Submitted by Valdinei Souza (neisouza@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-09T19:46:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Magda Andrade_Mestrado2007.pdf: 866474 bytes, checksum: b2548984eeb72269f5a9c4b3fda6e526 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Urania Araujo (urania@ufba.br) on 2016-03-04T20:47:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Magda Andrade_Mestrado2007.pdf: 866474 bytes, checksum: b2548984eeb72269f5a9c4b3fda6e526 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T20:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magda Andrade_Mestrado2007.pdf: 866474 bytes, checksum: b2548984eeb72269f5a9c4b3fda6e526 (MD5) / O ponto de partida foi compreender a representação sobre os impactos sociais do conhecimento da ciência e tecnologia apoiada pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia. O cenário do estudo é o resultado do projeto do Programa de Fixação de Doutores que resultou em novo processo para diagnóstico de lesões infra-ósseas benignas dos maxilares. O locus da pesqusa, constituído por um pequeno recorte, determinado pela escassez de resultados implementados, que levou à configuração de um estudo piloto, é o ambulatório de atendimento da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, e os sujeitos são residentes em odontologia. O trabalho se insere em uma vertente de estudos em Ciência da Informação que se fundamenta em uma concepção de informação como processo de construção do conhecimento que se apoia na cultura e nas práticas sociais, sendo a representação do saber popular do resultado da ciência e tecnologia entendida a partir do contexto que a originou e da funcionalidade nas interações sociais que ocorrem no cotidiano. Fundamenta-se na teoria das representações sociais desenvolvida por Moscovici para auxiliar na construção e análise do objeto. Nesta investigação o conhecimento é considerado como um produto social, tendo como contraponto o contexto social do qual ele emerge e no qual ele circula e se transforma, sendo focalizadas as representações de um sujeito sobre um objeto. Partindo da técnica de evocação livre de palavras, os dados coletados foram processados pelo software EVOC e o interesse básico foi o conhecimento do núcleo central da representação estudada. A pesquisa empírica aqui relatada demonstra como essa teoria pode ser utilizada, explicando cada etapa de sua aplicação e os procedimentos utilizados para obtenção e tratamento dos dados. O emprego da teoria das representações sociais possibilitou um novo modo de enxergar o aspecto sociocognitivo como processo de construção do conhecimento que vem confirmar a contribuição que o ramo da Psicologia Social pode oferecer à Ciência da Informação, enquanto um referencial de análise e intervenção. Fica a sugestão de continuidade desta pesquisa, buscando nas representações sociais de outros segmentos que compõem nossa sociedade o entendimento da realidade dos impactos sociais da ciência e tecnologia e o desafio de fazer da produção desse conhecimento propostas para serem utilizadas nas intervenções políticas e sociais. / ABSTRACT The starting point was undestanding the representation about the social impacts of science and technology knowledge supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia, Brazil. The scenery of the study is the Programa de Fixação de Doutores project, realized in 2002, that had ended as a new process for diagnosis of benign intra-bones injuries of jaw bones. The research locus, constituted by a small cut of this field, determined by the scarceness of the implanted results, that took the configuration of a pilot sketch, is the odontology service of the Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, and the researched people are the pos-degree dentistry's students. The work inserts itself in a slope of studies in Science of the Information that is based in the concept of information as process of knowledge construction that leans on the culture and on the social practices, being the representation of the popular knowledge as the result of the science and technology understood starting from the context that originated it and of the functionality in the social interactions that happen day by day. It is based in the theory of the social representations developed by Moscovici to aid in the construction and analysis of the object. In this research the knowledge is considered a social product, and as back center the social context in which it emerges and in which it spreads and changes itself, being focused the representations of a person on an object. Using the free-word evocation technique, the collected data had been analyzed by the EVOC software and the mean interest was the knowledge of the central core of the studied representation. The empiric research here related demonstrates how this theory can be used, explaining each stage of its application and the used procedures for attainment and treatment of the data. The theory of the social representations used made possible a new way of seeing the sociocognitive aspect as a process of the knowledge construction that confirms the contribution that the branch of the Social Psychology can offer to the Science of the Informations, seeing as a referential analysis and intervention. It is suggested continuation of this research, searching in the social representations of other segments that compose our society the undrestanding of the reality of the social impacts of the science and technology and the challenge of producing this knowledge proposals to be used as a political and a social interventions.

