A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar o Capital Científico e o Capital Social dos agentes presentes na produção científica que aborda questões relativas às Linguagens Documentárias, aos sistemas de organização do conhecimento em estudos no campo da Knowledge Organization (KO) e temas correlatos. A hipótese adotada foi a de que as noções de Campo Científico e as noções correlatas de habitus e, sobretudo de \'Capital Social\' e \'Capital Científico\', se apresentaram como uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica produtiva para compreender as redes de relações entre os pesquisadores (autores e coautores), suas citações (autores citados) e de temas pesquisados. Partimos do reconhecimento de que a Ciência da Informação (CI), cuja origem está na Documentação francesa, influenciou as literaturas francófona, hispanófona e lusófona e desenvolveu um legado que teve, entre suas referências, a linguagem, em seus aspectos semânticos, sintáticos e pragmáticos. Identificamos quais as principais tendências dos estudos de KO verificando que subtemas foram privilegiados e que redes científicas surgiram, a partir da análise de um corpus constituído pela produção bibliográfica publicada entre 1997 e 2011 em espanhol, francês e português e repertoriada pelas bases de dados Library Information Science Abstract (LISA), Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LISTA), Scopus e Web of Science. O corpus foi selecionado observando-se o título, o resumo e as palavras-chave e organizado a partir do Classification System for Knowledge Organization Literature, da ISKO Para a organização dos dados e a identificação das redes de agentes, recorremos à metodologia de Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS) e à Bibliometria. Os resultados permitiram reunir informações sobre a distribuição dos artigos por idiomas, por periódicos, por coocorrência das palavras-chave, e por grupos temáticos, além da identificação de redes entre autores e grupos temáticos. Para a análise da autoria utilizamos a lei do elitismo, que permitiu identificar uma elite de pesquisa e uma frente de pesquisa correspondente. Os resultados foram analisados sob a perspectiva da análise sociológica de Pierre Bourdieu, cujas contribuições teóricas e conceituais permitiram mapear o Campo Científico correspondente e analisar o comportamento sociológico do campo observado. A hipótese da pesquisa foi validada, confirmando-se que os conceitos sociológicos adotados por Bourdieu constituem uma ferramenta para a otimização da análise dos dados. / In this research we aimed to identify the scientific and social capital of the agents present in the scientific production that addresses issues related to documentary language and knowledge organization systems in studies in the field of Knowledge Organization (KO) and related subjects. The hypothesis adopted was that the notions of the scientific field and the related notions of habitus and especially of \'social capital\' and \'scientific capital\' presented as a productive theoretical and methodological perspective to understand the networks of relationships between researchers (authors and co-authors), their quotations (cited authors) and researched topics. We start with the recognition that Information Science, whose origin is in the French documentation, influenced the Francophone, Lusophone, and Hispanophone literatures and developed a legacy that had, among its references, language in its semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic aspects. We identified the main trends of KO studies facing the issues of language, noting that sub-themes were privileged, and that scientific networks emerged from the analysis of a corpus consisting of bibliographical works published between 1997 and 2011 in Spanish, French, and Portuguese and also those listed in the Library Information Science Abstract (LISA), the Library, the Information Science & Technology Abstracts (LIST), the Scopus, and the Web of Science databases. The corpus was selected by observing the title, the abstract, and the keywords and it was arranged with the Classification System for Knowledge Organization Literature of the ISKO. For the systematization of the data and the identification of the agent networks we used the Social Network Analysis (ARS) methodology and Bibliometrics. The results allowed us to gather information on the distribution of articles by language, journals, co-occurrence of keywords, thematic groups, and the identification of networks among authors, quotation, and thematic groups. For the authorship analysis we used the law of elitism which allowed us to identify a research elite and a group of corresponding search. The results were analyzed from the sociological analysis perspective of Pierre Bourdieu, whose theoretical and conceptual contributions helped to map the corresponding scientific field and to analyze the sociological behavior of the observed field. The research hypothesis was validated confirming the sociological concepts adopted by Bourdieu as a tool for the optimization of data analysis.

