Context - Blockchain-based smart contracts have drawn the attention of scientific communities and businesses in recent years. The development of blockchain-based smart contracts is different from the development of conventional software due to the blockchain characteristics such as immutability, trustlessness, being append-only, and being decentralized. Therefore, standard software engineering processes need to be adjusted to address the unique characteristics of blockchain. Objective - This thesis aims to create a structured map of current research on the development of blockchain-based smart contracts, with a focus on identifying and classifying the development phases. Method - To accomplish our objective, we carried out a systematic mapping study on blockchain-based smart contract development. Our search yielded 1257 potentially related studies that were subjected to a selection process. Subsequently, in the final set appeared 41  primary studies. Result - Our main findings after analysis of the data are as follow:  (i) researches mainly contribute to methods and providing tools, (ii) a  large number of workshop papers indicate smart contracts' high acceptance rate, (iii) there is a lack of research on the finalization as a development phase, (iv) there is no common or standard language for specifying smart contracts that are valid regardless of the blockchain platform, (v)  the most common language paradigm for smart contracts specification is imperative/declarative and for smart contracts implementation is declarative, (vi) the research community has put too much effort into the Ethereum blockchain, while it requires putting more attention to other blockchains, and (vii) there is a lack of studies tackling trustworthy oracle and scam challenges. conclusion - These results can benefit the research community to identify trends, constraints, and research gaps. In addition, they share potential directions for future research.

Les ventes de Véhicules Électriques (VE) ont fortement augmenté ces dernières années. Si les processus de charge de ces VE ne sont pas gérés de manière intelligente, ils risquent de surcharger les réseaux électriques. Inversement, les VE pourraient représenter une opportunité pour ces réseaux en tant qu'unités de stockage distribuées.Cette thèse se propose d’étudier l’intégration intelligente des véhicules rechargeables dans les réseaux électriques d’un point de vue technique, réglementaire et économique. Dans un premier temps, le cadre général nécessaire au développement de ces solutions est passé en revue : les domaines d’application et scenarios de référence sont décrits, les acteurs principaux listés, et les défis principaux analysés.Ensuite, l’accent est mis sur les services système, et plus particulièrement sur le réglage de fréquence. Les conditions règlementaires permettant la participation d’une flotte de véhicules électriques à ce service sont étudiées à partir d’une revue des règles de gestionnaires de réseau de transport existants. De nombreuses simulations techniques et économiques sont réalisées, pour différentes règles de marché.Les services réseau locaux sont ensuite considères. Un éco-quartier est modélisé : il comprend différentes unités de consommation et des sources de production distribuées. Un gestionnaire énergétique local est proposé : son rôle est de contrôler les taux de charge / décharge des véhicules électriques de l’éco-quartier dans l’objectif de limiter les surcharges subies par le transformateur électrique de l’éco-quartier. Des conséquences économiques sont tirées des résultats techniques.Enfin, des résultats expérimentaux sont présentés. Le comportement de deux VE est analysé, dont un dispose de capacités bidirectionnelles. Les preuves de concept expérimentales confirment les capacités théoriques des véhicules électriques : il s’agit d’unités à temps de réponse très court (même en considérant l’architecture TIC complète) et ils sont capables de réagir à des signaux réseau très précisément. / Electric vehicles (EVs) penetration has been rapidly increasing during the last few years. If not managed properly, the charging process of EVs could jeopardize electric grid operations. On the other hand, Grid Integrated Vehicles (GIVs), i.e. vehicles whose charging and discharging patterns are smartly controlled, could turn into valuable assets for the electrical grids as distributed storage units.In this thesis, GIVs are studied from a technical, regulatory, and economics perspectives. First, the general framework for a smart grid integration of EVs is reviewed: application areas and benchmark scenarios are described, the main actors are listed, and the most important challenges are analyzed.Then, the emphasis is put on system wide services, and more particularly on frequency control mechanisms. The regulatory conditions enabling the participation of GIV fleets to this service are studied based on an intensive survey of existing transmission system operator rules. Several economics and technical simulations are performed for various market designs.Then, local grid services are investigated. A representative eco-district is modeled, considering various consumption units and distributed generation. A local energy management system is proposed; it is responsible for controlling the charging / discharging patterns of the GIVs which are located in the district in order to mitigate the overloading conditions of the eco-district transformer. Economic consequences are derived from this technical analysis.At last, some experimental results are presented. They show the behavior of two GIVs, including one with bidirectional capabilities. The experimental proof of concepts confirm the theoretical abilities of GIVs: they are very fast responding units (even considering the complete required IT architecture) and are able to follow grid signals very accurately.