In diploma work was created analysis and synthesis of ecological and social impacts of brownfields in South Bohemia. The theoretical part was specialized in the main definitions of environmental and social impacts of brownfields. In the practical part was created a case study of brownfields regeneration. Diploma thesis is part of being solved grant GAČR-Economic Aspects of regeneration of brownfield sites in South Bohemian region.

This dissertation aims at understanding, based on Aracaju city history, the reasons why the mangroves of the city were covered with earth. To answer this question, it was necessary to state three more specific objectives: to indentify the reasons for mangroves covering throughout Aracaju history; to locate the areas where there used to be mangroves, but not anymore; and to show the relationship between the aracajuano inhabitant and the mangroves. After the first step of the research, the data collection, the research documents were categorized, according to Bardin (1977). In the first specific objective there are the categories named public sphere and the public-private connection, divided into another classes: health, accessibility, housing and real estate speculation; the last two objectives can be observed throughout the analysis. The historical sources studied, like the reports given by the presidents of Sergipe province in the 19th century, point out the covering as a constant routine. Together with this findings, the observation of the recent urbanization, mainly in Jardins area (1996-1997) and the occupation on the mangroves are the reason for the first time delimitation from 1855 to 2005. Although the 150 year-celebration could stop the analyzes about the theme and induce to the total history, that is not the purpose. From this research, the reasons for the coverings show a continuous time and, besides that, an agreement by civil society in which the government is included. Finally, this study, while historical study of the devastation and partial extinction of Aracaju mangroves, does not intend to judge the man from the past, but to alert to its probable extinction. / Esta dissertação tem o intuito de compreender, através da trajetória histórica de Aracaju, por que motivos os manguezais da cidade foram aterrados. Para atingi-lo, foi necessária a elaboração de mais três objetivos específicos, que foram: identificar as motivações para os aterramentos de manguezais ao longo da História de Aracaju; localizar as áreas abrangidas por manguezais, na cidade de Aracaju, no passado, e compara-las às do presente; demonstrar a relação aracajuano-manguezal presente na documentação pesquisada. Após o primeiro passo da pesquisa, que foi a coleta de fontes, o conjunto da documentação pesquisado foi categorizado, de acordo com a análise de conteúdo sugerida por Bardin (1977). No primeiro objetivo específico, encontraram-se as categorias esfera pública e a conexão público-privada, divididas nas subcategorias: salubridade, acessibilidade, habitação e especulação imobiliária. Os dois últimos objetivos específicos podem ser observados no corpo textual das análises. O estudo das fontes históricas, como os relatórios de presidentes de Província, ainda no século XIX, apontam os aterramentos como um expediente corriqueiro. Aliada a esta descoberta, a observação da urbanização recente, sobretudo do Bairro Jardins (1996-1997) e dos assentamentos sobre os manguezais, concorreu para a delimitação temporal, à principio de 1855 2005. Não obstante, o marco de 150 anos culminaria por engessar as análises pertinentes ao tema e induziria à pretensão de uma história total dos manguezais aracajuanos, o que não é intuito desta pesquisa. Observa-se, através deste estudo, que as motivações para os aterros de manguezais aracajuanos apresentam uma continuidade temporal, e além disto, uma conivência da sociedade civil, na qual está inserido o poder público. Por fim, esta dissertação, enquanto estudo histórico da devastação e extinção parcial dos manguezais aracajuanos, não pretende julgar o homem aracajuano do passado, mas alertar para o risco de permanência da prática de aterros: a extinção total dos manguezais da cidade de Aracaju.

