Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T17:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marrara_DaniloAparecidoFaveri_M.pdf: 739626 bytes, checksum: a356e874839131fd6c648e10f03c0b05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A filtração lenta é uma alternativa viável para regiões rurais afastadas dos grandes centros urbanos que necessitam de um sistema de tratamento de água de baixo custo de implantação, assim, presente trabalho avaliou a eficiência e o desempenho da filtração lenta em uma instalação piloto de filtração em areia e manta não tecida, e carvão ativado, precedida de um pré-filtro em pedregulho para tratamento de efluente de um sistema composto um de reator anaeróbio compartimentado e de leitos cultivados (wetlands) para tratamento de esgoto doméstico. Ênfases específicas foram dadas na avaliação da Filtração Lenta com meio filtrante de areia e manta não tecida e meio filtrante de areia com camada de carvão ativado granular e manta não tecida. Para uma taxa de filtração média de 3 m3/m2.dia, obteve-se uma eficiência média na remoção de sólidos em suspensão de 36,2% para o filtro lento de carvão e areia e manta não tecida e 28,2% para o filtro lento de areia e manta não tecida. A eficiência na remoção de turbidez foi de 43,2% no filtro de carvão e areia e manta não tecida e 33,2% no filtro de areia e manta não tecida. Para a cor obteve-se uma eficiência média de 39,3% para o filtro lento com camada de carvão e areia e manta não tecida e 26,0% para o filtro lento de areia e manta não tecida. A eficiência média na remoção de coliformes totais foi de 74,6% para o filtro lento de carvão e areia e manta não tecida e de 57,6% para o filtro lento de areia e manta não tecida. A remoção média de E.coli foi de 72,7% para o filtro lento de carvão e areia e manta não tecida e de 70,8% para o filtro lento de areia e manta não tecida. Devido à simplicidade de construção e operação, o filtro lento de carvão e areia e manta não tecida pode ser aplicado para tratamento de efluentes domésticos em pequenas comunidades bem como pode ser utilizado para melhorar a qualidade de um efluente a ser lançado em corpos d¿água ou se utilizar desta tecnologia simples para tratar água para fins de reuso / Abstract: The slow sand filtration is a viable economic alternative for small communities moved away from the great urban centers. This work evaluated the efficiency of a slow filter with sand layer, activated carbon and non-woven synthetic fabric, compared with a slow filter of sand and non-woven synthetic fabric to treat constructed wetland effluent. The results had shown the removal of 74,6% of total coliforms for the slow sand filter with activated carbon and 57.6% for the slow sand filter without activated carbon. The solid reduction was 36,2% for the filter with activated carbon and 26.2% for the filter without activated carbon. For the turbidity, the reduction of 43,2% for the filter with activated carbon against 33,2% for the filter without activated carbon, and for color the filter with activated carbon got 39.3% of efficiency against 26,0% for the filter without activated carbon. Due to simplicity of construction and operation, the slow sand filter with activated carbon, sand and non-woven synthetic fabric can be applied for treatment of domestic sewer in small communities and can be used to improve the quality of an effluent to be launched in water or use this simple technology to water treatment and water reuse / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Jose Euclides Stipp Paterniani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T19:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pelegrini_NubiaNataliadeBrito_D.pdf: 996195 bytes, checksum: 77e195562e461a19e9d3b633f0f102c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Atualmente, uma das maiores preocupações ambientais está relacionada à grande geração de resíduos sólidos urbano. A disposição final em aterros sanitários é ainda uma prática que traz sérios impactos ao meio ambiente. Os resíduos em decomposição geram uma fração líquida conhecida como percolado de aterro sanitário, que é um líquido escuro com elevado potencial poluente. Os métodos convencionais de tratamento, comumente empregados em