To meet the demand of future building requirements, and to improve productivity and competitiveness, there is a need to modernize and revise the current practices in the wooden single-family house industry. In several other sectors, intensive work is being done to adapt to the anticipated fourth industrial revolution. The manufacturing industry has already begun its transformation with concepts such as smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0. So far, smart manufacturing has not been discussed to any significant extent for the wooden single-family house industry, even though it might be a way for this industry to improve productivity and competitiveness. The research presented in this thesis aims at increased knowledge about what smart manufacturing means for the wooden single-family house industry. This requires investigating what smart wooden house manufacturingis, what challenges that might be associated with it, and how smart wooden house manufacturing can be realized. At the core of this thesis is the conceptualization of smart wooden house manufacturing—when realized, it is expected to contribute to improve the competitiveness of the wooden single family house industry. The findings presented here are based on three Research Studies. Two studies were case studies within the wooden single-family house industry. The third study was a traditional literature review. The findings revealed two definitions and 26 components of smart wooden house manufacturing. At large, smart wooden house manufacturing emphasizes digital transformation with a focus on digital information flow, how to add information, information compilation, and information distribution between systems/programs and departments. Some of the challenges associated with smart wooden house manufacturing are, e.g. culture, competence and manual transfer of information between systems. The findings indicate similarities of smart wooden house manufacturing within certain components of industrialized house building and Industry 4.0, these components could enable the realization of smart wooden house manufacturing. / För att möta efterfrågan på framtida byggkrav och för att förbättra produktiviteten och konkurrenskraften finns det ett behov av att modernisera och revidera nuvarande tillvägagångssätt inom träsmåhusindustrin. I flera andra sektorer arbetas det intensivt med att anpassa sig till den förväntade fjärde industriella revolutionen. Tillverkningsindustrin har redan påbörjat sin omvandling med koncept som smart manufacturing och Industry 4.0. Hittills har smart manufacturing inte diskuterats i någon större utsträckning för träsmåhusindustrin, även om det kan vara ett sätt för denna industri att förbättra produktiviteten och konkurrenskraften. Forskningen som presenteras i denna avhandling syftar till ökad kunskap om vad smart manufacturing innebär för träsmåhusindustrin. Detta kräver undersökning av vad smart trähustillverkning är, vilka utmaningar som kan vara förknippade med det och hur smart trähustillverkning kan realiseras. Kärnan i denna uppsats är begreppsframställningen av smart trähustillverkning—när det realiserats förväntas det bidra till att förbättra konkurrenskraften för träsmåhusindustrin. Resultaten som presenteras här är baserat på tre forskningsstudier. Två studier var fallstudier inom träsmåhusindustrin. Den tredje studien var en traditionell litteraturstudie. Resultaten avslöjade två definitioner och 26 komponenter av smart träshustillverkning. Sammanfattningsvis betonar smart trähustillverkning digital transformation med fokus på digitalt informationsflöde, hur man lägger till information, sammanställning av information och informationsfördelning mellan system / program och avdelningar. Några av utmaningarna associerade med smart trähustillverkning är t.ex. kultur, kompetens och manuell överföring av information mellan system. Resultaten indikerar likheter mellan smart träshustillverkning inom vissa komponenter av industriellt husbyggande och Industry 4.0, dessa komponenter skulle kunna möjliggöra realiseringen av smart trähustillverkning.

This dissertation argues that the core of building smart cities is through the procurement and implementation of smart city technologies (SCTs) by either individual (i.e., smart city) or collaborative endeavors (i.e., smart governance). Given that urbanization problems (e.g., air pollution) usually spill over city boundaries, building smart cities as silos may not solve these problems. Therefore, utilizing smart governance in SCT procurement and implementation should be a better approach. Considering the potential benefits of smart governance, this dissertation addresses three overarching questions: (1) What is a smart city? (2) What is smart governance? and (3) Why do some cities choose to participate in smart governance while others do not? By developing a typology of smart governance, this dissertation categorizes three levels of smart governance based on cities' participation in cooperative procurement and implementation of SCTs. Data collected from the 2019 Smart Governance Survey confirm that the level of smart governance does vary among Texas cities. Applying transaction costs and institutional collective action (ICA) frameworks, the dissertation finds that public managers' perceptions on transaction costs and joint gains as well as cities' extant ICA mechanisms affect cities' participation in smart governance.

