<p>The energy exchange in the soil-snow-vegetation-atmospheresystem was studied to improve the quantitative knowledge of thegoverning processes. The lack of such knowledge contributes tothe uncertainty in the applicability of many existing modelsindependent of the temporal or spatial scale. The theoreticalbackground and available methods for measurements and numericalsimulations were reviewed. Numerical simulation models andavailable data sets representing open land and boreal forestwere evaluated in both diurnal and seasonal time-scales.Surface heat fluxes, snow depth, soil temperatures andmeteorological conditions were measured at an agriculturalfield in central Sweden over two winters, 1997-1999. Twoone-dimensional simulation models of different complexity wereused to simulate the heat and water transfer in thesoil-snow-atmosphere system and compared with the measurements.Comparison of simulated and observed heat fluxes showed thatparameter values governing the upper boundary condition weremore important than the formulation of the internal mass andheat balance of the snow cover. The models were useful toevaluate the lack of energy balance closure in the observedsurface heat fluxes, which underlined the importance ofimproved accuracy in eddy correlation measurements of latentflow during winter conditions.</p><p>The representation of boreal forest in the land surfacescheme used within a weather forecast model was tested with athree-year data set from the NOPEX forest site in centralSweden. The formulation with separate energy balances forvegetation and the soil/snow beneath tree cover improvedsimulation of the seasonal and diurnal variations of latent andsensible heat flux compared with an older model version.Further improvements of simulated surface heat fluxes could beexpected if the variation of vegetation properties within andbetween years and a new formulation of the boundary conditionsfor heat flux into the soil is included.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Surface energy balance, Snow, Boreal forest,SVAT models, Eddy-correlation Measurements, Latent heat flux,Sensible heat flux, Net radiation, Soil temperature,Aerodynamic roughness, Surface resistance</p> / QC 20100614

Detta examensarbete har utförts åt Ålö, som är en tillverkare av frontlastare och redskap till dessa. Ett av deras redskap, vars syfte är snöröjning, är utrustat med hydrauliskt justerbara sidoklaffar som kan fällas bakåt och nyttjas som plogblad. De fyller dock inte denna uppgift tillfredsställande då snö tenderar falla tillbaka bakom dem. Det bildas även en triangulär spalt mellan klaffarna och underlaget vid plogning, detta lämnar kvar en sträng av snö, utöver det som faller ner bakom klaffarna. Målet i detta projekt var att utveckla en plogklaff som löser tidigare nämnda problem genom att ersätta den högra sidoklaffen till skopan. Utvecklingen har initierats med en studie av rapporter, existerande plogar, kontakt med brukare och fastställande av de begränsningar som råder. Detta har sedan utgjort grunden för en rad koncept, av vilka de mest lovande sammanfogades till en prototyp. Kraftberäkningar utifrån det lastfall som uppstår vid plogning har sedan använts för att bl.a. dimensionera skruvförband och skapa randvillkoren för en finita element-analys. Finita element-analysen har sedan nyttjats för att göra en uppskattning av antalet cykler med momentan maximal belastning plogklaffen klarar innan utmattningsbrott sker. Kraftberäkningarna visade att hydraulcylinderns tryckbegränsare öppnar redan innan maximal belastning uppnås. Finita element-analys och kraftberäkningar till skruvförband förutsätter likväl att maximal belastning kan erhållas momentant i syfte att ge konservativa resultat. Under denna förutsättning skiljer belastningen i skruvförbanden endast ca 7-10 % mellan finita element-analys och handberäkningar. Samtliga beräkningar är inom spannen för skruvförbandens hållfasthet. Utmattningsberäkningarna visade att antalet cykler plogklaffen klarar vid maximal belastning uppgår till ca 346 000. Detta avser områden av intresse och inkluderar således ej delar vilka redan utvärderats i originalklaffen. Svetsförband, som i regel är dimensionerande i situationer som dessa, har ej sett någon utmattningsmässig utvärdering utan kommer istället behandlas vid tester av prototypen. Prototypen uppfyller de utsatta målen och tillverkningsunderlag i form av 3D-CAD modeller och 2D-ritningar (inklusive svetsritningar) har levererats. En fysisk prototyp är även beställd och kommer tillverkas av Vännäs