esgotos, têm demonstrado ineficiência na remediação do percolado que tem sido descartado nos corpos receptores com intensa coloração, elevadas concentrações de matéria orgânica, metais tóxicos e apresentando ainda alta toxicidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar um sistema integrado para o tratamento do percolado proveniente do aterro sanitário da cidade de Limeira-SP. O sistema consistiu em um tratamento preliminar por processo de filtração lenta e seqüencial tratamento por processos oxidativos avançados, sendo que, as técnicas fotocatálise heterogênea com TiO2/UV e fotocatálise homogênea com H2O2/UV foram experimentadas no processo de remediação. O filtro lento foi constituído por um tanque cilíndrico de polipropileno tendo como meio filtrante areia e mantas sintéticas não tecidas. A taxa de filtração adotada durante os experimentos foi de 3 m3/m2.dia. Os tratamentos fotocatalíticos foram realizados em um reator de vidro Pyrex com capacidade volumétrica de 1,7 L (com dimensões de: 100 mm de diâmetro interno, 145 mm de diâmetro externo e altura total de 300 mm) equipado com refrigeração à água e sistema de recirculação interna do percolado. Para otimizar o processo de tratamento foi avaliada a melhor metodologia para minimizar a coloração do percolado, um dos parâmetros de maior dificuldade de remoção. Foram estudadas as combinações: filtração lenta seguida de fotocatálise e fotocatálise seguida de filtração lenta, sendo que a primeira proposta apresentou melhores resultados. Na seqüência foram avaliadas as tecnologias: fotocatálise heterogênea com TiO2/UV e fotocatálise homogênea com H2O2/UV. Os resultados apresentaram-se bastante satisfatório após a aplicação dos dois processos oxidativos avançados, com redução da coloração do percolado na ordem de: 66% em 180 min e 76% em 540 min de tratamento com a fotocatálise heterogênea, empregando 700 mg.L-1 de TiO2, temperatura 45°C, vazão de ar 15 L.min-1 e lâmpada de 400 Watts. Com a fotocatálise homogênea obteve-se 91% de descoloração em 90 min de tratamento empregando condições experimentais otimizadas: volume de H2O2 35 mL (concentração: 205 mg.L-1 H2O2) adicionados ao reator em alíquotas de 15 mL (início); 10 mL (30 minutos) e 10 mL (60 minutos), temperatura 45oC e lâmpada de 400 Watts. Após a fotocatálise homogênea também foi observado reduções consideráveis nos valores de vários parâmetros importantes para o controle ambiental, tais como: 90% de turbidez, 46% de carbono orgânico total (COT), 93% de fenóis totais e 97% de nitrogênio amoniacal. Ensaios toxicológicos empregando sementes hortaliças e flores demonstraram melhora significativa no potencial de germinação, apresentando possibilidade de utilização de uma maior concentração do percolado tratado na germinação das sementes, indicando que o sistema de tratamento estudado é capaz de reduzir também a toxicidade do percolado. / Abstract: Nowadays, one of the great environmental concerns is related to the great generation of urbane solid residues. The final disposition in sanitary landfill is a practice that still brings serious impacts to the environment. The residues goes through physical, chemical and biological decomposition processes, generating into a gas phase (mainly composed by CH4 and CO2) and a liquid phase known as leachate, that is a dark liquid with potential pollutant high. The conventional methods used in the treatment of this residue lead to a discharge with intense coloration, high organic matter concentration, toxic metals and high toxicity. This work had as objective to study a system integrated for the remediation of the leachate originating from the sanitary landfill of Limeira-SP city The system consisted in a preliminary treatment by a system of slow sand filtration and the subsequent treatment through advanced oxidative processes, such as: heterogeneous photocatalysis UV/TiO2 and homogeneous photocatalysis UV/H2O2. The slow sand filter was constituted by a polypropylene cylindrical tank, sand and non-woven synthetic fabrics. The filtration rate of 3 m3/m2.day was adopted during the experiments. The photocatalytic treatment was accomplished in a Pyrex glass reactor of approximately 1.7 L (100 mm of internal diameter, 145 mm of external diameter and total height