This work aims to present a system for parking spaces detection using opportunistic cameras. The central idea is to use images from cameras that are already installed to identify possible parking spaces. It is important to highlight that legal, privacy and security issues in using cameras for parking detection is out of scope. This work addressed the problem of how to use cameras opportunistically to detect free parking spaces. The idea for the solution is that by means of embedded systems, adapted them to the cameras already installed in the city, we can successfully design the detection of vacancies. The main objective of this work is to present the feasibility of using embedded systems to detect parking spaces, for such, it is proposed three image processing techniques to solve the problem and as main contribution it is presented a distributed architecture for use of cameras opportunistically to obtain the images. The major contributions of this work were the development of three image processing techniques for vehicle detection; a distributed and opportunistic architecture proposal using cameras to detect parking spaces; comparative evaluation of the proposed architecture and two other existing architectures; a routing algorithm for routing requests in the Embedded architecture Initially, it was evaluated three proposed image processing techniques to detect parking spaces, the best technique was the Dilation after Border Detection with a success rate close to 100%, this evaluation was performed to choose the technique used in the rest of this work. After choose the best technique, it was performed an experiment using the proposed architecture and two others that are used for comparison, the result of the experiment demonstrated the feasibility of use the Embedded architecture. To conduct large experiments is a complex task, because of this a simulation was developed using the network simulator Sinalgo to analyze four variables in the system (communication radius, number of auxiliary cameras, amount of simultaneous requests and percentage of failed cameras). The simulation result shows that the factors with the greatest influence on the variation of the average times of the requests are the size of the communication radius and the amount of auxiliary cameras. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um sistema para detecção de vagas de estacionamento utilizando câmeras de forma oportunista. A ideia central é a utilização de imagens provenientes de câmeras já instaladas para verificar a existência de vagas de estacionamento. É importante ressaltar que questões legais, de segurança e privacidade no uso de câmeras para detecção de vagas de estacionamento estão fora do escopo desta dissertação. Neste trabalho é abordado o problema de como utilizar câmeras de forma oportunista para detecção de vagas de estacionamento. A ideia para a solução é que por intermédio de sistemas embarcados, adaptado-os às câmeras já instaladas na cidade, podemos conceber satisfatoriamente a detecção de vagas. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é apresentar a viabilidade da utilização de sistemas embarcados para detecção de vagas de estacionamento. Para tal são propostas três técnicas de processamento de imagens para resolução do problema e como principal contribuição temos a apresentação de uma arquitetura distribuída para utilização de câmeras de forma oportunista para obtenção das imagens. As principais contribuições deste trabalho são a avaliação de três técnicas de processamento de imagens para detecção de veículos; proposta de uma arquitetura distribuída e oportunista utilizando câmeras para detecção de vagas de estacionamento; uma avaliação comparativa entre a arquitetura proposta e outras duas arquiteturas existentes; e um algoritmo de roteamento para encaminhamento das requisições na arquitetura Embutida. Inicialmente foram avaliadas três técnicas propostas de processamento de imagens para detecção de vagas de estacionamento, sendo a melhor delas a Dilatação após Detecção de Borda com uma eficácia de aproximadamente 100%. Essa avaliação serviu para escolhermos a técnica usada no restante do trabalho. Após a escolha da técnica, realizamos um experimento utilizando a arquitetura proposta e outras duas que serviram para comparação. O resultado do experimento demonstrou a viabilidade da utilização da arquitetura Embutida. Como realizar experimentos de grande porte é uma tarefa complexa, foi desenvolvida uma simulação utilizando o simulador de redes Sinalgo para analisar quatro variáveis no sistema (raio de comunicação, quantidade de câmeras auxiliares, quantidade de requisições simultâneas e percentual de falhas nas câmeras). Com o resultado da simulação pode-se concluir que os fatores com maior influência na variação dos tempos médios das requisições são o tamanho do raio de comunicação e a quantidade de câmeras auxiliares.

