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This study investigates the public perception of whether there is enough coverage of COVID-19 vaccine complications by government agencies and the media. The theoretical rationale is the roles of the hostile media effect and social responsibility theory in the public's perception of the media coverage of COVID-19 vaccine complications. The central question is whether the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the CDC, local health departments, and the major media (cable news, TV news, newspapers, social media) have provided enough information about the COVID-19 vaccine complications to the public. The research method includes three surveys. The first two were administered before the Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the same questions. The first was a November 2022 Qualtrics survey of adults (N = 156) in two politically different counties, Democratic-dominant Dallas County and Republican-dominant Collin County. The second was a paid survey using Survey-Monkey with a national sample of US adults (N = 210) in June 2023. The third survey included adults (N = 130) and used Qualtrics after IRB approval using a university listserv and the Nextdoor app for Collin County, again striving for balance between Republicans and Democrats. Both the Qualtrics surveys were also posted on Facebook and X (formerly Twitter). All three surveys showed dissatisfaction with the government and the media and suggested both a hostile media effect that crossed party lines and a counter-hostile media effect. The conclusion is that the public needs and wants more information, and the media needs to better address its social responsibility for government oversight.

本研究探討台灣地區電視新聞小報化與守門過程。研究者從歷史的橫斷面（民國93年的電視新聞報導抽樣）及縱斷面（民國52-90年的台視新聞報導抽樣），分析台灣地區電視新聞邁向小報化的過程。研究方法係使用內容分析法、深度訪談法及論述分析法，收集資料，分析比對後，得到電視新聞報導的十九項表現特徵、守門行為的五項組織運作特徵，以及外部影響的兩項特徵。 電視新聞「小報化」的表現特徵方面，分為形式內容與專業表現。形式內容方面又可分為形式特徵與內容特徵。電視新聞的形式特徵方面，有「重點呈現的小報化」、「內容呈現的小報化」、「效果呈現的小報化」三項次特徵。內容特徵方面，有「新聞本質的小報化」、「新聞處理的小報化」二項次特徵。 專業表現方面，有新聞調度特徵、記者角色認知特徵、新聞元素特徵、及新聞敘事特徵等四項特徵。其中，新聞調度特徵方面，有「新聞的深度與廣度」、「新聞的強度與速度」、「新聞的熱度與角度」三項次特徵。記者角色認知特徵方面，有「資訊傳遞者」、「解釋者」、「對立者」、及「商業主義者」四項次特徵。新聞元素特徵方面，有「詮釋性因素」、「重要性因素」、「軟性化因素」、及「衝突性因素」四項次特徵。新聞敘事特徵方面，有「新聞切入點」、「敘事表現手法」、「運鏡表現手法」三項次特徵。 新聞守門過程的特徵方面，有「新聞組織的科層化」、「組織內正式會議的商業化」、「組織內互動的潛移默化」、「新聞價值的商業化」、及「組織外政經因素的商業化」五項次特徵。外部環境影響特徵方面，則有媒介體制的「商業化」、傳播市場的「全球化」兩項次特徵。整體而言，台灣地區的電視新聞媒體，自開播以來，逐漸走向「小報化」、「商業化」、「全球化」的結果。 電視新聞「小報化」的文本特徵，則呈現出「形式」日趨小報化，具體的特徵包括鏡面有越來越大的標題、越來越多的標題、圖案標誌、跑馬燈文字，描寫的內容也極盡「煽色腥」能事，似乎到了「語不驚人死不休」的地步。此外，電視新聞報導的鏡面分割、圖表運用、模擬動畫，也日漸增多，且多以「花俏」的「展示」為目的，而不是「樸實」的「說明」功能。尤有甚者，電視新聞報導加配樂、影像變造，以拍電視劇的手法，製作電視新聞，最為誇張。 電視新聞「小報化」內容方面，則打破「硬性新聞」與「軟性新聞」分際，政治、經濟、國際新聞等「硬性新聞」，除了有更多「軟性化」的表現外，新聞主題的模糊化程度，也越來越嚴重。生活、娛樂、休閒等新聞，也有越來越「多元化」及「軟性化」的表現，同時也有更多「軟、硬性新聞主題」的互相參雜，新聞工作者日漸捨棄傳統新聞專業角色的自我要求。 整體而言，台灣電視新聞「小報化」情形相當普遍，本研究抽樣的電視台，九成以上都是商業電視台，也都有「小報化」的傾向。台灣電視新聞市場因為電視公司新聞部門間的競爭激烈，新聞市場有限，導致電視新聞報導的品質日漸低下，電視新聞「小報化」的程度日漸嚴重。 結論部分，本研究以社會責任論為理論導引，從新聞自由、媒介近用權、政經環境鬆手控制媒體、及媒介教育等方面做出建議，希望有助於匡正電視新聞媒體亂象。