of 300 mm). The experiments were carried out through water refrigeration and internal recirculation system of the leachate. To optimize the treatment process the best methodology it was evaluated to minimize the coloration of the leachate, one of the parameters of larger removal difficulty. They were studied the combinations: slow filtration followed by fotocatálise and fotocatálise followed by slow filtration, and the first proposal presented better results. In the sequence they were evaluated the technologies: photocatalysis UV/TiO2 and homogeneous photocatalysis UV/H2O2. The results were satisfactory after the application of the two advanced oxidativos processes, with leachate coloration reduction in the order of: 66% in 180 min and 76% in 540 min of treatment with the heterogeneous fotocatálise, using 700 mg.L-1 of TiO2, 45°C temperature, 15 L.min-1 air flow and 400 Watts lamp. The highest reduction of the leachate coloration was 91% using the following optimized experimental conditions: homogeneous photocatalysis with H2O2 35 mL added to the reactor in aliquots of 15 mL (starting), 10 mL (30 minutes), 10 mL (60 minutes), 45oC temperature, 400 Watts lamp and 90 minutes treatment time. After the homogeneous photocatalysis also was observed considerable reduction of the values of environmental control parameters, such as: 90% turbidez, 46% total organic carbon (TOC), 93% total phenols and 97% amoniacal nitrogen. For the toxicological studies the vegetables and flowers seeds germination potential after homogeneous photocatalytic treatment got better, presenting the possibility of use of a leachate concentration larger in the seeds germination in study, showing that the treatment can to also reduce the leachate toxicity. / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

O interesse na remoção de material orgânico no tratamento de águas de abastecimento surgiu em decorrência do aumento na poluição dos mananciais, da descoberta de novas doenças de veiculação hídrica e do melhor conhecimento das propriedades mutagênicas e carcinogênicas de poluentes orgânicos, entre eles os agroquímicos. Na presente pesquisa foi estudada a seqüência de processos de tratamento: pré-filtração; pré-oxidação com ozônio e ozônio associado ao peróxido de hidrogênio e filtração lenta com leito de areia e leito de carvão ativado granular. Para concentração de atrazina no afluente entre 2,2 e 110,3 µg/L o filtro lento de areia com camada intermediária de carvão ativado granular apresentou para a condição de não utilização de pré-oxidação valores para atrazina no efluente inferiores a 2,0 µg/L e para dose de ozônio entre 0,9 e 3,7 mg/L e para relação de peróxido de hidrogênio entre 0,1 e 1,1 valores para atrazina inferiores a 0,1 µg/L. O sistema de tratamento com pré-filtração, pré-oxidação com ozônio e ozônio associado ao peróxido de hidrogênio seguido da filtração lenta com camada intermediária de carvão ativado granular, mostrou-se eficiente na remoção de atrazina para concentrações inferiores a 0,1 µg/L. / The interest in removing organic matter in supplying waters treatment processes emerged from the increasing levels of water pollution worldwide, the discovery of new water-born diseases and of a better knowledge of mutating (mutagenic) and carcinogenic features of organic pollutants, including the pesticides. The two sequential arrangements for the water treatment process considered in this research were: 1) pre-filtration, slow sand filtration and granular activated carbon filtration; and 2) pre-filtration, pre-oxidation with ozone and ozone associated to hydrogen peroxide, slow sand filtration and granular activated carbon filtration. For concentrations of atrazine between 2.2 and 110.3 µg/L in the affluent, its concentration in the effluent was lower than 2.0 µg/L for the first arrangement, and lower than 01 µg/L for the second one, in this case for consumed doses of ozone between 0.9 and 3.7 mg/L and ratio H2O2/O3 between 0.1 and 1.1. The treatment system used composed of pre-filtration, pre-oxidation with ozone and ozone associated to hydrogen peroxide followed by the slow filtration, with an intermediate layer of granular activated carbon, was found efficient in reducing atrazine to levels inferior to 0.1 µg/L.