As cidades, notadamente aquelas identificadas como de porte médio, acabam absorvendo mudanças de qualidade e passam a centralizar atividades econômicas. Se, por um lado, a urbanização traz oportunidades para o desenvolvimento social e econômico, de outro, resulta em significativa perda nas funcionalidades básicas e exerce pressão sobre as infraestruturas e recursos naturais. As Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) surgem como aliadas no enfrentamento a estes desafios. Baseadas no uso das TIC, iniciativas de Cidades Inteligentes exploram a instrumentalização das infraestruturas da cidade. Na tentativa de unificar a gestão dos diversos aspectos das cidades, por meio do monitoramento e análise em tempo real de dados públicos, diversas capitais estaduais do Brasil já contam com o suporte de centros de controle integrados. Dado o exposto, o presente trabalho propõe um modelo para a estruturação de Centros de Controle Integrados (CCI), compatíveis com a realidade de municípios de médio porte. Para tanto, por meio da revisão da literatura e de uma entrevista junto ao Centro Integrado de Comando da Cidade de Porto Alegre (CEIC), realizou-se o levantamento das melhores práticas a respeito da implantação de centros de controle. Complementarmente, entrevistaram-se os responsáveis de quatro prefeituras municipais para a determinação dos modelos de controle instituídos em cidades de médio porte. Para fins de validação, deu-se a avaliação do modelo por três especialistas da área de estudo. O modelo proposto – composto pelas dimensões de (i) coordenação, (ii) design, (iii) gerenciamento, (iv) comunicação, (v) práticas e rotinas de trabalho e (vi) processamento e gerenciamento de evidências, resulta do cruzamento destas informações e contribui, como ferramenta de gestão, para o desenvolvimento estruturado das cidades de médio porte. / The cities, especially those identified as medium-sized cities, end up absorbing quality changes and begin to centralize economic activities. If, on the one hand, urbanization brings opportunities for social and economic development, on the other hand, it results in a significant loss of basic functionalities, jeopardizing infrastructure and natural resources. In this way, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) emerge as an alliy in face of these challenges. Based on the use of ICT, Smart Cities initiatives explore the instrumentalization of the city's infrastructures. In an attempt to unify the management of the various aspects of cities through real-time monitoring and analysis of public data, several state capitals in Brazil already rely on the support of Integrated Control Centers. Thus, the present work proposes a model for structuring the Integrated Control Centers (ICC), compatible with the reality of medium-sized municipalities. Through a literature review and an interview with the Centro Integrado de Comando of Porto Alegre (CEIC), the best practices regarding the implementation of control centers were surveyed. Complementarily, the heads of four city halls were interviewed to determine the control models established in medium-sized cities. Furthermore, the model was also assessed by three specialists in the study area. The proposed model - composed by the dimensions of (i) coordination, (ii) design, (iii) management, (iv) communication, (v) practices and work routines and (vi) processing and management of evidence, results from the cross-referencing of this information and contributes as a management tool to the structured development of medium-sized cities.

[pt] O tema Cidades Inteligentes é um assunto de interesse para gestores públicos e pesquisadores. Desenvolver cidades mais inteligentes é um dos desafios para o futuro próximo devido à crescente demanda por serviços públicos. Em particular, o transporte público é um dos aspectos mais visíveis de uma cidade viva e, portanto, a sua implementação deve ser muito eficiente. O sistema de transporte público da cidade do Rio de Janeiro é historicamente deficiente, principalmente porque ele é baseado em um antigo sistema de ônibus. Para melhorá-lo, a Prefeitura tomou algumas ações, como o desenvolvimento de um projeto de dados aberto que mostra, a quase a cada minuto, a posição instantânea de todos os ônibus na cidade. Embora não seja uma nova tecnologia, esta é a primeira iniciativa a ser desenvolvida no Rio. Neste trabalho, são aprsentadas ferramentas simples para a exploração visual deste grande conjunto de dados com base em informações históricas, que chega a um total de mais de um bilhão de amostras. Com essas ferramentas, um usuário será capaz de verificar as tendências, identificar padrões e localizar anomalias nesta grande quantidade de dados de GPS dos ônibus. / [en] Smart cities is a current subject of interest for public administrators and researchers. Getting the cities smarter is one of the challenges for the near future, due to the growing demand for public services. In particular, public transportation is one of most visible aspects of a living city and, therefore, its implementation must be very efficient. The public transportation system of the City of Rio de Janeiro is historically deficient, mostly because it is based on an old bus system. To change it, the City Hall took some actions, such as the development of an open data project that shows, at about every minute, the GPS instant position of all buses in the city. Although it is not a new technology, it is the first initiative to be developed in Rio. This work presents simple tools for the visual exploration of this big dataset based on the historical information from this service, which reaches a total of more than one billion samples. With these tools one is able to discover trends, identify patterns, and locate abnormalities within the massive collection of the buses GPS data.