Verkstads AB, planerat leveransdatum är 2017-06-08. Den kommer utvärderas under vintern 2017/2018. / This thesis work has been carried out for Ålö, a manufacturer of front loaders and implements for these. One of their implements, whose purpose is snow clearing, is equipped with hydraulically adjustable flaps that can be folded backwards and used as plows. However, they do not fill this task satisfactorily as snow tends to fall down behind them. A triangular gap between the flaps and the ground is also formed during plowing. This leaves a string of snow behind, aside from the snowmass already falling down behind the flaps. The goal for this project was to develop a plow that solves the aforementioned problems by replacing the right side flap on the bucket. The development was initiated with a study of reports, existing plows, contact with users and determining existing constraints. This has since provided the basis for a series of concepts, of which the most promising ones were joined to a prototype. Force calculations based on the load scenario that occurs during plowing have been used to find appropriate fasteners and create boundary conditions for a finite element analysis. The finite element analysis has then been used to estimate the number of cycles with maximum load the plow can be subjected to before it succumbs to fatigue failure. Force calculations showed that the pressure limiter for the hydraulic cylinder opens even before maximum load is reached. Despite this, finite element analysis and force calculations for fasteners were still based on the condition that maximum load is achieved momentarily to produce convervative results. Under this condition, the load on fasteners differs only ca 7-10 % between finite element analysis and calculations made by hand. All calculations are within the span for the fasteners proof strength. Fatigue calculations showed that the number of cycles the plow can handle with maximum load amounts to approximately 346 000. This refers to areas of interest and thus does not include parts already evaluated in the original flap. Welds, which usually dictate minimum strength in situations like these, have not seen any fatigue evaluations, but will instead be addressed while testing the prototype. The prototype meets the set goals and production documentation in the form of 3D-CAD models and 2D drawings (including weldment drawings) have been delivered. A physical prototype is also ordered and will be manufactured by Vännäs Verkstads AB, scheduled delivery date is 2017-06-08. It will be evaluated during the winter of 2017/2018.

TITLE: About definition of the folk fairy-tale genre and about elaboration of the Snow-white theme in collections of chosen german authors (J. K. A. Musäus, A. L. Grimm and J. and W. Grimm) SUMMARY: This diploma thesis is concerned with the fairy-tale genre, which is defined as the folk fairy-tale, Snow-white theme and elaborations of this theme in collections of J. K. A. Musäus, A. L. Grimm and the Brothers Grimm. In context of the historico-literary period and in connection with the folk fairy-tale genre all processing are analysed and compared with each other. Märchen (1971) of Max Lüthi and Deutsche Märchen vor Grimm (1942) of Albert Wesselski are the fundamental publikations for this thesis. The main result is that the caption »Sneewittchen« of the Brothers Grimm correspondes closest to the folk fairy-tale genre, while »Richilde« of J. K. A. Musäus and »Schneewittchen« of A. L. Grimm as author's fairy-tale should be called. KEYWORDS: Fairy-tale genre, folk fairy-tale, collections of german authors, Snow-white theme, Johann Karl August Musäus, Albert Ludwig Grimm, Brothers Grimm

Chez les espèces longévives, une relation inverse entre la variabilité des paramètres démographiques et leur élasticité (i.e. la contribution relative du paramètre au taux de croissance de la population) semble exister. La théorie de la canalisation environnementale permet d'expliquer une telle relation. Les paramètres ayant la plus haute élasticité auraient évolué de façon à être moins variable face aux variations environnementales afin d'optimiser la fitness individuelle et ainsi maximiser la croissance de la population. Afin de tester l'existence d'une telle hypothèse chez une espèce, il est nécessaire d'estimer les paramètres démographiques ainsi que leur contribution relative au taux de croissance. À l'aide des modèles les plus récents de capture-marquage-recapture, nous avons donc estimé les paramètres de survie juvénile et de reproduction