No verão do ano 2000, um evento extremo de chuva ocorreu em Campos do Jordão, causando deslizamento de encostas em vários pontos da área urbana, em bairros considerados de risco. Este evento provocou a morte de 10 pessoas e um saldo de aproximadamente 3000 desabrigados. Os impactos ambientais e sociais desse acontecimento foram catastróficos. A ocupação de encostas, de maneira geral, é feita de maneira desordenada onde se verifica a remoção da vegetação existente para a construção das moradias de baixo padrão, processo que altera a morfodinâmica local e traz implicações para a própria população.No caso específico de Campos do Jordão, houve um grande crescimento da ocupação das encostas entre os anos de 1986 e 2003, principalmente nas áreas com declividade superior a 45 áreas consideradas de alto risco para a construção de moradias mas que mesmo assim, são invadidas e ocupadas irregularmente. A partir do evento de chuvas/deslizamentos ocorrido no ano 2000, a Prefeitura Municipal de Campos do Jordão passou a intervir, de forma mais intensa e sistematizada, na busca de soluções para gestão das áreas de risco, por exemplo, com a aquisição de áreas para formação de loteamentos onde serão vendidos terrenos para as famílias que ocupam as áreas de risco muito alto. / On the 2000 Summer, an extreme rain event occurred in Campos do Jordão, causing landslide of the slopes in several points of the urban area in places considered on risk.This event causes the death of ten people an approximately 3000 (three thousand) homelesses. The social and environment impacts of this event were catastrophic. The occupation of the slopes, in general, is made in a disorganized way where it checked the removal of the existing vegetation for houses building, process that changes the morfodynamic local and brings implications to the own population. In the specific case of Campos do Jordão, there was a great increasing of the slopes occupation between 1986 and 2003, mainly in areas with superior slopes up 45 considered as high risk to the dweeling construction even so, are irregulary invaded and occupated. From the landslides/rain events onwards occurred on 2000, the Municipal Prefectures of Campos do Jordão, started to intervene on a systematic and intense way, in search of solutions for management of risk areas, for example, with the acquisition of areas to form portions that will be saled on pieces to the families that occup very high risk areas.

O presente estudo avalia a percepção de potenciais usuários da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia sobre seus possíveis impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais em 7 municípios, no Estado do Tocantins. Foram entrevistados 24 indivíduos representantes do poder público, da iniciativa privada, de entidades de classe e de organizações não-governamentais ambientalistas. Como evidência de campo, verificou-se que, no rio Araguaia, a limitada infra-estrutura operacional, instalada em 1998, está completamente deteriorada e que as embarcações estão sem uso desde 2000. No rio Tocantins, verificou-se a inexistência de eclusas que permitam vencer os desníveis naturais mais agressivos, aumentando a navegabilidade e possibilitando o tráfego dos comboios. Diante disso, pode-se afirmar que a Hidrovia ainda está longe de se consolidar como um modal de transporte alternativo para o Estado. Quanto à opinião dos entrevistados, de modo geral,consideram interessante, oportuna e estratégica a presença da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia em seus municípios, principalmente para o transporte de insumos e produtos. A despeito da pouca nformação de que dispunham sobre sua dimensão, potencial e impactos, manifestaram expectativas positivas quanto aos aspectos econômicos e sociais e negativas quanto aos ambientais. Vários assinalaram que o lento processo de implantação compromete sua inserção nos projetos institucionais ou empresariais e causa descrença sobre sua consolidação. A análise estatística dos dados de campo, realizada através de uma regressão do tipo stepwise, revela que os agentes econômicos relacionam a importância da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia para seus municípios aos impactos econômicos, sociais e ambientais que ela possa causar. Os resultados individuais mostraram-se significativos, segundo o nível de probabilidade “p”, para as variáveis selecionadas pelo modelo, sob α = 0,20(erro tipo I) estabelecido à priori. Foram significativos e positivos os coeficientes das variáveis geração de emprego e renda, oferta de serviços estruturais municipais e valor das propriedades ribeirinhas e, negativos, os coeficientes das variáveis conhecimento e informação sobre a hidrovia, atividades de indústria e comércio, atividades de turismo e oferta de serviços sociais municipais. A variável atividades de agricultura não foi significativa. O grupo focal, realizado com a finalidade de ampliar a discussão qualitativa sobre a Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia, foi consensual em relação aos benefícios econômicos e sociais proporcionados ao Estado do Tocantins e aos circunvizinhos. Porém, alertou sobre os