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-08-15T13:33:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1946583 bytes, checksum: 46b84a872476f284510477eeb33e3b91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T13:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1946583 bytes, checksum: 46b84a872476f284510477eeb33e3b91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Despite being a well-established technology, research inWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are facing challenges due to its intrinsic connection to the paradigms of Smart Cities and IoT (Internet of Things - IoT). Traditionally, WSNs are deployed to meet the needs of a single application and are composed of sensors with the same physical characteristics. However, when considering smart environments, where several objects can collect data, trigger actions and interact with each other in order to provide sophisticated services, it is easy to see the diversity of the applications that can perform requests in such environments. It is also possible that different types of equipment interact with each other, such as sensors with different physical characteristics, thus creating a Heterogeneous WSN (HWSN). For this reason, this work aims to contribute to the management of HWSNs in Smart Cities environments by proposing an approach for dynamic and on-demand selection of sensors. This selection is performed by taking into account the physical characteristics of the sensors and the applications’ demands. This approach has been integrated into the POlicy-based Sensor SElection in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network framework (POSSE-HWSN), which was implemented in order validate the proposal. Tests have shown that by using POSSE-HWSN it was possible to select the sensors with the most suitable hardware features to meet every application needs, thus improving the selection efficacy. / Apesar de ser uma tecnologia já consolidada, pesquisas em Redes de Sensores Sem Fio (RSSFs) vêm passando por desafios devido à sua intrínseca relação com os paradigmas de Cidades Inteligentes e Internet das Coisas (Internet of Things - IoT). Tradicionalmente, as RSSFs são implantadas e utilizadas para atender a uma única aplicação e são compostas de nós sensores com as mesmas características físicas. Contudo, ao se considerar ambientes inteligentes, onde vários objetos podem coletar dados, desencadear ações e interagir entre si de forma a prover serviços sofisticados, é fácil perceber a heterogeneidade dos tipos de aplicações que podem realizar requisições em tais ambientes. Além disso, é real a possibilidade de interação entre diferentes tipos de equipamentos, como por exemplo, sensores com diferentes características físicas, criando assim uma RSSF Heterogênea (RSSFH). Por este motivo, este trabalho objetiva contribuir para a gerência de RSSFHs em ambientes de Cidades Inteligentes ao propor uma abordagem para seleção dinâmica e sob-demanda de sensores, levando em consideração as características físicas dos sensores e as demandas das aplicações requisitantes. Esta abordagem foi utilizada no framework POlicy-based Sensor SElection in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (POSSE-HWSN), o qual foi implementado para validar a proposta. Testes realizados demonstram que através da utilização de POSSE-HWSN foi possível escolher os sensores com os recursos de hardware mais adequados para atender a cada aplicação, melhorando assim a eficácia da seleção.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att närmare studera användarnas roll vid planering, utveckling och användande av smarta elnät, vad man kan dra för lärdomar av pågående projekt inom utvecklingen av smarta elnät när det kommer till användarnas roll i projekten, samt ge rekommendationer för ett framtida arbete. Detta gjordes genom en fallstudie av två sammanhängande projekt inom en kommun i Sverige som för närvarande arbetar med smart stadsutveckling och smarta elnät. Empiriinsamling skedde med hjälp intervjuer av boende och ansvariga i projektet samt projektdokumentation.   Resultatet visar att de boendes roll i planeringen av projektet inte var stor, och att de inte räknades in bland de viktiga intressenter som enligt rekommendationer skulle vara delaktiga i projektet. Vidare skedde användarmedverkan i en begränsad form vid utvecklingen av den teknik som skulle användas hemma hos de boende, och då främst i form av användartester efter det att systemen hade tagits fram.  Vidare visade intervjuerna på ett bristande engagemang hos användarna när det kommer till att använda tekniken som finns tillgängliga i det smarta nät som utvecklats inom kommunen. Dessa resultat utgör viktiga lärdomar för framtida projekt.    Rekommendationerna som togs fram för ett framtida arbete inom smarta elnät är främst att det bör ske en ökad involvering av användare under samtliga delar i projekt rörande smarta elnät för att säkerställa en relevant och demokratisk samhällsutveckling och att detta bör ingå i projektens målsättningar. Vidare bör framtida projekt undersöka möjligheterna med att studera och arbeta med sociala praktiker inom energianvändning, för att undersöka hur man kan skapa en övertygelse hos de boende som leder till en ökad vilja att spara energi, och utnyttja de tekniska verktyg som gör detta möjligt. Det krävs även arbete för att hitta ytterligare incitament till aktiv energibesparing för att optimal användning av de smarta näten ska kunna uppnås. / Smarta elnät och tjänsteutveckling för hemmet – vem är i behov av en smartare vardag?