<p>Over 750 million people, 80% of whom live in rural communities, lack access to improved water sources. Even where an improved water source is easily accessible, recontamination and/or inadequate infrastructure may make it unsafe for human consumption. A lack of safe water leads to elevated rates of waterborne diseases and can exacerbate cycles of poverty by forcing individuals to miss school and work and to travel greater distances to secure better-quality water. Households in rural and remote communities may thus choose to use point-of-use treatment as a means of gaining greater control over their water quality and the health of their families. The BioSand Filter (BSF) is one such technology: it is an intermittently-operated household-scale slow sand filter currently used in over 70 nations around the world.</p> <p>This thesis situates point-of-use water treatment, and specifically the BSF, within the context of the relationship between water and health and the continuum of technologies used for water treatment. From this foundation, it presents the methodology and results of a study carried out to inform best-practices around BSF use by: (a) examining the effects on BSF media and filtration performance of physical disturbances that may commonly occur in the field; and (b) assessing whether the biological community within BSFs promotes nitrification that could produce elevated nitrate/nitrite levels.</p> <p>Results demonstrated that disturbing the filters through moving and side impacts caused marked sand compaction and decreased flow rates for plastic (Hydraid) BSFs. Although these decreased flow rates may contribute to user frustration and disuse, they were not associated with reduced filtration performance. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were well below WHO guidelines for all samples, but changes in nitrogen speciation suggested that nitrification was mediated by the biological community within the filters. Recommendations for practitioners and for future research are discussed in light of these findings.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The fate of antimicrobials entering the aquatic environment is an increasing concern for researchers and regulators, and recent research has focused on antimicrobial contamination from point sources, such as wastewater treatment facility outfalls. The terraccumulation of antimicrobials and mobility in diffuse pollution pathways should not be overlooked as a contributor to the spread of bacterial resistance and the resulting threat to human drug therapy. This review critically examines recent global trends of bacterial resistance, antimicrobial contaminant pathways from agriculture and water treatment processes, and the need to incorporate diffuse pathways into risk assessment and treatment system design. Slow sand filters are used in rural regions where source water may be subjected to antimicrobial contaminant loads from waste discharges and diffuse pollution. A simple model was derived to describe removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in slow sand filtration and calculate antimicrobial concentrations sorbed to the schmutzdecke at the end of a filtration cycle. Input parameters include water quality variables easily quantified by water system personnel and published adsorption, partitioning, and photolysis coefficients. Simulation results for three classes of antimicrobials suggested greater than 4-log removal from 1 ��g/L influent concentrations in the top 30 cm of the sand column, with schmutzdecke concentrations comparable to land-applied biosolids. Sorbed concentrations of the antimicrobial tylosin fed to a pilot filter were within one order of magnitude of the predicted concentration. To investigate the behavior of antimicrobial contaminants during multi-stage filtration, five compounds from four classes of antimicrobials were applied to a mature slow sand filter and roughing filter fed raw water from the Santiam River in Oregon during a 14-day challenge study. Antimicrobial removal efficiency of the filters was calculated from 0.2 mg/L influent concentrations using HPLC MS/MS. and sorption coefficients (K[subscript d], K[subscript oc], K[subscript om]) were calculated for schmutzdecke collected from a mature filter column. Sulfonamides had low sorption coefficients and were largely unaffected by multi-stage filtration. Lincomycin, trimethoprim, and tylosin exhibited higher sorption coefficients and limited mobility within the slow sand filter column. The lack of a significant increase in overall antimicrobial removal efficiency indicated biodegradation is less significant than sorption in multi-stage filtration. / Graduation date: 2004

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao daniela camplesi.pdf: 1230668 bytes, checksum: 56ed1f54e5e43d735ad2b69bff069adc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / The present work has evaluated the efficiency of an MSF system for treating supplying water on a pilot scale. A MSF pilot plant was located in the Water Treatment Station (WTS) area in Goianápolis- GO and fed by Sozinha stream. The plant was comprised of a dynamic prefilter (DPF) and a vertical upflowing pre-filter (VUF) in layers, both of them with different granular compositions; a slow sand filter (SSF); and a slow sand filter with activated carbon (SSFAC), which was called SEQ. 1. The second sequence of the trial, SEQ. 2, was comprised of a dynamic pre-filter (DPF) and a slow sand filter (SSF-2). The filtration rates in use were 24 and 48 m3/m2 a day for DPF, 12 e 24 m3/m2. day for APF; 3 e 6 m3/m2. day for SSF and SSFAC. The efficiency was evaluated by analyzing turbidity, apparent color, total suspended solids (TSS), as well as total thermo tolerant coliforms. The following items were evaluated: the filtration rates ranging effect onto the MSF unit trial system efficiencies; the MSF system efficiency comparison to the WTS complete cycling treatment; and the correlations between turbidity, color, and coliforms removals and the TSS removals. The results obtained from the trials have shown that DPF and VUF are important units for microorganisms and solid particles retaining, for