possíveis impactos negativos no meio ambiente, especialmente no Rio Araguaia. Em linhas gerais, o estudo permitiu concluir pela necessidade e benefícios de serem consideradas as impressões qualitativas dos potenciais usuários na avaliação de viabilidade econômica de projetos de infra-estrutura de transporte. Tais impressões serviriam como parâmetros de ponderação dos aspectos quantitativos levantados pelo empreendedor, favorecendo a escolha do empreendimento mais adequado sob o ponto de vista econômico, social e ambiental. Sobre a implantação efetiva da Hidrovia Tocantins-Araguaia, no Estado do Tocantins, alerta-se para os impactos que ela possa causar. Ainda que sob o ponto de vista comum sejam esperados benefícios econômicos e sociais, sob o ponto de vista ambiental a sensação é de perda de qualidade. O Rio Araguaia, pela sua juventude e fragilidade dos ecossistemas que congrega,exige tratamento especial, baseado num cuidadoso plano de intervenções, que respeite suas características naturais, bem como as das espécies e populações que o habitam, inclusive a humana. O Rio Tocantins, ainda que menos indefeso pela sua maior idade, precisa de tratamento adequado, uma vez que dele depende não só a Hidrovia Tocantins e o projeto multimodal de transporte mas,também, todo o projeto de geração de energia hidrelétrica do Estado. / The present study aims to evaluate the perception of potential users of the Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway concerning the possibility of economic, social and environmental impacts in 7 municipalities, in the State of Tocantins. For this purpose, 24 individuals representing the government, private sector and non-government environmental organizations, have been interviewed. Field evidences shows that in the Araguaia River the limited operational infrastructure, installed in 1998, is completely deteriorated and that the ships have not been used since the year 2000. It has been, in the Tocantins River, noticed the nonexistence of dams, which allow to regulate the more aggressive natural differences in the river levels, increasing the navigability of the convoys. Therefore, it can be stated that the waterway is still far from it’s consolidation as a transportation alternative for this State. As for the opinion of those who have been interviewed, in general, the presence of the Tocantins- Araguaia Waterway in their municipalities is considered interesting and strategic, mainly for the transportation of inputs and finished goods. Despite the little information available as to its dimension, potential and impacts, positive expectation have been manifested as to economic and social aspects, and negative as to environmental aspects. Several of them stated that the slow process of implantation difficult its introduction in the projects or enterprises and causes the incredibility over its consolidation. The statistical analysis of the field data, made through a stepwise regression reveals that the economic agents relates the importance of the Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway for their municipalities to the economic, social and environmental impacts that it might cause. The individual results are significant, according to the confidence level p , for the variables selected by the model, under α = 0,20 (tipe I error) à priori determined. The coefficients of the variables job creation and income improvement, municipal social service offer and the value of the water side properties were significant and positive and the coefficients of the variables knowledge and information on waterway, commercial and industrial activities, tourism activities, and the municipal social service offer, were negative. The variable agricultural activities was not significant. The focal group about Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway was consensual over the economic and social benefits for the State of Tocantins. However, the group warned about possible negative impacts in the environment, especially in the Araguaia River. In general, the study permitted to conclude for the necessity and benefits to consider the qualitative impressions of the potential users in the evaluation of the economic viability of transportation infrastructure projects. Such impressions would serve as parameters of the qualitative aspects brought forward by the entrepreneur, improving the choice of the most adequate enterprise under the economic, social and environmental aspects. As for the effective implantation of the Tocantins-Araguaia Waterway, in the State of Tocantins, the impacts that it may cause should be brought forward. Although economic and social benefits are expected, the perception is of loss of the environmental quality. The Araguaia River, because of its youth and ecosystems fragility, demands a special treatment, based on a careful plan of interventions, that respects its natural characteristics, as well as the species and populations that inhabit it, including the human. The Tocantins River also needs a proper treatment due to the Tocantins Waterway, the multimodal transportation and the hydroelectric generation projects of the State, which depends on it.