chez la grande oie des neiges pour les comparer au taux de survie adulte, paramètre le plus élastique.Notre étude a montré que les paramètres de survie juvéniles et de probabilité de nicher étaient très variables, tel qu'attendu. Le taux de survie juvénile dépend des conditions environnementales, avec notamment un fort effet du parasitisme. En vermifugeant des individus, nous avons trouvé un effet négatif des parasites intestinaux sur la survie des oies juvéniles femelles mais pas sur celle des mâles, ce qui s'explique probablement par une différence d'investissement dans le système immunitaire en fonction du sexe chez les individus en croissance. La probabilité de nicher est également dépendante des conditions environnementales mais notre étude a également révélé l'existence de coûts associés à la reproduction. En effet, la probabilité de nicher l'année suivante était fortement réduite suite à une reproduction avec succès comparé aux individus qui avaient eu un échec. Par contre, parmi les individus qui nichent, ceux qui avaient du succès l'année précédente avaient plus de chance d'avoir à nouveau du succès l'année suivante que ceux qui avaient eu un échec, ce qui suggère une hétérogénéité dans la qualité des individus. En parallèle de ces estimations, nous avons montré que le taux de survie adulte était constant au cours du temps et indépendante du statut reproducteur l'année précédente. Finalement, nous avons également trouvé que la survie adulte ne différait pas entre 2 colonies situés à 800 km de distance dans l'Arctique canadien, ce qui suggère une absence de variabilité spatiale pour ce paramètre démographique. Notre étude a donc démontré la faible variabilité temporelle et spatiale du paramètre démographique le plus important pour le taux de croissance de la population, contrairement aux autres paramètres qui montrent une forte variabilité chez la grande oie des neiges. Notre étude permet donc d'appuyer la théorie de la canalisation environnementale des paramètres démographiques chez les espèces longévives. / In long-lived species, an inverse relationship apparently occurs between variability of demographic parameters and their elasticity (i.e. the relative contribution of a given parameter to the population growth rate). The environmental canalization theory has been proposed to explain such a relationship. Demographic parameters with the highest elasticity should have evolved in a way reducing their variability in presence of environmental variations in order to optimize individual fitness and hence to maximize the population growth rate.To test this hypothesis in a given species, demographic parameters and their elasticity need to be accurately estimated. Using advanced capture-mark-recapture models, we estimated juvenile survival and breeding probabilities in the greater snow goose and we compared their variability to adult survival, the parameter with the highest elasticity.Our study showed that both juvenile survival rate and breeding propensity were highly variable, as expected. The juvenile survival probability varied upon environmental conditions, with a strong impact of parasitism. An anthelmintic drug treatment applied to juveniles revealed a negative effect of intestinal parasites on survival of juvenile females but not males, which could be explained by a sex-differential investment in the immune system in growing individuals. We found that the breeding propensity also varied with environmental conditions but we also found some evidence for costs of reproduction. Breeding propensity in the following year was greatly reduced after a successful reproduction compared to birds that had a failed attempt. However, among birds that bred, those that had a success the year before were more likely to be successful again the following year than those that had failed, which suggests heterogeneity in individual quality. In those studies, we showed that adult survival was constant over time and independent of the breeding status the year before. Finally, we also found that adult survival did not differ between 2 breeding colonies distant of 800 km in the Canadian Arctic, which suggests an absence of spatial variability for this demographic parameter.We thus demonstrated a low temporal and spatial variability in the most important demographic parameter for population growth, which contrasts with the high variability of other parameters in the greater snow goose. Our study supports the environmental canalization theory as applied to demographic parameters in long-lived species.