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The thesis deals with the polarization of Czech media landscape after 2013 as a discursive construct. Our topic is the emergence of new media projects, responding to the takeover of MAFRA by Andrej Babis. Three of these are being discussed: Echo24.cz, Reportér and Neovlivní.cz. The thesis aims to describe the discourse of the alternative media, its own representation in current situation. The subject is based on several concepts. First of them is the theory of social responsibility, which is a strong social value despite being quite questionable. Then, we discuss the trend of media ownership concentration and the development of Czech media after 1989, which has come to important changes, such as the change of the overall model of media ownership and the polarization of the media landscape itself. The first part of the thesis serves as a contextual background for the critical discourse analysis. The analysis verifies the hypothesis as follows: Alternative media is defined in opposition to the mainstream and uses the arguments based on the principles of the social responsibility theory to represent its own position, goals and interests. As a result, we found out, that the new projects construct an opposition us versus them as independence versus oligarchization. At the same time, the principles of...

Text in English / This thesis investigates whether or not the press reported unethically on South Africa’s 2014 General Elections in the weekly national newspapers the City Press, Sunday Times and the Mail & Guardian. This study was undertaken on the basis of the ongoing contention between the press and the state which has resulted in polarised positions between both institutions amid accusations of press bias. It has given voice to measures to regulate the press through a Media Appeals Tribunal (MAT) and proposed state regulation. This could negatively impact free speech, public interest and ultimately democracy. This researcher contends that this will not be in the best interest of South Africa. Through this study, it is argued that an ethical press that executes a libertarian duty to society, integrating a watchdog role over the state, while simultaneously overseeing its social responsibility to society, upholds the welfare of society and democracy and should therefore not be regulated by the state. The elections thus forms an important platform for the press to demonstrate unbiased ethical reportage to the state in the wake of being regulated and prove its fundamental role in society’s interest and democracy. Therefore, to determine whether the election coverage was ethical or unethical, the problem investigated whether the press, that is, the print medium in the form of the newspaper, reported truthfully, in a balanced manner and independently for South Africa’s 2014 General Elections, upholding its watchdog and social responsibility roles. This was done through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of the front-page news reports of the aforementioned national newspapers for the cross sectional time-frame of 13 April to 11 May, 2014. This study argues that language is the most important channel of communication for the exchange of ideas and can be used as an instrument to calculatedly manipulate message and reinforce a particular viewpoint. Hence, it contends that CDA can effectively be utilised as a conceptual framework for language analysis to determine unethical press coverage by journalists. The study identifies and applies two significant theoretical models that is, the Libertarian and Social Responsibility models for the elections which further serves as a form of triangulation to verify the results of the CDA. The study challenges the conventions of a distinct libertarian or a social responsibility model for the press, arguing that both models are not mutually exclusive for the elections. The analysis shows that the press apply both social responsibility and libertarian roles simultaneously in election reporting. It further maps out the incorporation of the developmental journalism model where the press upholds the best interests of both the electorate and the state ethically, without the requirement of a state-regulated media. / Communication Science / M.A. (Communication Science)