it prepares the effluent in order to submit it into slow filtration. They have also shown that they make it possible for the roughing filtration to last longer. Generally put, it presents that the slow filters are significantly and above 90% efficient in removing TSS, color and turbidity, and 99% efficient in removing total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms in all roughing filtration. After comparing the quality of both the water produced by MSF and the one by the complete cycling WTS, it was noticed that MSF produces water with quality similar to the complete cycling WTS. The range for the filtration rates has had significant influence only in the removal efficiencies of color and turbidity. There isn t correlation among the removals of the parameters color, turbidity, TSS and coliforms but for the correlation among apparent color and true color. The experiment results suggest that MSF technology, when suitably operated, it is a viable system for the treatment of supplying water and produced water with low levels of color, turbidity, TSS and coliforms is that 40% of the samples, provided drinking water under conditions compatible to those established by Decree 518/2004 of the Ministry of Health (BRAZIL, 2004) for human consumption / O presente trabalho avaliou a eficiência de um sistema de FiME no tratamento de águas de abastecimento em escala piloto. A instalação piloto FiME, localizada na área da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) de Goianápolis, GO e alimentada pelo Ribeirão Sozinha, era composta de um pré-filtro dinâmico (PFD), um pré-filtro com escoamento vertical ascendente (PFA) em camadas, ambos com composições granulométricas diferenciadas, um filtro lento de areia (FLA) e um filtro lento de areia com carvão ativado (FLAC) e foi denominada SEQ 1. A SEQ 2 do experimento era constituída de um pré-filtro dinâmico (PFD) e um filtro lento de areia (FLA-2). As taxas de filtração utilizadas foram 24 e 48 m3/m2. dia para PFD, 12 e 24 m3/m2. dia para PFA, 3 e 6 m3/m2. dia para FLA e FLAC. A eficiência foi avaliada por meio das análises de turbidez, cor aparente, sólidos suspensos totais (SST) e coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Foi avaliado também o efeito da variação das taxas de filtração nas eficiências das unidades do sistema FiME, a comparação da eficiência do sistema FiME com o tratamento de ciclo completo da ETA e as correlações entre as remoções de turbidez, cor, coliformes e a remoção de SST. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos demonstraram que o PFD e PFA são unidades importantes para a retenção de partículas sólidas e microorganismos, preparando o afluente para ser submetido à filtração lenta e possibilitam maior duração das carreiras de filtração. De maneira geral, os filtros lentos apresentaram eficiências significativas e superiores a 90% para remoção de cor, turbidez, SST e 99,9% de eficiência para remoção de coliformes totais e termotolerantes em praticamente todas as carreiras de filtração. Quando comparada a qualidade da água produzida pelo sistema FiME com a ETA de ciclo completo, verificou-se que a FiME produz água com qualidade similar à ETA de ciclo completo. As variações das taxas de filtração influenciaram significativamente nas eficiências de remoção de cor e turbidez. Não há correlação entre as remoções dos parâmetros cor, turbidez, SST e coliformes mas há correlação para cor aparente e cor verdadeira. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos sugerem que a tecnologia de FiME, quando operada adequadamente, é um sistema viável para o tratamento de águas de abastecimento e produziu água com baixos teores de cor, turbidez, SST e coliformes sendo que em 40% das amostras analisadas, proveu água potável em condições compatíveis às estabelecidas pela Portaria 518/2004 do Ministério da Saúde (BRASIL, 2004) para consumo humano

Integrated Algae Pond Systems (IAPS) are a derivation of the Oswald designed Algal Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPS®) and combine the use of anaerobic and aerobic bioprocesses to effect wastewater treatment. IAPS technology was introduced to South Africa in 1996 and a pilot plant designed and commissioned at the Belmont Valley WWTW in Grahamstown. The system has been in continual use since implementation and affords a secondarily treated water for reclamation according to its design specifications which most closely resemble those of the AIWPS® Advanced Secondary Process developed by Oswald. As a consequence, and as might be expected, while the technology performed well and delivered a final effluent superior to most pond systems deployed in South Africa it was unable to meet The Department of Water Affairs General Standard for nutrient removal and effluent discharge. The work described in this thesis involved the design, construction, and evaluation of several tertiary treatment units (TTU') for incorporation into the IAPS process design. Included were; Maturation Ponds (MP), Slow Sand Filter (SSF) and Rock Filters (RF). Three MP's were constructed in series with a 12 day retention time and operated in parallel with a two-layered SSF and a three-stage RF. Water quality of the effluent emerging from each of these TTU's was monitored over a 10 month period. Significant decreases in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium-N, phosphate-P, nitrate-N, faecal coliforms (FC) and total coliforms (TC) were achieved by these TTU's. On average, throughout the testing period, water quality was within the statutory limit for discharge to a water course that is not a listed water course, with the exception of the total suspended solids (TSS). The RF was determined as the most suitable TTU for commercial use due to production of a better quality water, smaller footprint, lower construction costs and less maintenance required. From the results of this investigation it is concluded that commercial deployment of IAPS for the treatment of municipal sewage requires the inclusion of a suitable TTU. Furthermore, and based on the findings presented, RF appears most appropriate to ensure that quality of the final effluent meets the standard for discharge.

