both sleep and health negatively and within the healthcare also the patient safety could be affected if the personnel are fatigued due to sleep deprivation. Aim The aim of the literature review was to describe which factors that influences sleep and can lead to insomnia, and which preventive actions that could lead to improved sleep among shift working healthcare personnel. Methods The analysis included then scientific articles (between year 2007-2013). The literature was sought from the databases Cinahl, PsykINFO och PubMed. Result The result showed that shift work that interfere with normal sleep times has an obvious harmful effect on sleep with difficulty falling asleep, and sleepiness during working time as well as leisure time. Significant was that age and low hardiness increased the risk for insomnia. To be able to take a nap during the nightshift was an important action to prevent sleepiness and promote health among shift working healthcare personnel. Conclusion Due to the fact that shift work in itself has an obvious harmful effect on sleep, it is of great importance to ensure the best possible conditions to retain health within the health care personnel in the long term. Beside planning for good shift systems, including night brake with possibility to take a nap, it is important to take age and hardiness into consideration.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1989. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [62]-66).