Undoubtedly, the rapid development of information systems and the widespread use of electronic means and social networks have played a significant role in accelerating the pace of events worldwide, such as, in the 2012 Gaza conflict (the 8-day war), in the pro-secessionist rebellion in the 2013-2014 conflict in Eastern Ukraine, in the 2016 US Presidential elections, and in conjunction with the COVID-19 outbreak pandemic since the beginning of 2020. As the number of daily shared data grows quickly on various social networking platforms in different languages, techniques to carry out automatic classification of this huge amount of data timely and correctly are needed. Of the many social networking platforms, Twitter is of the most used ones by netizens. It allows its users to communicate, share their opinions, and express their emotions (sentiments) in the form of short blogs easily at no cost. Moreover, unlike other social networking platforms, Twitter allows research institutions to access its public and historical data, upon request and under control. Therefore, many organizations, at different levels (e.g., governmental, commercial), are seeking to benefit from the analysis and classification of the shared tweets to serve in many application domains, for examples, sentiment analysis to evaluate and determine user’s polarity from the content of their shared text, and misleading information detection to ensure the legitimacy and the credibility of the shared information. To attain this objective, one can apply numerous data representation, preprocessing, natural language processing techniques, and machine/deep learning algorithms. There are several challenges and limitations with existing approaches, including issues with the management of tweets in multiple languages, the determination of what features the feature vector should include, and the assignment of representative and descriptive weights to these features for different mining tasks. Besides, there are limitations in existing performance evaluation metrics to fully assess the developed classification systems. In this dissertation, two novel frameworks are introduced; the first is to efficiently analyze and classify bilingual (Arabic and English) textual content of social networks, while the second is for evaluating the performance of binary classification algorithms. The first framework is designed with: (1) An approach to handle Arabic and English written tweets, and can be extended to cover data written in more languages and from other social networking platforms, (2) An effective data preparation and preprocessing techniques, (3) A novel feature selection technique that allows utilizing different types of features (content-dependent, context-dependent, and domain-dependent), in addition to (4) A novel feature extraction technique to assign weights to the linguistic features based on how representative they are in in the classes they belong to. The proposed framework is employed in performing sentiment analysis and misleading information detection. The performance of this framework is compared to state-of-the-art classification approaches utilizing 11 benchmark datasets comprising both Arabic and English textual content, demonstrating considerable improvement over all other performance evaluation metrics. Then, this framework is utilized in a real-life case study to detect misleading information surrounding the spread of COVID-19. In the second framework, a new multidimensional classification assessment score (MCAS) is introduced. MCAS can determine how good the classification algorithm is when dealing with binary classification problems. It takes into consideration the effect of misclassification errors on the probability of correct detection of instances from both classes. Moreover, it should be valid regardless of the size of the dataset and whether the dataset has a balanced or unbalanced distribution of its instances over the classes. An empirical and practical analysis is conducted on both synthetic and real-life datasets to compare the comportment of the proposed metric against those commonly used. The analysis reveals that the new measure can distinguish the performance of different classification techniques. Furthermore, it allows performing a class-based assessment of classification algorithms, to assess the ability of the classification algorithm when dealing with data from each class separately. This is useful if one of the classifying instances from one class is more important than instances from the other class, such as in COVID-19 testing where the detection of positive patients is much more important than negative ones. / Graduate

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Introduction: National community health worker (CHW) programmes are to an increasing extent being implemented in health systems globally, mirrored in South Africa in the ward-based outreach team (WBOT) strategy. In many countries, including South Africa, a major challenge impacting the performance and sustainability of scaled-up CHW programmes is ensuring adequate support from and supervision by the local health system. Supervisory systems, where they exist, are usually corrective and hierarchical in nature, and implementation remains poor. In the South African context, the absence of any guidance on CHW supportive supervision has led to varied practices across the country. Improved approaches to supportive supervision are considered critical for CHW programme performance. However, there is relatively little understanding of how this can be done sustainably at scale, and effective CHW supervisory models remain elusive. Research to date has mostly positioned supervision as a technical process rather than a set of relationships, with the former testing specific interventions rather than developing holistic approaches attuned to local contexts. This doctoral study was exploratory in nature, seeking to generate an in-depth and contextualised understanding of the supervision phenomenon in one specific district in the North West Province (NWP) in South Africa. Using co-production methodology in an iterative approach, the study culminated in the formulation of a supportive supervision framework with CHWs and other frontline actors. Methods: The study was based on a holistic conceptual framework of supportive supervision, which was viewed as comprising three core functions ‒ accountability, development and support ‒ embedded in a complex and multi-level system of resources, people and relationships. To address the study objectives, the research used a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Three studies were conducted in a phased process: study 1 comprised a qualitative description of policy and practices in two districts related to the supervision of WBOTs; study 2 identified the main actors and mapped the supervisory system of WBOTs in the district, using social network analysis (SNA); and