Les avalanches sont susceptibles d’affecter le réseau routier et les infrastructures bâties, mettant en péril la population. L’extension des avalanches est généralement évaluée à l’aide de modèles physiques et/ou statistiques. Ces modèles sont très performants pour simuler des événements relativement fréquents, cependant, les incertitudes augmentent dès lors que l’on considère des événements plus rares. Il est donc indispensable de valider les procédures de modélisation afin de confirmer les prédictions qui en découlent. Dans ce travail, la dendrogéomorphologie a été utilisée comme un outil de validation. Cette approche se fonde sur le fait que les arbres forment un cerne de croissance par année et que les individus affectés par des processus naturels enregistrent l’évidence d’une perturbation dans leurs cernes. Cette thèse a permis de proposer une nouvelle approche pour l’identification des événements avalancheux fondée sur l’expertise du dendrogéomorphologue et d’évaluer la qualité de l’approche dendrogéomorphologique. Il a également été possible de réaliser une validation croisée entre des avalanches extrêmes prédites par un modèle statistique-dynamique et des informations sur des périodes de retour d’avalanches similaires obtenues à l’aide de l’approche dendrogéomorphologique. Les résultats montrent une très bonne concordance pour des événements dont la période de retour est égale ou inférieure à 300 ans. Finalement, une analyse des relations statistiques avalanche-climat a montré que les arbres enregistrent préférentiellement les événements qui ont eu lieu durant des épisodes froids associés à des tempêtes hivernales accompagnées de fortes précipitations. / Snow avalanches are a significant natural hazard that impact roads, structures and threaten human lives in mountainous terrain. The extent of avalanches is usually evaluated using topographic or statistic models. These models are well capable to simulate contemporary events, but uncertainties increase as soon as longer return periods are investigated. Thus, there is a real need for validation of modelling procedures to corroborate model predictions. In the present work, dendrogeomorphology has been used as a validation tool. This approach is based on the fact that trees affected by mass movements record the evidence of geomorphic disturbance in their growth-ring series and thereby provide a precise geochronological tool for the reconstruction of past mass movement activity. This PhD thesis presents a new tree-ring-based semi-quantitative approach for the identification of avalanche events based on the analytical skills of the dendrogeomorphic expert and proposes an evaluation of the completeness of tree-ring records. Furthermore, this work proposes the first cross-validation of high return period avalanches derived from a locally calibrated statistical-dynamical model and the long-term, higher-return period information gathered from tree-ring records. Comparison of relations between runout distances and return periods between both approaches shows very good agreement for events with return periods of < 300 yr. Finally, a statistical analysis of avalanche-climate relations suggests that tree rings preferentially record events that occurred during cold winter storms with heavy precipitation.

The introduction of the theoretical part is devoted to the analysis of threats, another part to the rescue of animals. In the next part, I focused on zoological gardens and evacuation of animals. The last chapter of the theoretical part deals with the evacuation of selected species of animals. When selecting individual species, I focused on those that are most represented in Dvorec Zoo. The aim of my thesis was to create an analysis of the preparedness of the selected zoo to selected crisis situations and to identify the risks of evacuation of the zoo. In order to achieve these goals, I have set research questions - how is the zoo prepared for selected crisis situations? And what are the possible risks associated with evacuating selected species? In the second part of my thesis I focused on the research itself, which included an interview with the director of Dvorec Zoo. Based on the interview and my own observation I processed the KARS method. The KARS method has identified 6 risks that could compromise the operation of Dvorec Zoo. These risks include extreme wind, large-scale gas supply disruption, large-scale electricity supply disruption, snow calamity, and extremely low temperatures. Based on the identified risks, I created a plan for MU solution for Dvorec Zoo. In the MU solution plan, I focused primarily on the impacts on operation, planned measures, procedures and responsible people. Dvorec Zoo will, of course, be provided with this plan.

Snow algae are psychrophilic microorganisms, that inhabit snow fields in mountains and polar regions, which creates colored snow in good conditions. Most species belong to order Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta) with complicated life cycles, containing flagellates and immobile stages (cysts). Extreme environment of snow is characteristed by low temperature, problems with availability of water and lack of nutrition. Depending on location and phase of life cycle, snow algae have to deal with excess or lack of solar radiation, the important component of which is also dangerous UV radiation. The light conditions differ substantially from open location above the forest level or polar regions to forest habitats. In the first part of this work I compared reactions of photosynthetic apparatus of snow algae strains from forest and forestless habitats to different intensity of radiation, then I dealt with assessing any changes related to long-term cultivation in laboratory. Based on measurement of rapid light curves on PAM fluorometer I have determined some characteristics of photosynthetic apparatus of individual strains (parameters α and Ik), which indicate adaptation to low or high light intensity. For some strains, it was possible to compare the results obtained at a three-year interval. In the second part...