Dans les dernières décennies, la plupart des pays du monde ont connu une pénurie d'eau et l’augmentation du taux de consommation. Aujourd'hui, tous les pays dans le monde essayent de trouver des alternatives pour remédier à cette pénurie. Une solution consiste en la réutilisation des eaux grises (GW) pour l'irrigation après traitement. Les GW correspondent aux eaux usées générée dans une maison à l'exception de l'eau des toilettes. Les risques associés à la réutilisation de ces eaux est la présence de microorganismes pathogènes qui peuvent infecter les humains, les animaux et les plantes. Dans cette thèse centrée sur l'étude de la survie des représentants d'agents pathogènes, comme E. coli, P. aeruginosa, et le bactériophage MS2 qui sont trouvés dans les eaux grises. Il a été étudié l’effet de quelques facteurs physico-chimiques tels que; température (6 ± 2,23 ± 2 et 42 ± 2 ° C), la salinité (1,75 and 3.5% de NaCl), de l'oxygène (aérobie et anaérobie), des éléments nutritifs (milieu riche et de milieux pauvres), la lumière avec la photocatalyse (lampes UV et visible) et filtre à sable lent (sable du désert égyptien et le sable piscine). Une combinaison de la température, la lumière du soleil et de haute photocatlysis sont principalement responsables de la baisse rapide des bactéries et du coliphage MS2. Le filtre à sable lent a une influence nettement moindre sur la survie des bactéries dans les eaux grises, mais il est efficace pour diminuer la turbidité et de la DCO. / In recent decades, most countries of the world have experienced a shortage of water and increase its rate of consumption. Today, every country in the world are interested in this problem by trying to find alternatives to address this shortage. One solution is reuse greywater (GW) for irrigation after treatment. GW is all water generated from Household except toilet water. The risks associated with the reuse of these waters are the presence of pathogens that can infect humans, animals and plants. In this thesis focused on studying treatment by slow sand filtration and the survival of representatives of pathogens, such as E. Coli, P. aeruginosa , E. Faecalis and Bacteriophage MS2 which could be found in the greywater. The study factors was a physico-chemicals factors such as; temperature (6±2,23±2,42±2°c), salinity (1.75 and 3.5% Nacl), oxygen (aerobic and anaerobic condition), nutrient ( rich media , 50%: 50% salt and poor media ), light with photocatalysis ( UV and Visible lights) and slow sand filter (Egyptian desert sand and swimming pool sand). A combination of high temperature, sunlight and photocatlysis are mainly responsible for the rapid decline of bacteria and MS2 coliphage. Slow sand filter have clearly less influence on the survival of bacteria in the greywater, but it effective to decline turbidity and COD for short times.