study 3 involved a qualitative exploration of workplace and interpersonal trust factors in the district and the supervisory system of WBOTs in the district. These three studies provided inputs for a workshop aimed at developing recommendations for a district-level, WBOT supportive supervisory framework. Four published papers reporting on the research conducted are presented in this thesis. It should be noted that the research was conducted during a turbulent political and administrative period in the NWP, when the WBOT programme changed from being a flagship programme for the country to one in crisis. This shifting context needs to be borne in mind when the findings are viewed and interpreted. Results: The study identified weaknesses in both the design and implementation of the supervisory system of WBOTs, with the absence of clear guidance resulting in WBOTs and PHC facilities performing their roles in an ad hoc manner, defined within local contexts. The study documented evidence of high internal cohesion within WBOTs and (where present) with their immediate outreach team leaders (OTLs). However, the relationships between WBOTs and the rest of the primary health care (PHC) and district health system were characterised by considerable mistrust – both towards other workers and the system as a whole. This occurred against a backdrop of increasing OTL vacancies, and the perceived abandonment of WBOT training and development systems and career opportunities. These findings are not dissimilar to those reported previously on the WBOT programme in South Africa and in programmes in other low-resource settings. Nevertheless, through its in-depth, exploratory and participatory approaches, this study provides additional insights into the phenomenon of supportive supervision. Firstly, in conceptualising supportive supervision as a set of ‘bundled’ practices within complex local health systems, the findings reflected the complexity of everyday realities and lived experiences. Secondly, through the embedded nature of the research and the phased data-collection process, the study was able to observe the impact of wider health system contexts and crises on the coalface functioning of the WBOT programme. Thirdly, the study emphasised how supportive supervision depends on healthy relational dynamics and trust relationships, and, finally, how a co-production approach can translate broad guidance, experience and theoretical understanding into meaningful, local practice owned by all the actors involved. Ultimately, the process of engagement, building relationships and forging consensus proved to be more significant than the supportive supervision framework itself. Conclusion: The lack of explicit, coherent and holistic guidance in developing CHW supportive supervision guidance and the failure to address supervision constraints at a local level undermine the performance and sustainability of CHW programmes. Effective supportive supervisory systems require bottom-up collaborative platforms characterised by active participation, sharing of local tacit knowledge and mutual learning. Supervisory systems also need to be designed in ways that promote relationships and generate trust between CHW programmes, other actors and the health system.

<p>In April and May 2015 Nepal suffered two massive earthquakes of 7.5 and 6 5 magnitudes in the Richter scale, killing 8856 and injuring 22309. Two years later in September 2017, Puerto Rico underwent the Category 5 Hurricane Maria, killing an estimate of 800 to 8000 people and displacing hundreds of thousands of Puerto Ricans (Kishore et al., 2018). This dissertation project is the comparative study of Nepal’s and Puerto Rico’s networked communities, their actors, participants (Potts, 2014), and the users (Ingraham, 2015; Johnson, 1998) who used crisis communication practices to address the havoc created by the disaster. Using a mixed-methods research approach and with framework created with the Assemblage Theory (DeLanda, 2016), I argue that disasters create situations in which various networked communities are formed into transnational assemblages along with an emergence of innovative digital technical and professional communication practices.</p>

Several studies shows that the dominant norms of masculinity are a hinder for boys to perform in school and a hinder for men to choose female-dominated occupations. Moreover, selecting a career can be a complex decision for young adult men´s to choose a female-dominated higher education - and this dilemma has been a topic of much reports and research. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the influence of social capital on young people as they transition to higher education. Not many studies have been made on the male student´s experience of the impact of social capital on their gender-breaking higher education choices.Therefore the aim of this study is to understand which social capital and social network relations are of importance to young male students´ gender-breaking higher education choices. Furthermore, this study aims to examine the conditions that have broadened the informants' motive to choose a higher education.A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used to answer the purpose of this essay and the method of choice for analysis were social networks analysis of ego-net, which is a method on studying social relations. The result is being analyzed by using a conceptional model based on Lent el. al (1994) Social Cognitive Careers Theory, Pierre Bourdieu’s (1986) Theory of social capital and Ego-net (Crossley et. al 2015).The results of this study show that social background and gender have a limited significance in relation to the informants' gender-breaking choice of higher education and career path. There are various motives that have encouraged and motivated the informants' gender-breaking choices. Three different motives appears that has affected their gender-breaking educational and professional choices; (I) Making a difference (II) Security in working-life and (III) Skills and knowledge seeking. These motives challenge notions of gender as well as other aspects of an “ideal” job and career for men.The study concludes that the informants' gender-breaking higher education choices have been preceded by a process of different types of events in the transition to working life, as well as connections and networking with other individuals in the adult life who have influenced their career and decision-making. It is found that social capital and heterogeneous network has a significant role for the informant’ gender-breaking education and careers choices - e.g. male role models, inspirers such as professionals in primay and secondary education and colleagues in the world of work, who have contributed to changing their stereotypical notions of female-dominated professions, new preferences and altruistic goals such as helping others, themselves and their future.