Det ställs allt större krav på hållbarhet inom fastighetsbranschen vilket leder till att det blir mer aktuellt att nyttja digitala och energieffektiva lösningar för att uppfylla dessa. Begreppet smart byggnad har funnits länge men i takt med en snabb teknisk utveckling ändras vad som anses vara smart och det skiljer sig även åt för vem det berör. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad en smart byggnad är och hur privatpersoner ställer sig till att köpa en bostadsrätt i en smart byggnad. Därav kommer begreppet smart byggnad först att redas ut i rapporten, både av vad som går att hitta i litteratur och även vad privatpersoner anser att en smart byggnad är. Det kommer även studeras vilka smarta funktioner som finns i en byggnad med bostadsrätter och vilka som är viktiga för privatpersoner vid ett köp av en lägenhet. Till att börja med har en litteraturstudie genomförts för att sedan följas upp av en digital enkätundersökning som riktar sig till privatpersoner. Enkätundersökningen innehåller flervalsfrågor samt ja/nej-frågor som berör smarta bostadsrätter. Respondenterna har delats in i tre kategorier, bostadssökande, bostadssökande som vill köpa bostadsrätt och icke bostadssökande. Resultatet visar att ungefär hälften av respondenterna har hört begreppet smart byggnad, men det varierar vad de tror en smart byggnad är samt vilka funktioner som är viktiga. Majoriteten anser att ett smart säkerhetssystem är den viktigaste smarta funktionen, medan den främsta anledningen till att vilja bo smart är bekvämlighet. Resultatet tyder dock på en bristande kunskap bland privatpersoner om vad en smart byggnad är och många bryr sig inte om att bo smart. / There are increasing demands on sustainability in the real estate industry, which makes it more relevant to use digital and energy-efficient solutions to meet these demands. The concept of smart building has existed for a long time. What is considered smart is changing due to the rapid technological development and varies for whom it affects. The purpose of the study is to investigate what a smart building is and individuals' views on buying a condominium in a smart building. Hence, the concept of smart building will first be sorted out in the report, both what can be found in the literature and what individuals consider a smart building to be. It will also be studied what type of smart features are present in a building with condominiums and which features are important for individuals when buying an apartment. To begin with, a literature study has been done and then followed up by a digital survey aimed at individuals. The survey contains multiple-choice questions as well as yes / no questions that concern smart condominiums. The respondents have been divided into three categories, housing applicants, housing applicants who want to buy a condominium, and non-housing applicants. The study shows that about half of the respondents have heard the term smart building, but it differs from what they think it is and which features are important. The majority believe that a smart security system is the most important smart feature, while the main reason for wanting to live in a smart building is convenience. However, the results indicate a lack of knowledge among the individuals about what a smart building is and that many do not care about living smart.

Homes with integrated state of the art technology are considered Smart Homes. A smart home has special systems which enable remote control via remote computer or smart phones. These modern integrated services are supported by electrical power infrastructures called Smart Grids, which provides a stable electrical power environment to support all functionalities, with intelligent power systems that provide increased power quality. Inside a Smart home, a legacy metering system called Smart Meters are installed offering new functionalities such as remote readings of power consumption, and different time usage of tariffs.Preliminary research has already indicated vulnerability attacks on smart meters which affect the security and privacy in smart meters. Security issues in this system include vulnerabilities and privacy issues includes information leakage in real-time consumption data that is recorded by the smart meters.Enhancing both security and privacy in the smart meters are the main purpose of this thesis. The principle goal of this research is to provide more understanding about the smart meters from a security and privacy perspective. This thesis investigates issues and problems in smart meters and proposes a secure communication protocol in the application layer, in addition to a proof-of-concept of the final solution. In this research we introduce the solution by means of two scenarios, we highlight the effects of an attack on the smart meters on levels of simulation and theory. The first scenario is to "take control over the smart meter to access the data consumptions in the smart meters". The proposed solution of using the Smart Phone as a third part to protect the smart meters has been evaluated using a network simulation tool. The result shows that the data captured by attacking node is encrypted and can't be used for any useful operation. In the second scenario, "monitoring the data consumptions to harm the user's privacy", in other words, stealing the user's devices. The proposed solution is using the home electrical power routing to moderate the home's load signature in order to hide appliance usage information. Data clusters are implemented as a proof of concept to evaluate the data. The results show that there is only 99.5 % correct clustered data with good quality.