Cette thèse de doctorat, en géographie-aménagement du territoire, porte sur l’étude des impacts sociaux d’une inondation majeure en région francilienne. Les impacts sociaux sont compris, dans ces travaux, comme les effets de l’inondation sur la population, ses conditions et moyens d’existence. Elle comprend trois objectifs de recherche complémentaires : (1) l’évaluation par modélisation sous SIG des besoins sociaux en cas d’évacuation massive ; (2) l’étude qualitative de la prise en charge des populations en gestion de crise par les autorités ; (3) la cartographie des impacts sociaux post-catastrophe, et la modélisation des besoins de reconstruction.La méthodologie élaborée comprend une approche mixte, fondée sur le croisement d’analyses statistiques et géomatiques d’une part, et d’analyses qualitatives d’autre part. Les premières s’appuient sur le traitement de données de recensement, permettant d’identifier sur un plan sociodémographique les populations et de caractériser leurs besoins dans les différentes phases d’une inondation, à court terme dans l’évacuation et l’hébergement d’urgence, à long terme dans le relogement et la reconstruction. A ce titre, les travaux se fondent sur la littérature internationale, qui est interrogée de près sur les retours d’expérience de catastrophes passées afin d’identifier les facteurs prédictifs du comportement des populations dans un contexte de crise puis de reconstruction. Ces analyses donnent notamment lieu au développement d’indices synthétiques cartographiés, permettant de représenter la capacité des populations à évacuer et à trouver un hébergement d’urgence, d’une part, et d’autre part leur capacité à se reconstruire. Ces indices sont ensuite croisés aux données d’exposition face à l’aléa, pour des scénarios d’inondation d’ampleur catastrophique. Les secondes consistent dans des études descriptives et interprétatives de données qualitatives de sources diverses : documentation écrite, observations, entretiens semi-directifs. Ces sources permettent de caractériser les dispositifs de prise en charge des populations en cas d’inondation massive, par les autorités responsables, de l’échelle communale à l’échelle régionale. L’analyse qualitative permet donc d’identifier des moyens, les analyses statistiques des besoins sociaux : la confrontation des deux permet de caractériser les impacts sociaux de l’inondation.Les résultats sont présentés dans le cadre d’une approche résolument géographique, à travers un corpus de cartes disponible jusqu’à l’échelle communale. A court terme, face aux enjeux de l’évacuation massive, jusqu’à 700 000 personnes pourraient être évacuées pour un scénario d’inondation similaire à celui de la crue de référence de janvier 1910, 1,1 million pour une crue d’ampleur supérieure. 120 000 personnes devraient être prises en charge dans des centres d’hébergement d’urgence dans la première hypothèse, 200 000 dans la seconde. A plus long terme, nombre de structures et infrastructures nécessaires au maintien et au retour des populations sur un territoire donné pourraient être endommagées, avec des disparités spatiales particulièrement marquées : une douzaine de municipalités de plus de dix mille habitants pourraient dépasser le seuil d’endommagement de 30% de leurs structures et infrastructures, alors même qu’elles présentent pour certaines une faible ou médiocre capacité de reconstruction. Les résultats mettent aussi en avant le caractère temporel de la vulnérabilité, qui n’apparaît plus comme un tout uniforme : les populations vulnérables dans la phase d’évacuation ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes que celles qui le sont pendant la phase d’hébergement, a fortiori de reconstruction. De la même façon, les disparités géographiques observées, entre départements, entre communes, varient de façon marquée selon les enjeux, des besoins de prise en charge face à l’évacuation massive jusqu’à la reconstruction. / This doctoral thesis in geography and space planning addresses the social impacts of a major flood in Ile-de-France region (France). Social impacts relate to the effects of a flood on populations and their living situations. The thesis meets three different but complementary objectives: (1) the assessment on a GIS of social needs in the hypothesis of a massive evacuation; (2) a qualitative study of the ability of authorities to take care of populations in a crisis management situation; (3) the mapping of long-term social impacts and the assessment of recovery and reconstruction needs.Our methodology relies on a hybrid approach, mixing statistical and GIS analyses on one part, and qualitative analyses on the other part. On the one hand, census data are processed so as to identify populations on a social and demographic level. It is essential in order to caracterize their needs during the different phases of a flood, from evacuation and sheltering to the process of recovery and reconstruction. As such, this study is based upon a state-of-the-art on past disasters, which identifies predictors of the behavior of populations during and after a disaster. Our GIS and statistical analyses lead to the mapping of synthetic indexes, aiming at representing the population ability to evacuate and to find a shelter by their own means, on the short term, and to recover