Spatial structures shape human behaviour, or in the words of Bill Hillier – human behaviour does not simply happen in space, it takes on specific spatial forms. How staff interacts in a cellular office differs significantly from the patterns emerging in an open-plan environment. Therefore the dissertation ‘The Space-Organisation Relationship’ analyses how exactly spatial configuration shapes collective behaviours in knowledge-intensive workplace environments. From an extensive literature review it becomes clear that only few insights exist on the relationship between spatial structures and organisational behaviour, despite several decades of intensive research. It is argued that the discourse suffers from disciplinary boundaries; a lack of rigorous research designs; as well as incoherent and outdates studies. Founded on this diagnosis, the dissertation puts up two contrary hypotheses to explain the current state of knowledge: on the one hand it could be argued that hardly any coherent results were found due to the incoherent use of methods and metrics. If this was true it would mean that different organisations would react comparably to similar spatial configurations, if the same methods were used. On the other hand it could be hypothesised that it was inherently impossible to achieve coherent results even with the use of consistent methods, since each space-organisation relationship was unique. To investigate these ideas further, the dissertation employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, embedded within an explorative research design. Both a comparative analysis of different cases and an in-depth study to understand specific organisational behaviours were aimed at by conducting three intensive case studies of knowledge-intensive workplaces: 1) A University, 2) A Research Institute, 3) A Media Company, all of them accommodated in varying spatial structures. Based on a multi-layered analysis of empirical evidence, the dissertation concludes that the relationship between spatial configuration and organisational behaviours can be described by two principles. Firstly, evidence of generic function was found for example between spatial configuration, the placement of attractors, and collective movement flows. These influences are based on general anthropological behaviours and act independently of specific organisational cultures; yet they are rarely found. Secondly, the majority of evidence, especially on more complex organisational constructs such as knowledge flow, organisational cultures and identity suggests that the space-organisation relationship is shaped by the interplay of spatial as well as transpatial solidarities. This means that relationships between people may be formed by either spatial or social proximity. Transpatial relations can overcome distances and are grounded in social solidarities; as such they are not motivated by spatial structures, even though they often mirror spatial order. In essence organisations may react uniquely to comparable spatial configurations. Those two principles – generic function as well as spatial and transpatial solidarities – come in many different forms and jointly shape the character of the space-organisation relationship. This means both hypotheses are true to a degree and apply to different aspects of the space-organisation relationship.:Acknowledgements Table of Contents 1. Introduction – Space and Organisation 2. Literature Review – Space as Intangible Asset of an Organisation 2.1. Organisation Theory – Key Themes and Strands 2.2. Organisation and Space – The Forerunners 2.3. Organisation and Space – The Early Works (1960’s-1980’s) 2.3.1. Contributions Summarising the Discourse 2.3.2. Contributions Providing More Empirical Evidence 2.3.3. The Other Side of the Coin: Neglecting the Role of Physical Space 2.4. Organisation and Space – The Lean Years (1980s-1990s) 2.4.1. Continuous Neglect of Space as an Influence 2.4.2. Filling the Gaps in the Common Knowledge on Space and Organisations 2.4.3. Space Syntax as a New Emerging Theory 2.5. Organisation and Space – Recent Rediscoveries (1995 onwards) 2.5.1. Organisational Behaviour 2.5.2. Organisational Constitutions 2.6. Organisation and Space – Conclusions on a Fragmentary Evidence Base 2.6.1. Disciplinary Boundaries and Disciplinary Cultures 2.6.2. Speculative Presumptions 2.6.3. Vague Operationalisation 2.6.4. Contradictory Evidence 2.6.5. Outdated Studies Lacking Further Articulation 2.6.6. Conclusions 3. Methodology 3.1. Research Design – Inductive and Deductive Approaches 3.2. Case Study Research 3.3. Qualitative Methods 3.3.1. Structured Short Interviews 3.3.2. Semi-Structured In-Depth Interviews 3.3.3. Ethnographic Space Observations 3.3.4. Analysis of Written Documents 3.4. Quantitative Methods 3.4.1. Standardised Online Questionnaires 3.4.2. Space Syntax Analysis 3.4.3. Structured Space Observations 4. Introduction to the Case Studies 4.1. University School – High Quality Teaching and World-Leading Research 4.2. Research Institute – An International Location for Theoretical Physics 4.3. Media Corporation – Business To Business Magazines and Services 4.4. Overview of the Cases 5. Spatial Configuration – The Integration of Buildings, Spaces and Functions 5.1. Spatial Configuration 5.1.1. University School – Pre 5.1.2. University School – Post 5.1.2. Research Institute 5.1.3. Media Corporation: Publisher C – Pre 5.1.4. Media Corporation: Publisher R – Pre 5.1.5. Media Corporation: Information Business W – Pre 5.1.6. Media Corporation: Events Organiser K – Pre 5.1.7. Media Corporation – Post 5.1.8. Spatial Configuration – A Comparative Overview of All Buildings 5.1.9. The Case of Satellite Offices and their Configurational Implications for the Organisations 5.2. Spatial Strategies – Distribution of Resources 5.2.1. Spatial Integration of Facilities and Functions 5.2.2. Distance and Proximity 5.3. Conclusions on the Building Potentials of Configurations-in-Use 6. Organisational Behaviour in Space – Movement Flows and Co-Presence 6.1. Collective Patterns of Movement 6.2. Density of Movement 6.3. Presence and Co-Presence: Intensity of Activities 6.3.1. Publisher C – From Four Separated Floors into One Compact Space 6.3.2. Publisher R – Increasing Interaction Dynamics 6.3.3. Information Business W – Changed Environments in the Same Building 6.3.4. Events Organiser K – The Loss of an Intimate Workplace 6.3.5. Conclusions on Co-Presence and Interactivity 6.4. Conclusions on Spatialised Organisational Behaviours 7. The Space-Organisation Relationship 7.1. How Spatial Configuration-in-Use Shapes Collective Patterns of Movement 7.1.1. Strong and Weakly Programmed Movement – Spatial Configuration as an Influence on the Distribution of Movement in Complex Buildings 7.1.2. Movement and Encounter – Attractors in Space 7.2. How Movement Density Drives Interactivity 7.3. How Proximity Governs Interaction Patterns and Network Densities 7.3.1. Distances between Individuals and Resulting Patterns of Contact 7.3.2. Distances between Individuals – Adjacencies and Neighbourhoods in the Office 7.3.3. Distances within Teams – Evolving Networks of Interaction 7.3.4. Conclusions on Proximity and Interaction 8. Discussion and Conclusions 8.1. Space as Generic Function 8.1.1. Movement as Generic Function in Office Spaces 8.1.2. Generic Function – Contradicting Human Agency? 8.2. Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.1. The Preference of Spatial over Transpatial Modes 8.2.2. The Preference of Transpatial over Spatial Modes 8.2.3. Balance and Imbalance of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.4. Different Scales of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.5. Conclusions: Spatial and Transpatial Organisations 8.3. The Interplay between Generic Function and Spatiality/Transpatiality 8.4. Final Conclusions and Future Research Appendix A: How to Construct Netgraphs from Questionnaire Data Appendix B: Used Documents Appendix C: List of Figures Appendix D: List of Tables References / Raumstrukturen beeinflussen menschliches Handeln, oder in den Worten von Bill Hillier – menschliches Verhalten findet nicht nur zufällig im Raum statt, sondern nimmt eine spezifisch räumliche Form an. Das Interaktionsverhalten von Mitarbeitern in einem Zellenbüro beispielsweise unterscheidet sich grundlegend von den Mustern, die sich in einem Großraumbüro entwickeln. Die vorliegende Dissertation „The Space-Organisation Relationship“ beschäftigt sich daher mit der Frage, wie sich die Verbindung zwischen Raumkonfiguration und kollektivem Verhalten einer Organisation in wissensintensiven Arbeitsprozessen gestaltet. Aus der Literatur wird ersichtlich, dass trotz einiger Jahrzehnte intensiver Forschung nur wenige gesicherte Erkenntnisse existieren zur Frage, wie sich Raumstrukturen auf organisationales Verhalten auswirken. Der Diskurs zeigt deutliche Schwächen durch disziplinäre Grenzen, einen Mangel an wissenschaftlich fundierten Studien, sowie inkohärente und teils veraltete Ergebnisse. Um den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zum Verhältnis von Raum und Organisation zu erklären, stellt die Arbeit zwei entgegengesetzte Hypothesen auf: zum einen wird angenommen, dass der Mangel an vergleichenden Studien sowie methodische Schwächen verantwortlich sind für die uneindeutige Beweislage. Sollte dies der Fall sein, müssten in vergleichenden Studien mit gleichem Methodenansatz übereinstimmende Ergebnisse zu finden sein. Dies würde nahe legen, dass jede Organisation als Kollektiv gleich oder zumindest ähnlich auf vergleichbare Raumstrukturen reagiere. Zum anderen wird die entgegengesetzte Hypothese aufgestellt, dass der Charakter und die inhärente Komplexität des Wissensgebietes exakte Aussagen per se unmöglich mache. Dies könnte verifiziert werden, wenn unterschiedliche Organisationen unterschiedlich auf vergleichbare Raumstrukturen reagieren würden, obwohl dieselben wissenschaftlich fundierten Methoden angewendet wurden. Um dies zu überprüfen benutzt die vorliegende Dissertation eine Kombination aus quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden, eingebettet in einen explorativen Forschungsaufbau, um sowohl vergleichende Analysen zwischen Organisationen durchführen, als auch tiefergehende Interpretationen zu spezifischem organisationalem Verhalten anstellen zu können. Die Arbeit stützt sich auf drei intensive Fallstudien unterschiedlicher wissensintensiver Tätigkeiten – einer Universität, einem Forschungsinstitut, und einem Medienunternehmen, die in jeweils unterschiedlichen räumlichen Strukturen agieren (Zellenbüros, Gruppenbüros, Kombibüros, Großraumbüros). Aufbauend auf der vielschichtigen Analyse empirischer Ergebnisse kommt die Dissertation zur Erkenntnis, dass sich das Verhältnis zwischen Raumkonfiguration und organisationalem Verhalten durch zwei Prinzipien beschreiben