Yes / This article aims to assess critically different definitions and indicators of smart cities. Drawing on exemplary case studies, the author proposes a typology of four categories of smart cities: type A are the world leaders who pioneer ideas not predicated on smart city projects; type B are aspirational cities punching above their weight; type C are surprise transformers that use the smart city concept to propel real transformation; and type D are cases where smart city projects do not directly address the main urban problems. The discussion highlights the need to prevent ‘smart-wash’ by avoiding superficial technological solutions that chase symptoms but not causes of some of the complex urban challenges that they are intending to address. In conclusion, the author considers the public policy implications of applying these typologies to cities in general with particular reference to the Global South / British Academy: [grant number IPM 15008]

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2019-03-18T18:15:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renard Lopes Villas Boas do Lago.pdf: 4581569 bytes, checksum: 9c4647056794f2f9266e721e689971ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-18T18:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renard Lopes Villas Boas do Lago.pdf: 4581569 bytes, checksum: 9c4647056794f2f9266e721e689971ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-08 / In seeking the construction of an intelligent city there is a need to identify the processes that may or may not contribute to its construction and which challenges to overcome, taking into account the aspects of urban life, such as mobility, security, communication systems, sanitation and also for the electrical system. This research is a case study with the purpose of transforming Búzios into an intelligent city, as it is published by the municipal administration. The study aimed to verify if all the projects presented were executed and if the concepts of sustainability, rationality and loss control are being applied. The approach defined for research was qualitative, verifying the facts and seeking to clarify the dynamics of social relations, through a descriptive and exploratory research. During the visit to the city information was collected through interviews and direct observations, among the interviews were qualified 20 residents and collected 202 photographs. Among the projects implemented and in operation are three generators of photovoltaic energy, as for the projects implemented and that presented discontinuity and failures in its operation are the intelligent LED lighting system, the free internet system project, the projects with the systems of generation of aerogenerator energy, power network automation projects and installation projects of smart meters. During the technical visit, it was not possible to identify characteristics or contributions that define the city of Búzios-RJ, as the first intelligent city in Latin America, as little as an intelligent city, once the projects executed show flaws, a small part of the city was contemplated, the population does not have knowledge about the project, lack of continuity and governance. Although the projects listed make sense as components of an intelligent city with an intelligent electric grid, it was not possible to characterize the city as "intelligent" since the projects did not show, in their majority, effectiveness and scope enough to do so. The city can, however, become intelligent by expanding the reach and effectiveness of the projects. / Ao almejar a construção de uma cidade inteligente existe a necessidade de identificar os processos que podem ou não contribuir para sua construção e quais os desafios a serem superados, levando-se em conta os aspectos da vida urbana, como mobilidade, segurança, sistemas de comunicação, saneamento e também para o sistema elétrico. A presente pesquisa é um estudo de caso tendo como objeto a transformação de Búzios em cidade inteligente, conforme é divulgado pela administração municipal. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar se todos os projetos apresentados foram executados e se os conceitos de sustentabilidade, racionalidade e controle de perdas estão sendo aplicados. A abordagem definida para pesquisa foi qualitativa, verificando os fatos e buscando esclarecer a dinâmica das relações sociais, por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. Durante a visita a cidade foram coletadas informações por meio de entrevistas e observações diretas, dentre as entrevistas foram qualificados 20 moradores e coletadas 202 fotografias. Dentre os projetos implementados e em funcionamento estão três geradores de energia fotovoltaica, quanto aos projetos implementados e que apresentaram descontinuidade e falhas no seu funcionamento estão o sistema de iluminação a LED inteligente, o projeto de sistema de internet gratuita, os projetos com os sistemas de geração de energia aerogerador, os projetos de automação da rede de energia e os projetos da instalação dos medidores inteligentes. Durante a visita técnica não foi possível identificar características ou contribuições que definam a cidade de Búzios-RJ, como a primeira cidade inteligente da América Latina, tão pouco como cidade inteligente, uma vez que os projetos executados apresentaram falhas, uma pequena parte da cidade foi contemplada, a população não possui conhecimento sobre o projeto, falta de continuidade e de governança. Embora os projetos elencados façam sentido como componentes de uma cidade inteligente, com rede elétrica inteligente, não foi possível caracterizar a cidade como "inteligente" dado que os projetos não apresentaram, em sua maioria, efetividade e alcance suficiente para isso. A cidade pode, no entanto, tornar-se inteligente ao ampliar o alcance e a efetividade dos projetos.