on the long term. Theses indexes are then crossed to hazard data, applied to major flood scenarios. On the other hand, qualitative data from diverse sources (interviews, observations, written material) are decribed and interpreted in order to identify the means et strategies planned by the local and regional authorities to take care of their populations during a major flood. By comparing means, through qualitative analyses, and numerical and mapped social needs, through GIS and statistical analyses, one is able to caracterize the social impacts of a flood in Ile-de-France region.Results are presented in the context of a geographic approach, through a series of maps available from regional scale to local scale. On the short term during the flood, up to 700,000 people could be evacuated and 120,000 sheltered, for a flood similar to the 100-year flood of 1910. 1,100,000 people would be evacuated, 200,000 sheltered, for a flood superior to the 1910 flood. On the long term, many structures and infrastructures crucial for the livability of the city could be damaged, with striking geographic inequalities. A dozen of municipalities with over 10,000 inhabitants would exceed the damage threshold of 30% of their structures and infrastructures, while some of them feature a weak recovery and reconstruction capability. Results also highlights the temporal aspect of vulnerability. Vulnerable populations during the evacuation step may not be the same during the sheltering step, or the recovery and reconstruction phases. In the same way, geographic inequalities, between departments, between municipalities, greatly vary according to the stakes, from massive evacuation to reconstruction.

A prática de Avaliação de Impacto (AI) mostra-se consolidada como elemento de suporte ao processo decisório ao redor do planeta. No entanto, apresenta uma série de limitações relacionadas à inclusão dos impactos sociais e efeitos cumulativos como objeto de análise, que se mostram mais intensas no contexto da implantação de grandes projetos de desenvolvimento. No Estado de São Paulo, a região do Litoral Norte se destaca pela perspectiva de intensificação dos processos de desenvolvimento econômico a partir da implantação de projetos ligados à exploração de óleo e gás e seus empreendimentos derivados. Ainda que as mudanças de caráter socioambiental venham sendo analisadas em estudos ambientais estratégicos e estudos de impactos ambientais de projetos, planos diretores municipais, dentre outros instrumentos, verifica-se uma lacuna em termos de seus aspectos cumulativos que, associada ao baixo grau de integração entre os instrumentos de planejamento aplicados na região, tem limitado a sua capacidade de influenciar as decisões tomadas. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa se utiliza de métodos de Avaliação de Impactos para a verificação de impactos sociais e seus efeitos cumulativos sobre o Litoral Norte paulista, considerando a implantação de projetos já em andamento e sua compatibilização com os cenários de desenvolvimento esperados para a região. De modo específico, foram aplicados os métodos da Rede de Impactos para identificação da relação de causalidade entre impactos sociais diretos e indiretos e verificação de sua cumulatividade, e da Sobreposição de Mapas para agregação de dados geográficos e visualização de sua distribuição espacial. A metodologia adotada favoreceu a identificação de impactos sociais indiretos, assim como a compreensão de sua cumulatividade sobre diferentes receptores e também sobre a área de estudo, mostrando-se útil para a inserção da dimensão social na AI voltada para grandes projetos de desenvolvimento. / Impact Assessment (IA) practice has different inadequacies, especially about identification and assessment of social impacts and cumulative effects. Hence, there is the demand of exploring methods for minding this gap, mainly in the context of impacts derived from large development projects in Brazil. The North Coast of São Paulo was used a case study, as the region was announced to receive different development projects related to oil and gas exploitation and logistic for exportation. There are many socioenvironmental changes predicted by different instruments such as Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) of projects, Master Plans, among others. This research aimed to verify the contributions of the use of Impact Network and Map Overlaying to consider the social dimension in Impact Assessment. The Impact Network method allowed to address the causality of direct and indirect social impacts, linking them to different receptors for comprehending its cumulativeness. The Map Overlaying method added spatial data from different sources, allowing to identify current and expected social impacts and its spatial and temporal cumulativeness. The main results are: identification of indirect social impacts, comprehension of cumulative social impacts in different receptors and the identification of spatial cumulativeness now and considering the planning future scenario. These methods are currently poorly applied and were important to deal with social impacts and cumulative effects. In the end, it was concluded that the approach contributed to better consider the social dimension in Impact Assessment of large projects.