lässt. Einerseits sind so genannte generische Einflüsse festzustellen, zum Beispiel zwischen Raumkonfiguration, der Platzierung von Ressourcen und Bewegungsmustern. Diese generischen Einflüsse gehen auf grundlegende menschliche Verhaltensmuster zurück und agieren im Wesentlichen unabhängig von spezifischen Organisationskulturen. Allerdings sind sie selten, und nur wenige Faktoren können als generisch angenommen werden. Andererseits ist die überwiegende Mehrheit der Raum-Organisations-Beziehungen bestimmt vom Wechsel zwischen räumlicher und so genannter trans-räumlicher Solidarität, das heißt Beziehungen zwischen Individuen können sich entweder auf räumliche oder soziale Nähe stützen. Trans-räumliche Beziehungen, die sich aufgrund von sozialer Nähe entfalten können beispielsweise Entfernungen überwinden, und sind daher in erster Linie nicht räumlich motiviert, auch wenn sie sich oft in räumlichen Ordnungen widerspiegeln. Diese beiden Prinzipien – generische Einflüsse sowie räumliche und trans-räumliche Funktionsweisen – treten in vielschichtigen Formen auf und bestimmen den Charakter des Verhältnisses zwischen Raum und Organisation. Damit treffen beide der aufgestellten Hypothesen auf unterschiedliche Aspekte und Teilbereiche des Raum-Organisations-Zusammenhangs zu.:Acknowledgements Table of Contents 1. Introduction – Space and Organisation 2. Literature Review – Space as Intangible Asset of an Organisation 2.1. Organisation Theory – Key Themes and Strands 2.2. Organisation and Space – The Forerunners 2.3. Organisation and Space – The Early Works (1960’s-1980’s) 2.3.1. Contributions Summarising the Discourse 2.3.2. Contributions Providing More Empirical Evidence 2.3.3. The Other Side of the Coin: Neglecting the Role of Physical Space 2.4. Organisation and Space – The Lean Years (1980s-1990s) 2.4.1. Continuous Neglect of Space as an Influence 2.4.2. Filling the Gaps in the Common Knowledge on Space and Organisations 2.4.3. Space Syntax as a New Emerging Theory 2.5. Organisation and Space – Recent Rediscoveries (1995 onwards) 2.5.1. Organisational Behaviour 2.5.2. Organisational Constitutions 2.6. Organisation and Space – Conclusions on a Fragmentary Evidence Base 2.6.1. Disciplinary Boundaries and Disciplinary Cultures 2.6.2. Speculative Presumptions 2.6.3. Vague Operationalisation 2.6.4. Contradictory Evidence 2.6.5. Outdated Studies Lacking Further Articulation 2.6.6. Conclusions 3. Methodology 3.1. Research Design – Inductive and Deductive Approaches 3.2. Case Study Research 3.3. Qualitative Methods 3.3.1. Structured Short Interviews 3.3.2. Semi-Structured In-Depth Interviews 3.3.3. Ethnographic Space Observations 3.3.4. Analysis of Written Documents 3.4. Quantitative Methods 3.4.1. Standardised Online Questionnaires 3.4.2. Space Syntax Analysis 3.4.3. Structured Space Observations 4. Introduction to the Case Studies 4.1. University School – High Quality Teaching and World-Leading Research 4.2. Research Institute – An International Location for Theoretical Physics 4.3. Media Corporation – Business To Business Magazines and Services 4.4. Overview of the Cases 5. Spatial Configuration – The Integration of Buildings, Spaces and Functions 5.1. Spatial Configuration 5.1.1. University School – Pre 5.1.2. University School – Post 5.1.2. Research Institute 5.1.3. Media Corporation: Publisher C – Pre 5.1.4. Media Corporation: Publisher R – Pre 5.1.5. Media Corporation: Information Business W – Pre 5.1.6. Media Corporation: Events Organiser K – Pre 5.1.7. Media Corporation – Post 5.1.8. Spatial Configuration – A Comparative Overview of All Buildings 5.1.9. The Case of Satellite Offices and their Configurational Implications for the Organisations 5.2. Spatial Strategies – Distribution of Resources 5.2.1. Spatial Integration of Facilities and Functions 5.2.2. Distance and Proximity 5.3. Conclusions on the Building Potentials of Configurations-in-Use 6. Organisational Behaviour in Space – Movement Flows and Co-Presence 6.1. Collective Patterns of Movement 6.2. Density of Movement 6.3. Presence and Co-Presence: Intensity of Activities 6.3.1. Publisher C – From Four Separated Floors into One Compact Space 6.3.2. Publisher R – Increasing Interaction Dynamics 6.3.3. Information Business W – Changed Environments in the Same Building 6.3.4. Events Organiser K – The Loss of an Intimate Workplace 6.3.5. Conclusions on Co-Presence and Interactivity 6.4. Conclusions on Spatialised Organisational Behaviours 7. The Space-Organisation Relationship 7.1. How Spatial Configuration-in-Use Shapes Collective Patterns of Movement 7.1.1. Strong and Weakly Programmed Movement – Spatial Configuration as an Influence on the Distribution of Movement in Complex Buildings 7.1.2. Movement and Encounter – Attractors in Space 7.2. How Movement Density Drives Interactivity 7.3. How Proximity Governs Interaction Patterns and Network Densities 7.3.1. Distances between Individuals and Resulting Patterns of Contact 7.3.2. Distances between Individuals – Adjacencies and Neighbourhoods in the Office 7.3.3. Distances within Teams – Evolving Networks of Interaction 7.3.4. Conclusions on Proximity and Interaction 8. Discussion and Conclusions 8.1. Space as Generic Function 8.1.1. Movement as Generic Function in Office Spaces 8.1.2. Generic Function – Contradicting Human Agency? 8.2. Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.1. The Preference of Spatial over Transpatial Modes 8.2.2. The Preference of Transpatial over Spatial Modes 8.2.3. Balance and Imbalance of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.4. Different Scales of Spatiality and Transpatiality 8.2.5. Conclusions: Spatial and Transpatial Organisations 8.3. The Interplay between Generic Function and Spatiality/Transpatiality 8.4. Final Conclusions and Future Research Appendix A: How to Construct Netgraphs from Questionnaire Data Appendix B: Used Documents Appendix C: List of Figures Appendix D: List of Tables References