The aim of the thesis Development of Smart Cities in the region of Latin America applied on the case of Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro stands on their comparison provided according to application of six axes smart city concept. Both cities provide their individual approach in their formulation and implementation of smart city initiative. According to this comparison this paper will prove that even though that there is not yet a uniform smart city definition there are indicators according to which it is possible to form a general a framework to identify smart cities. This framework will be important to prove several things about smart cities. They will be necessary for the future growth of humanity as cities become more and more important. This will happen by allowing for better functioning of cities and better use of existing resources. These cities will start to operate for their citizens in ways that lessen the impact of the environment while allowing cities to grow across multiple sectors while improving quality of life among a city s residents. This implementation of ITC technologies will prove a rising tide that will lift the city s poor by empowering their economic lives by improving quality of life and giving better access to resources. The comparison of the two cities will also prove that Rio de Janeiro through its many smart initiatives is further along in its path to becoming a smart city than Mexico City. The difference between the two will also prove just how important smart cities are to the region s future. Mexico City s projects have not been as holistic as those taken in Brazil s largest city. Rio de Janeiro s implementation of projects like COR have transformed the city allowing it to become one of the smartest cities in the region and the world. The COR has implemented ITC technologies and initiatives that have transformed every sector of the six-axes approach model.

En la actualidad, el incremento de actos delictivos se ha hecho más frecuente en Lima, por lo que es considerado como uno de los mayores problemas que afecta a nuestra sociedad. Esto se ve reflejado en los últimos reportes de seguridad ciudadana donde Lima es considerada una de las ciudades más peligrosas de América Latina. A su vez, las autoridades no cuentan con las herramientas suficientes para combatir a la delincuencia generando que la población se sienta insegura de caminar por las calles y aumentando la cantidad de actos delictivos. Esto incluye la escasez de tecnología que permita optimizar los procesos de identificación o captura de delincuentes, ya que existe un lapso entre que el acto delictivo se realizó y la llegada de las autoridades a la escena. Este tiempo es de suma importancia para poder capturar a un delincuente o poder identificarlo. El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo brindar una solución tecnológica para las autoridades correspondientes que permita optimizar el tiempo de identificación de delincuentes a través del uso del reconocimiento facial. Esta tecnología permite reconocer a delincuentes mediante un análisis de los rasgos faciales del sospechoso y poder realizar una comparación con la base de datos de los delincuentes. La solución tecnológica facultara una alerta en tiempo real con los datos del sospechoso identificado y la ubicación de la cámara que lo idéntico. Esto permitirá que las autoridades puedan realizar mejores estrategias logrando anticiparse al hecho delictivo o capturando al criminal. Los resultados preliminares mostraron que la solución tecnológica permite reducir el tiempo actual de identificación de 5 minutos aproximadamente en un 91.46% y cuenta con una eficacia del 90% basándonos en las pruebas realizadas que son detallas en los capítulos correspondientes / At present, the increase in criminal acts has become more frequent in Lima. For this reason, it is considered one of the biggest problems affecting our society. We can see it in the latest citizen security reports, where Lima is one of the most dangerous cities in Latin America. Another fact is that the authorities do not have enough tools to fight crime, making the population feel unsafe to walk the streets and increasing the number of criminal acts. This problem includes the scarcity of technology that allows optimizing the processes of identification or capture of criminals since there is a period between when the criminal act was carried out and the arrival of the authorities on the scene. This time is of the utmost importance to be able to capture a criminal or to be able to identify him. The objective of this project is to provide a technological solution for the corresponding authorities that allows optimizing the identification time of criminals through the use of facial recognition. This technology makes it possible to recognize criminals through an analysis of the suspect's facial features and to be able to make a comparison with the criminal database. The technological solution will enable an alert in real-time with the data of the identified suspect and the location of the identical camera. This will allow the authorities to carry out better strategies, anticipating the crime, or capturing the criminal. Preliminary results showed that the technological solution reduces the current identification time of 5 minutes approximately by 91.46% and has an efficiency of 90% based on the tests carried out, which are detailed in the corresponding chapters. / Tesis