The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of what potential social impacts (both positive and negative) the concept of P&F will have and could have if an implementation of the process would be done. Interviews are mainly used for providing input to the method S-LCA (Social Life Cycle Assessment) and by that fulfil the purpose. Two questions will be addressed: What are the potential social impacts of the P&F concept on the stakeholders: worker, value chain actors, local community, and society, if integrated into an already existing pulp mill? What are the differences in terms of social impacts between the first and second generation of biofuels? Two methods are used to fulfil the purpose and to answer the related questions. First method is S-LCA as mentioned above. Second method is thematic analysis, where data from interviews is transformed into codes, then quantified and lastly divided into themes. The two mentioned methods work in parallel with each other. The result from thematic analysis shows that subcategories with high social impacts are, technology development, health and safety and contribution to economic development, mainly due to new equipment, job creations and technology. The results from the reference scales show an overall positive score, which means a positive social effect on a potential implementation of the P&F. It was noted that the sustainable future of the concept is strongly connected with positive social impacts like technological development and costs for investments in new equipment on an industrial scale. Several factors are important to consider when assessing an implementation of a process like P&F, and further focus should be put on assessing the negative subcategory health and safety related to a potential new fuel. For this to be possible, there is a necessity to further develop the S-LCA methodology. As the S-LCA to a larger part measures the potential negative impacts, one challenge will be to develop the methodology for the assessment of potential positive social impacts. The S-LCA is an ongoing developing process, where contributions from applying, demonstrating, and sharing findings play a significant role for future research. / Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en förståelse för vilka potentiella sociala effekter (både positiva och negativa) begreppet P&F kommer att ha och skulle kunna ha om en implementering av processen skulle göras. Intervjuer används främst för att ge input till metoden S-LCA (Social Life Cycle Assessment) och därmed uppfylla syftet. Två frågor kommer att behandlas: Vilka är de potentiella sociala effekterna av P&F-konceptet på intressenterna: arbetstagare, aktörer i värdekedjan, lokalsamhället och samhället, om de integreras i en redan befintlig massafabrik? Vilka är skillnaderna när det gäller sociala effekter mellan första och andra generationens biodrivmedel? Två metoder används för att uppfylla syftet och för att besvara de relaterade frågorna. Första metoden är S-LCA som nämnts ovan. Den andra metoden är tematisk analys, där data från intervjuer omvandlas till koder, sedan kvantifieras och slutligen delas in i teman. De två nämnda metoderna fungerar parallellt med varandra. Resultatet från den tematiska analysen visar att underkategorier med stor social påverkan är, teknikutveckling, hälsa och säkerhet och bidrag till ekonomisk utveckling, främst på grund av ny utrustning, jobbskapande och teknik. Resultaten från referensskalorna visar en övergripande positiv poäng, vilket innebär en positiv social effekt på en potentiell implementering av P&F. Det noterades att konceptets hållbara framtid är starkt kopplad till positiva sociala effekter som teknisk utveckling och kostnader för investeringar i ny utrustning i industriell skala. Flera faktorer är viktiga att ta hänsyn till när man bedömer ett genomförande av en process som P&F, och ytterligare fokus bör läggas på att bedöma den negativa underkategorin hälsa och säkerhet i samband med ett potentiellt nytt bränsle. För att detta ska vara möjligt är det nödvändigt att vidareutveckla S-LCA-metoden. Eftersom S-LCA till en större del mäter de potentiella negativa effekterna blir en utmaning att utveckla metoden för bedömning av potentiella positiva sociala effekter. S-LCA är en pågående utvecklingsprocess, där bidrag från att tillämpa, demonstrera och dela resultat spelar en viktig roll för framtida forskning.