Syftet med studien är att få en helhets förståelse för sociala nätverkens betydelse i etableringen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden för arabisktalande och persisktalande individer som har invandrat till Sverige. Studien ämnar även att besvara på hur informanterna använder sitt sociala nätverk för etablering på arbetsmarknaden, på vilket sätt de upplever att kompetenser och kunskap har för betydelse i etableringen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden samt vilken betydelse platsen har för nätverkande och etablering.Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod där sju informanter intervjuades. I ramen av den föreliggande studien använde vi oss av tidigare forskning med en relevant koppling till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Den insamlade empirin analyserades med utgångspunkt i Hodkinsons och Sparkes Careership-teori, Pierre Bourdieus kapitalteori och Robert D. Putnams teori om sammanbindande och överbryggande socialt kapital. Vidare analyserades deninsamlade empirin utifrån social nätverksanalys. Studiens resultat kring nätverkande pekar på att informanterna har använt sig av olika vägar för etableringen på arbetsmarknaden. Det som framkommer tydligt är att för vissa informanter har sammanbindande och överbryggande socialt kapital haft en betydelse för etableringen. Resultatet visar tydligt att utbildning kan en avgörande betydelse för etableringen. Andra faktorer som kan påverka etableringen är språkkunskapen och arbetslivserfarenheter enligt informanternas berättelser. Vidare har det framkommit att geografiska läget har en nära koppling till informanternas livskontext. Utifrån studiens resultat tyder allt på att det svenska språket är den mest avgörande aspekten för nätverkandet och etableringen. / The purpose of the study is to gain a holistic understanding of the importance of social networks in the establishment in the Swedish labor market for Arabic-speaking and Persian-speaking individuals who have immigrated to Sweden. The study intends to answer how immigrants use their social network to establish themselves in the labor market, it also tends to understand in which way the informants experience that competence and knowledge are important in the establishment in the Swedish labor market. Lastly, it aims to understand what significance the place has for networks and establishment.The study was conducted using a qualitative method where seven informants were interviewed. In the framework of the related study, we used previous research with a relevant connection to the study's purpose and issues. The collected empirical data were analyzed on the basis of Hodkinson's and Sparkes Careership-theory, Pierre Bourdieu's capital theory and Robert D. Putnam's theory of connecting and bridging social capital. Furthermore, the study was conducted with the help of an egocentric network analysis. The results of the study indicate that the informants have used different paths for establishment in the labor market. What is clear is that for some informants, connecting and bridging social capital has been important for the establishment. The results clearly show that education is of crucial importance for the establishment. Other factors that can affect the establishment are language skills and work experience according to the informants’ stories. Furthermore, it has emerged that the geographical location has a close connection to the informants' life context. Based on the results of the study, everything indicates that the Swedish language is the most crucial aspect for networking and establishment.

The quality of a communication in every organization is shown in a level of management and influence the relationship among co-workers. All at once has an impact to general organization habit and undermines the processes. Leaving the old concept of a management of organization, considering communication as a direction flow, leads to raise an awareness of a communication process itself as well as of its conditions. The diagnostic helps to recognize the current situation and identify the problematic processes displayed in a communication process flow. The theoretical part of this dissertation is devoted to the topic of an Organization and its development with reference to communication. This supports the empirical part of the dissertation where the diagnostic of an organization realized in non-profit market segment organization is presented. The research work is focusing on two communication layers and brings the knowledge of either a communication process or its significant aspects as of management, organizing, planning and working processes. The recommendation for either optimization or change follows after identifying the problematic processes of a communication. The communication is apprehended in wider concept of an organization development which becomes a real improvement for examined kind of...