Il est aujourd'hui avéré que la composition chimique de l'atmosphère des régions enneigées – et notamment des régions polaires – est sensiblement affectée par les échanges d'espèces chimiques réactives entre l'air et la neige. En effet, le manteau neigeux constitue un véritable réacteur photochimique multiphasique, mais les mécanismes physico-chimiques à l'œuvre en son sein sont encore mal connus. Une compréhension détaillée des processus s'y déroulant est indispensable pour modéliser correctement la composition et la réactivité de l'atmosphère au-dessus des régions enneigées. De plus, la reconstitution de l'évolution post-dépôt des composés chimiques stables de la neige est également un préalable indispensable pour permettre l'interprétation paléoclimatique de leurs profils de concentration enregistrés dans les carottes de glace.Le nitrate (NO3-) présent dans la neige joue un rôle fondamental, car sa photolyse induit notamment l'émission d'oxydes d'azote (NOx = NO + NO2) par le manteau neigeux, qui modifient la capacité oxydante de l'atmosphère via la production d'ozone. L'objet de cette thèse a donc été d'étudier par modélisations les processus physico-chimiques intervenants dans l'évolution de la concentration du nitrate dans la neige.Une première approche, prolongeant des études préexistantes, a visé à identifier un mécanisme réactionnel pour la photochimie du nitrate dans la neige, en postulant notamment l'existence d'une couche quasi-liquide à la surface des grains de neige. Néanmoins, les propriétés exactes de l'interface air – glace sont, à l'heure actuelle, encore mal caractérisées, et il est apparu que cette démarche présentait de trop larges incertitudes pour être poursuivie.Une discussion approfondie a alors été menée afin d'évaluer les tentatives actuelles de modélisation de la chimie de la neige, et dans le but de proposer une nouvelle approche plus réaliste au regard du niveau de connaissance actuel.Ainsi, dans une seconde partie, l'ensemble des processus d'échange physico-chimiques du nitrate entre l'air et la neige ont été étudiés puis modélisés : adsorption à la surface, diffusion en phase solide et co-condensation. Parmi les résultats obtenus, il est apparu que les paramétrisations actuelles de la couverture surfacique en nitrate étaient incapables de reproduire les concentrations mesurées, dans le cas de la neige de surface à Dome C, et révèlent d'importantes surestimations. A contratio, la prise en compte conjointe de la diffusion en phase solide ainsi que d'un processus de co-condensation permet de bien reproduire qualitativement les séries temporelles de plus d'un an, couvrant donc à la fois l'été et l'hiver austral, qui présentent chacun des caractéristiques distinctes en terme de concentration mesurées.Cette étude révèle ainsi l'importance de ces processus physico-chimiques d'échange dans la modélisation de la chimie de la neige, et pose les bases des mécanismes à prendre en compte dans le cadre de développements futurs. / It is increasingly recognized that the atmosphere composition of snow covered regions – especially polar regions – is noticeably affected by air-snow interactions. Indeed, the snowpack is a multiphase reactor, but physico-chemical processes which take place inside are still poorly understood. A detailled understanding of snow-atmosphere interactions is essential for understanding and modeling properly the composition and reactivity of the atmosphere above snow covered regions. Reconstructions of past trends in atmospheric composition using ice cores also require to understand snowpack processes that affected the composition of interstitial air and burried snow after its deposition.Nitrate (NO3-) present in the snowpack plays an important role as it photochemically produces nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2), which affect the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere through ozone production.This thesis thus aimed at studying physico-chemical processes which take place inside the snowpack and modify nitrate concentration.In a first part, a reaction mechanism to reproduce nitrate photochemistry in snow were developed, based on previous studies. The main hypothesis was that chemical reactions take place in a quasi-liquid layer located on the surface of snow cristals. However, the properties of this ice-air interface are poorly known, and it appeared that this approach had too many uncertainties to be continued.Then, a thorough discussion were carried out to assess current attempts in snow chemistry modeling, and to propose another approach which could prevail given current knowledge on this topic.In a second part, physico-chemical exchange processes between air and snow were studied and modeled. This concerned adsorption, solid phase diffusion and co-condensation. Among the results that arise, it appeared that current parameterizations of nitrate surface coverage are unable to reproduce measured concentrations, in the studied case of Dome C surface snow, and further reveal sizeable overestimations. On the contrary, simultaneous modeling of solid phase diffusion and co-condensation allows a qualitatively good reproduction of measurements, which cover more than a year, thus including both austral summer and winter with their specific features.This study reveals the importance of exchange processes for snow chemistry modeling, and give basis for future work on this topic.