Este trabalho teve o intuito de avaliar a eficiência de remoção de protozoários patogênicos - Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. - em processos de tratamento de esgoto sanitário por reator UASB, lodos ativados, filtro lento em areia e diferentes desinfetantes. A recuperação de cistos de Giardia e de oocistos de Cryptosporidium, realizada por diferentes metodologias e utilizando ColorSeed®, foi de, respectivamente, 85 e 20% em esgoto bruto, e 62,5 e 17,5% em efluente tratado, quando foi utilizado o método de tripla centrifugação. Cistos de Giardia foram encontrados em 100% as amostras de esgoto pesquisadas, com média de 1,5 x 104 cistos por litro e oocistos de Cryptosporidium em 31,4% com média 3,1 x 10² oocistos por litro, em esgoto bruto. No tratamento biológico por reator UASB seguido de Lodos Ativados, a remoção de cisto de Giardia e esporos de Clostridium perfringens foram estatisticamente menores que as remoções de E. coli e coliformes totais. Não foram encontrados (oo)cistos após o tratamento terciário realizado através da filtração lenta em areia. Houve remoção estatisticamente maior na ETE em escala plena para coliformes totais e Clostridium perfringens. E. coli e cistos de Giardia, em ambas ETEs, apresentaram remoções similares. Elevadas concentrações de (oo)cistos foram encontradas no lodo de esgoto, com grande porcentagem ainda viável. Com relação à desinfecção, entre as bactérias indicadoras, Clostridium perfringens foram mais resistentes ao cloro, ozônio e radiação ultravioleta. O efeito sinérgico, promovido pelas desinfecções sequenciais (clororadiação ultravioleta e ozônio-radiação ultravioleta), foi evidenciado em alguns experimentos para todas as bactérias estudadas. O cloro alterou a fluorescência dos cistos de Giardia e o ozônio, além de alterar a fluorescência, foi capaz de diminuir a concentração de cistos desse microrganismo. Pode-se concluir que as concentrações tanto de microrganismos indicadores como de protozoários patogênicos é bastante elevada, qualquer que seja o tipo de esgoto: bruto, efluente do reator UASB ou efluente do lodos ativados. Isso evidencia o extremo cuidado com que estes efluentes devem ser tratados, para posteriores usos ou lançamento em corpo receptor, em especial devido à presença de (oo)cistos ainda viáveis de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. mesmo após o tratamento biológico por lodos ativados, e a necessidade de desinfecção do efluente. / This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of removal of pathogenic protozoa - Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. - during wastewater treatment by UASB reactor, activated sludge, slow sand filter and different disinfectants. The recovery of Giardia cysts and of Cryptosporidium oocysts, performed by different methodologies and using ColorSeed®, was respectively of 85 and 20%, in raw wastewater and 62.5 and 17.5% in treated effluent, applying triple centrifugation method. Giardia cysts were found in 100% of the the sewage samples surveyed, with average of 1.5 x 104 cysts per liter and Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 31.4% with average of 3.1 x 10² oocysts per liter, in raw wastewater. Giardia cyst and Clostridium perfringens spores removals were statistically lower than E. coli and total coliforms removal when applying the biological treatment by UASB reactor followed by Activated Sludge. There were no (oo) cysts after treatment tertiary accomplished by slow sand filtration. There was a statistically higher removal in the full scale WWTP for total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens; however, E. coli and Giardia cysts, in both WWTPs, presented the same removal efficiency. High concentrations of (oo)cysts were found in the sludge sludge, with a high percentage still viable. Regarding disinfection, among the indicating bacteria, Clostridium perfringens was more resistant to chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet radiation. The synergic effect promoted by sequential disinfections (chlorine-ultraviolet radiation and ozone-ultraviolet radiation) was evidenced in some experiments for all the bacteria studied. Chlorine altered the fluorescence of Giardia cysts and ozone, as well as change in fluorescence was able to decrease the concentration of this microorganism. It can be concluded that the concentrations of indicator microorganisms as well as of pathogenic protozoa is very high, regardless the kind of wastewater: raw, UASB reactor effluent or activated sludge effluent. This shows the extreme care that must be taken towards these effluents, for future reuse or simply release in the environment, mainly due to the presence of viable Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts even after the activated sludge treatment, and the need of disinfection of the effluent.