In the European Union (EU), increasing final energy efficiency, so as to save energy, has become mandatory. This obligation will fundamentally alter the EU energy sector. The relevant EU directive, 2006/32/EG, requires that adjustments be made to energy billing and, where technically feasible, that new metering technologies (i.e. smart metering) be introduced. Individual EU countries are implementing these requirements in different ways: Smart metering is either being nearly fully implemented (e.g. in Italy), is being planned (e.g. in Germany), or completely disregarded (e.g. in the Czech Republic). Since the introduction of smart metering affects virtually all value-added steps, organisational structures and areas of operation in medium-sized energy providers, these providers must take the relevant requirements into account at as early a stage as possible. The present thesis analyses the effects of the introduction of smart metering on the business management of such companies. A deductive method was chosen and the effects of intro- ducing smart metering were assessed through a cross-sectional study of two separate data collections. Experts were interviewed and their statements were qualitatively evaluated. A written survey followed via online questionnaires, the results of which were quantitatively evaluated. Institutional, functional and activity-based perspectives were considered as well as normative, strategic and operative aspects of business management. The evaluation of the survey enabled a better assessment and analysis of the introduction of smart metering. An analysis of the scope of the upcoming alterations within energy providers illustrates just how fundamental a change this will bring to medium-sized energy providers. However, the outcome of the written survey shows that most executives do not recognise this need for change and therefore are unable to initiate it. These management deficiencies threaten the very existence of these companies and must be resolved through the timely initiation of consistent change management.

A cause du développement du smart farming, des études sont à mener sur la distribution de l’instrumentation pour mesurer l’état hydrique du sol en vue de contrôler l’irrigation. Dans le cadre du projet IRRIS, nous réalisons un capteur d’humidité du sol intelligent. Nous allons tout d’abord réaliser le corps d’épreuve de ce capteur. Nous choisissons une mesure capacitive pour obtenir un capteur réactif malgré un coût de réalisation faible. Le corps est cylindrique pour pouvoir être inséré facilement dans le sol. Les électrodes sont réalisées par dépôt électrochimique de cuivre sur ce cylindre plastique. Nous concevons ensuite l’électronique de mesure associée à ce corps. Pour cela, nous comparons deux solutions, l’une analogique et l’autre logicielle. Puis nous assemblons notre capteur suivant deux modes, le multi capteur ou le mono capteur. Nous réalisons à cette étape la création du réseau de capteurs à l’aide de communication sans fil située dans la bande ISM 868MHz et nous la caractérisons. Enfin, nous observons les résultats de trois campagnes de mesures dans des champs cultivés pour valider le fonctionnement sur différents types de sols et de cultures. Ces travaux aboutissent donc à la création d’un capteur permettant la mesure de l’humidité du sol avec un coût réduit par rapport aux capteurs industriel déjà existant. Les expérimentations sur site montrent sa facilité d’insertion ainsi que son bon fonctionnement. / Owing to the development of the smart farming, some new studies need to be lead on a distributed instrumentation to measure soil moisture to control the irrigation.In the project IRRIS context, we realize a smart soil moisture sensor. First, we have to realize the sensing element of this sensor. We choose a capacitive detection to get a reactive sensor despite low cost. The body is a cylinder to be easily buried in the soil. The electrodes are made by electrochemical deposition on the plastic tube. Then, we design the measurement electronic. We compare two solutions, one with discrete components and the other software on embedded microcontroller. We submit those electronics at thermic variations to observe their comportment to create the law of compensation. Next we assemble the sensor according to two ways. The first, the multi sensor, forces the depths of sensing but reduces the costs by pooling the measurement electronic. The second, the mono sensor, frees the choice of depth but multiplies the number of sensors. We create at this step the sensor network thanks a wireless communication placed on 868MHz, an ISM band that we characterize in terms of range depending on the flow rate to optimize this communication. Finally, we observe the results of three measurement campaigns to validate the operating for different soil and cultures.This study ends in the realization of a sensor to measure soil moisture with a reduced cost relative to the industrial sensor on the market. Experiments prove its ease of use as well as its proper functioning.