Civil engineers have many responsibilities to the public, among them designing safe, efficient, and reliable structures and infrastructure. But what is the responsibility of civil engineers towards ensuring that intended users can use these structures and infrastructure without encountering barriers? This research looks at the intersection of universal design (UD) and civil engineering to find if civil engineering students should learn about accessibility and UD during their undergraduate education and if civil engineering professionals should be held accountable when barriers are designed and constructed into the built environment. To answer these questions a survey was distributed to 222 building design professionals to gather their opinion and experience on the subject. Results show that civil engineers have limited knowledge of UD and accessibility requirements in the built environment and that they overwhelmingly believe that students should learn about these subjects during their civil engineering education. Furthermore, most participants agree that civil engineers do have a responsibility to ensure that the built environment is accessible to everyone. Based on the survey results, it is recommended to integrate a course about accessibility and UD in civil engineering curriculums. The curriculums of undergraduate civil engineering programs at Canadian universities were analyzed and it was found that no course discussing these subjects currently exists, but that there is space to implement them in a broader “social impacts of civil engineering” course. It is recommended that the CEAB recognizes accessibility and UD as useful and necessary subjects of education for civil engineering students. Finally, case studies of recent accessibility assessments of buildings are presented. It was found that while progress is being made in designing and constructing accessible structures, many are still not meeting all possible UD recommendations. The participation of professional civil engineers who have learned about accessibility and UD during their civil engineering education could improve the outcome of these projects. The findings of this thesis indicate that it is time to acknowledge civil engineers’ responsibility towards society and the need for a consistent approach to education about its social impacts, in particular about accessibility and universal design.

Cette étude porte sur l’analyse des impacts sociaux de la Coupe du monde de football FIFA 2014 au Brésil, pays émergent, spécifiquement dans quatre villes d’accueil : Manaus, Recife, Rio de Janeiro et Belo Horizonte. La démarche, s’appuyant sur les principes de la recherche qualitative, cherche à comprendre les processus de décision des organisateurs de l’événement – tant au niveau national que local – et la mise en place des politiques publiques liées aux groupes sociaux défavorisés du pays. Il s’agit d’analyser à la fois l’importance donnée par les responsables aux questions socio-économiques et le rôle joué par les habitants dans l’accueil de l’événement.Le corpus rassemble 63 entretiens [50 acteurs interviewés], 48 séquences d’observation, 87 photographies et des documents publiés [dossiers officiels, articles de journaux, sites officiels, rapports administratifs]. La recherche de terrain a été réalisée entre les années 2013 et 2015 de sorte à observer la préparation de l’événement et les impacts à moyen terme.En analysant les politiques publiques adoptées, la recherche a montré un manque de dialogue entre les organisateurs et la population locale, notamment les groupes sociaux défavorisés, en ce qui concerne les processus de décision et les héritages réels à court et à moyen termes. En général, les responsables ont mis en valeur les aspects tangibles – travaux urbains et nouvelles arènes – au détriment des changements socio-sportifs majeurs. En revanche, les habitants locaux ont joué un rôle crucial dans la réussite de la Coupe du monde au travers de leur accueil des visiteurs et de leur manière singulière de fêter le football. En outre, compte tenu des manifestations survenues en 2013 et 2014, un nouveau mouvement d’opposition aux grands événements sportifs a vu le jour mettant à l’épreuve les aspects économiques soulignés par les institutions organisatrices. / This research focuses on the analysis of social impacts related to the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, an emerging country, specifically in four host cities : Manaus, Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. This approach, based on the principles of qualitative research, seeks to understand the decision process of event organizers – on local and international levels – and the implementation of public policies targeting disadvantaged social groups in the country. This research aims to analyze both the level of consideration given to social issues by the event’s organizing committee; as well as the role played by the host cities’ residents in the reception of visitors.The corpus brings together 63 interviews [50 actors interviewed], 48 observation grids, 87 photographs and published documents [official records, newspapers articles, official websites, business reports]. Field research was carried out between 2013 and 2015 in order to observe the preparation of the event and the medium-term impacts.By analysing public policies, the research showed a lack of dialogue between the organizers and the local population, especially the deprived social groups, regarding the decision process and the real legacies in the short and medium terms. In general, officials have highlighted the tangibles aspects – urban projects and new arenas – at the expense of major social and sporting changes. Conversely, local residents have played a crucial role in the success of the 2014 World Cup through their visitor reception and unique way of celebrating football. Furthermore, given the events that occurred in 2013 and 2014, a new opposition movement against mega sport events was established - challenging the economic aspects highlighted by the organizing institutions.