No description available.

<p>Uzorci zemlji&scaron;ta iz pov&scaron;inskog sloja dubine 0 - 10 cm<br />prikupljeni su sa 121 lokacije na gradskom području Novog<br />Sada. Ispitivano područje obuhvatilo je povr&scaron;inu (4 x 5)km²,<br />koja je podeljena na mrežna polja veličine (400 x 400) m^2&nbsp;i u&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />svakom polju uzet je po jedan uzorak. Za 121 uzorak<br />gradskog zemlji&scaron;ta Novog Sada ispitana su fizičko-hemijska<br />svojstva zemlji&scaron;ta, ukupni i pristupačni sadržaj metala (As,<br />Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) i njihova prostorna raspodela.<br />Konturne mape prostorne raspodele metala u zemlji&scaron;tu<br />dobijene su kori&scaron;ćenjem interpolacijske metode običnog<br />kriginga. Za pojedine uzorke izvr&scaron;eno je razdvajanje čestica<br />po veličinama frakcionisanjem u vodi pomoću sita različitih<br />veličina i identifikovani su minerali prisutni u frakciji prah +<br />glina. Aktivnosti radionuklida &bdquo;unsupported&rdquo;²¹⁰Pb i ¹³⁷Cs<br />određene su za jedan deo uzoraka zemlji&scaron;ta u Novom Sadu i<br />za uzorke zemlji&scaron;ta pored fabrike akumulatora u Somboru.<br />Ispitana je i vertikalna distribucija stabilnog i radioaktivnog<br />Pb u zemlji&scaron;tu.</p><p>Na 14 lokacija u Novom Sadu prikupljeno je 35 uzoraka<br />snega direktno sa asfaltnih puteva i sa zemljanih povr&scaron;ina u<br />okolini puteva i na pe&scaron;ačkim ostrvima. Raspodela čestica po<br />veličinama i ukupne koncentracije metala (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K,<br />Na, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) određene su analizom filtriranih uzoraka,<br />a za 4 uzorka ispitana je morfologija čestica i urađena<br />semikvantitativna analiza čestica u suvoj materiji.</p><p>Prilikom obrade rezultata merenja primenjene su metode<br />deskriptivne statistike i multivarijacione statističke analize u<br />cilju identifikacije izvora zagađenja i određivanja povezanosti<br />između samih metala i drugih parametara.</p> / <p>A total of 121 surface soil samples were collected&nbsp;across the central part of Novi Sad covering a surface&nbsp;area (4 km x 5 km). The physicochemical properties,&nbsp;pseudo total and available metal concentrations (As,&nbsp;Co, Cr, Cu,&nbsp; Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined.&nbsp;Contour maps of spatial distribution of the investigated&nbsp;metals were obtained using ordinary&nbsp; kriging&nbsp;interpolation method. Separation of different particle&nbsp;<br />size fractions by wet sieving&nbsp; and identification of&nbsp;minerals in the clay and silt fraction for some soil&nbsp;samples were performed.&nbsp; Specific activities of&nbsp;radionuclides &ldquo;unsupported&rdquo; ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs were&nbsp;measured in forty soil samples collected in urban area&nbsp;of Novi Sad and industrial area of Sombor (near a&nbsp;battery manufacturer).&nbsp; Vertical distribution of stable and&nbsp;radioactive&nbsp; Pb for&nbsp; two samples from the industrial soil&nbsp;was examined.</p><p>Thirty five snow samples were collected at fourteen&nbsp;locations near crossroads in Novi Sad. The samples&nbsp;were taken directly from the road surface and from the&nbsp;ground surface in the vicinity of roads and on&nbsp;pedestrian islands. Particle size distribution and &nbsp;total&nbsp;concentration of the metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mn,&nbsp;Ni, Pb, Zn) were &nbsp;determined for filtered samples. Semi-quantitative analysis of the particles was &nbsp;conducted and&nbsp;morphology of the particles was examined for dry&nbsp;matter of four snow samples.&nbsp;</p><p>Methods of descriptive and multivariate statistics and&nbsp;geostatistics were carried out for &nbsp;the analysis and&nbsp;interpretation of the data.</p>