Global warming has increased significantly over the past decades and at its center, there are human factors which have the greatest impacts on productions of carbon dioxide which is considered as a primary greenhouse gas in development of global warming. Greenhouse gas emissions and, in particular, carbon dioxide emissions are growing significantly to the extent that if no initiatives are taken, it can have dramatic consequences for our future generations and in general for human’s life on Earth, therefore we need means by which we can control and maintain the levels of greenhouse gas emissions and in particular carbon dioxide emissions. One of the efficient solutions that can significantly decrease the levels of carbon dioxide emissions is the construction and development of smart cities. In this context (smart city), individuals can play an important role in reducing the CO2 emissions. By considering the new opportunities that can result from development of Smart Cities and the essential role of information and communication technology (ICT) in such cities, this thesis work tries to introduce the idea of a self-tracking Carbon Footprint mobile application which enables users to keep track of their individual’s carbon dioxide emissions occurred as a result of their daily activities such as eating, transportation, shopping, energy consumption, and etc. in real time. Being able to measure the generated carbon footprint with respect to each of the user’s activities, users will be able to monitor and control it. This monitoring and controlling of one’s carbon footprint can have significant influences in reducing those human factors which result in production of more carbon dioxide gases and consequently more global warming effects.

Software systems in domains like Smart Cities, the Internet of Things or autonomous cars are coined by a high degree of distribution across several independent computing devices and the requirement to be able to adjust themselves to varying situations in their operational environment. Self-adaptive software systems are a natural choice to implement such context-dependent software systems. A multitude of approaches already implement self-adaptive systems and some consider even distribution aspects.Yet, none of the existing solutions supports the coordination of adaptation operations spanning multiple independent nodes, which is necessary to ensure a consistent adaptation even in presence of network errors or node failures. In this paper, we tackle this challenge to execute adaptations in distributed self-adaptive software systems in a coordinated manner. We present a protocol that enables the self-adaptive software system to execute correlated adaptations on multiple nodes in a transactional manner ensuring an atomic and consistent transition of the distributed system from its source to the desired target configuration. The protocol is validated to be free of deadlocks for any given adaptation at any point in time using a model-checking approach. The performance of our approach is investigated in experiments that emulate the protocol's execution on real devices for different sizes of distributed applications and adaptation scenarios.

The last decade has seen a substantial rise in smart cities across Africa (Aghimien et al., 2020:29). This research presents a case study on the Team Europe Initiative ‘Green and Smart Cities SASA!’ in Tanzania, a development initiative aiming to introduce smart city technologies in Mwanza, Tanga and Pemba. Semi-structured interviews and participatory observations have been utilised, with respondents including stakeholders of the programme as well as outside key informants. The research aims to get an insight into the intersection of gender mainstreaming and ownership in smart city developments in a developing context. Thus far, few researchers have looked at the intersection of smart city developments with gender, particularly in a developing context. As the SASA programme aims to prioritise women in its interventions, the research further aims to understand the ways in which gender mainstreaming is currently being implemented, and how it could/should be improved in the future. The research makes use of Castel Branco’s (2008) Critical View on Ownership, as well as Mehra and Gupta’s (2006) Alternate Approach to Gender Mainstreaming.  The research found that gender is currently prioritised by all stakeholders. However, gender mainstreaming in the SASA programme is mainly implemented through individual strategies. As such, the collaborative initiatives have up until now been sporadic rather than systematic, indicating a lack of synergy between the  implementing partners. This has created a vague and undefined concept of responsibility of the claimed gender prioritisation. With this said, the SASA programme could benefit from a more strategic implementation of gender mainstreaming. This, as will be argued, could be achieved through a strengthening of leadership, accountability-mechanisms as well as more tangible project objectives and indicators. In addition, a further integration of coherent gender strategies and gender expertise is recommended.