The issue of rural areas in the Czech Republic concerns about 5,800 municipalities, what is 93 % of all municipalities in the CR. These municipalities cover more than three-quarters of the CR territory where live over 3 million inhabitants, more than one third of the total population of the CR. Although there is consensus that the countryside faces a lot of problems which affect the lives of many people on a large territory, the adequate attention to this topic is still not given by official authorities. This confirms the facts that the CR has not adopted a clear definition of rural areas yet and the rural policy is not a priority of programs of political parties. But the urgency of solving problems in recent years stepped up. Quantity of scientific teams that focus on countryside problems increased. They are defined different typologies of rural areas, are seeking methods for dissolve disparities among different areas, there are efforts to measure the development potential of municipalities. This work is in accordance with these initiatives and by mixed research methods defines Development Potential Index (DPI). The DPI consists from 101 individual indicators. Verification of created index was done on data of 18 small villages located in three different regions of the Czech Republic, for which...

<p>Home cage aggression in male laboratory mice continues to challenge preclinical researchers. It reduces animal welfare and can alter research parameters, potentially reducing the validity and reliability of study data. While simply reducing aggression would be beneficial, promoting socio-positive, affiliative behaviors would greatly improve mouse welfare as mice are a social species. Mice also use olfaction to communicate, so this sensory modality could be used as a tool to improve social interactions in the home cage. A scoping review of the literature on how mammalian odor signals impact same sex social behavior found that studies are dominated by rodent subjects, treatments from urine, and aggression measures (Chapter 1). As a whole, urine treatments had a variable effect on aggression. This review highlights that treatments from non-urinary sources are not often tested, and affiliative behavior is rarely measured.</p> <p>One murine odor source worth exploring is found in used nesting material. Mice build complex nests for insulation and it has been speculated that the nest holds odor signals that appease home cage aggression, particularly aggression triggered by cage cleaning. It has been suggested that the nest contains secretions from plantar sweat glands, but the chemical content of neither nesting material nor plantar sweat have been examined. The main goals of this dissertation are to identify the odors stored in used nesting material, determine the sources of those odors, and test them for a behavioral role.</p> <p>Samples of used nesting material were collected from cages of group housed male mice. Further, plantar sweat, saliva, and urine were collected from the dominant and subordinate mouse in each cage as plausible odor sources. All samples were analyzed for protein and volatile organic compound content. Home cage aggression and affiliative behavior were also recorded to compare to odor profiles. Protein profiles showed that used nesting material contains a variety of proteins that primarily originate from plantar sweat, saliva, and urine sources (Chapter 2). A large proportion of these proteins contain messages about individual identity and bind volatile compounds that further contribute to identity cues. This suggests that the nest aids in maintaining a familiar odor environment. Analysis of volatile content showed that small compounds in the nest are also traced back to plantar sweat, saliva, and urine sources (Chapter 3). Few of the compounds have a known behavior role. However, one compound detected in nest, sweat, and saliva samples had a negative correlation with home cage aggression and three compounds (two from sweat and one from urine) had a positive correlation with affiliative behaviors, making them potential candidates for controlled studies on social behavior.</p> <p>Before testing the four candidate compounds, a challenge from the correlation study needed to be addressed. Body fluid samples were collected from individual mice based on social status, as this factor impacts production of known murine pheromones. Further, aggression is typically directed from a dominant to a subordinate mouse for territorial reasons. An aggression appeasement signal is likely to be produced by a subordinate to mitigate the dominant mouse’s perceived threat. Data from the correlation study showed no odor profile differences based on social status, and the pheromones that are known to vary with social status did not differ between dominant and subordinate mice. Therefore, Chapter 4 assesses the convergent validity of several dominance measures. Over one week, home cage interactions were observed in group housed male mice. For every aggression occurrence, the aggressor and target mouse was recorded to calculate individual dominance rankings in each cage. Then, individual mice were evaluated for the following measures known to correlate with dominance: levels of urinary darcin (a murine pheromone); scores from three rounds of the tube test; and ratio of preputial gland weight to body length. Postmortem wounding was also compared. Results showed that urinary darcin and preputial gland ratio have strong convergent validity with dominance ranking based on home cage aggression.</p> <p>Finally, the four candidate compounds (identified in Chapter 3) were developed into treatment solutions to assess their effect on home cage social behavior (Chapter 5). Cages of group housed male mice were randomly assigned one of five treatments (four compounds + control) and home cage aggression and affiliative behavior were recorded for one week. Postmortem wounding was recorded as a secondary aggression measure and social stress was measured through fecal corticosterone metabolites from each cage’s dominant and subordinate mouse (rank based on preputial gland ratio). Treatment did not predict changes in most measures. This may be due to limitations in application or from the original correlation study, which are further discussed.</p> <p>Although the final study showed null results, future research is still warranted to fine tune application methods and gain a better understanding of how odor signals impact interactions other than aggression. The relationship between olfaction and affiliative behaviors is largely unexamined and this dissertation is a first step in filling that gap.</p>