Este trabalho teve o intuito de avaliar a eficiência de remoção de protozoários patogênicos - Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. - em processos de tratamento de esgoto sanitário por reator UASB, lodos ativados, filtro lento em areia e diferentes desinfetantes. A recuperação de cistos de Giardia e de oocistos de Cryptosporidium, realizada por diferentes metodologias e utilizando ColorSeed®, foi de, respectivamente, 85 e 20% em esgoto bruto, e 62,5 e 17,5% em efluente tratado, quando foi utilizado o método de tripla centrifugação. Cistos de Giardia foram encontrados em 100% as amostras de esgoto pesquisadas, com média de 1,5 x 104 cistos por litro e oocistos de Cryptosporidium em 31,4% com média 3,1 x 10² oocistos por litro, em esgoto bruto. No tratamento biológico por reator UASB seguido de Lodos Ativados, a remoção de cisto de Giardia e esporos de Clostridium perfringens foram estatisticamente menores que as remoções de E. coli e coliformes totais. Não foram encontrados (oo)cistos após o tratamento terciário realizado através da filtração lenta em areia. Houve remoção estatisticamente maior na ETE em escala plena para coliformes totais e Clostridium perfringens. E. coli e cistos de Giardia, em ambas ETEs, apresentaram remoções similares. Elevadas concentrações de (oo)cistos foram encontradas no lodo de esgoto, com grande porcentagem ainda viável. Com relação à desinfecção, entre as bactérias indicadoras, Clostridium perfringens foram mais resistentes ao cloro, ozônio e radiação ultravioleta. O efeito sinérgico, promovido pelas desinfecções sequenciais (clororadiação ultravioleta e ozônio-radiação ultravioleta), foi evidenciado em alguns experimentos para todas as bactérias estudadas. O cloro alterou a fluorescência dos cistos de Giardia e o ozônio, além de alterar a fluorescência, foi capaz de diminuir a concentração de cistos desse microrganismo. Pode-se concluir que as concentrações tanto de microrganismos indicadores como de protozoários patogênicos é bastante elevada, qualquer que seja o tipo de esgoto: bruto, efluente do reator UASB ou efluente do lodos ativados. Isso evidencia o extremo cuidado com que estes efluentes devem ser tratados, para posteriores usos ou lançamento em corpo receptor, em especial devido à presença de (oo)cistos ainda viáveis de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. mesmo após o tratamento biológico por lodos ativados, e a necessidade de desinfecção do efluente. / This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of removal of pathogenic protozoa - Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. - during wastewater treatment by UASB reactor, activated sludge, slow sand filter and different disinfectants. The recovery of Giardia cysts and of Cryptosporidium oocysts, performed by different methodologies and using ColorSeed®, was respectively of 85 and 20%, in raw wastewater and 62.5 and 17.5% in treated effluent, applying triple centrifugation method. Giardia cysts were found in 100% of the the sewage samples surveyed, with average of 1.5 x 104 cysts per liter and Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 31.4% with average of 3.1 x 10² oocysts per liter, in raw wastewater. Giardia cyst and Clostridium perfringens spores removals were statistically lower than E. coli and total coliforms removal when applying the biological treatment by UASB reactor followed by Activated Sludge. There were no (oo) cysts after treatment tertiary accomplished by slow sand filtration. There was a statistically higher removal in the full scale WWTP for total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens; however, E. coli and Giardia cysts, in both WWTPs, presented the same removal efficiency. High concentrations of (oo)cysts were found in the sludge sludge, with a high percentage still viable. Regarding disinfection, among the indicating bacteria, Clostridium perfringens was more resistant to chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet radiation. The synergic effect promoted by sequential disinfections (chlorine-ultraviolet radiation and ozone-ultraviolet radiation) was evidenced in some experiments for all the bacteria studied. Chlorine altered the fluorescence of Giardia cysts and ozone, as well as change in fluorescence was able to decrease the concentration of this microorganism. It can be concluded that the concentrations of indicator microorganisms as well as of pathogenic protozoa is very high, regardless the kind of wastewater: raw, UASB reactor effluent or activated sludge effluent. This shows the extreme care that must be taken towards these effluents, for future reuse or simply release in the environment, mainly due to the presence of viable Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts even after the activated sludge treatment, and the need of disinfection of the effluent.