This thesis critically examines the role of indigeneity in urban policies and planning in a context of constitutional changes that have taken place in Bolivia and Ecuador in the recent decade. It departs from previous academic and policy research which mainly studied indigenous rights in rural areas and focused on urban indigenous peoples as outlawed, excluded, or insurgent subjects. Instead, it conceptualises the translation of indigenous rights into urban policies as a complex process in which a multiplicity of social actors – including government officials and urban indigenous groups – are involved. Drawing on the practice-centric literature on urban policy and planning, it recognises that the work of government officials is influenced by multiple factors such as constitutional texts as well as their personal views, interest group demands, and the wider structural and political environment surrounding them. Government attempts to translate indigenous rights are contrasted to urban indigenous peoples’ own understandings of indigeneity and associated interests and demands. In addition, this thesis uses an asset accumulation framework as well as the concept of tactics to identify how urban indigenous peoples address and negotiate their interests and demands and try to influence decision-making processes from the bottom-up. The thesis relies on La Paz (Bolivia) and Quito (Ecuador) as ‘illustrative cases’ to study the role of indigeneity in urban policies. As both La Paz and Quito represent capital cities, it was possible to approach government officials operating at multiple scales – international, national and local – as well as ordinary urban indigenous residents. Methodologically, the thesis employs a qualitative, case study comparison and draws on information derived from semi-structured interviews, document analysis, participant observation and participatory focus groups conducted during eleven months of fieldwork. In terms of comparison, this thesis makes use of a variation-finding approach. By explaining variations between the cases through focusing on the unique processes and factors that shaped the translation of indigenous rights within each city, it intends to offer a more nuanced and context-responsive approach for studying urban indigeneity and addressing indigenous rights in cities. A central finding of this thesis is that the incorporation of indigeneity into urban policies and indigenous people’s own practices to fulfil their specific demands were characterised by a set of conflicting realities: First, for government officials the translation of indigenous rights into urban policies sometimes clashed with other priorities – such as addressing universal rights and interests of non-indigenous pressure groups – or with their own views of the city as a ‘white’, ‘western’, and ‘modern’ places. Second, urban indigenous peoples articulated multiple and contradictory identities. They mainly did this by voicing specific demands for land – an important asset which they associated with the preservation of a communal and traditional lifestyle but also with aspirations to lead a modern and capitalist life in the city. Third, the findings reveal that indigenous peoples – particularly their community leaders – had to enter in negotiations with governments to access different assets such as land, housing, or education. In these processes leaders manoeuvred between different worlds. They had to conform to political agendas and – particularly in the case of Bolivia – to official spatialized understandings of identity and rights which often conflicted with their own sense of being indigenous in the city.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 mazarini_acl_me_mar.pdf: 2054007 bytes, checksum: e0281556463be4ab76596923cb114e51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O planejamento urbano contemporâneo trouxe para a pauta uma nova morfologia de cidade: a chamada cidade global, que, por meio de operações urbanas e projetos de requalificação, redefine os espaços públicos urbanos visando um mercado consumidor que tem como interesse chave a consolidação dos fluxos econômicos e de comunicação necessários aos mercados financeiros. A cidade de São Paulo, ao adentrar nessa mesma lógica, trouxe para a cidade e, no caso aqui estudado, para o centro da cidade, operações e projetos como o projeto Nova Luz, que surgiu com o intuito de proporcionar, por meio da especulação imobiliária, a retomada do centro para as classes mais altas paulistanas e para o capital estrangeiro –deixando sua atual população, a maioria moradores de baixa renda, fora dos planos da prefeitura para a região. Como uma força externa e ameaçadora, o projeto fez surgir no centro de São Paulo novas sociabilidades entre os diversos atores coletivos presentes na região. Através de uma rede de associativismo civil, esses atores formaram uma associação intitulada Amoaluz, com o intuito de confrontar com o poder público e estabelecer resistências políticas e culturais aos projetos oficiais, para assim construir um projeto de renovação urbana menos espoliador. Tomando como características as novas tendências de mobilização contemporâneas, a associação se formou a partir da solidariedade de múltiplos atores e construiu pautas que abrangeram várias demandas sociais, porém, carregando consigo uma fragilidade temporal característica dos movimentos oriundo dessa nossa modernidade líquida. Assim, por meio de uma descrição densa da associação e da análise das conjunturas sociopolíticas, este trabalho pretende analisar as novas sociabilidades que surgiram dentro do bairro, com o intuito de conseguir captar a natureza dessas novas redes de associativismo civil e seus impactos em termos de alterações políticas e sociais, tendo como base teórica a corrente francesa dos estudos de movimentos sociais. / Contemporary urban planning has brought to the fore a new morphology of the city: the so-called global city which, through urban operations and redevelopment projects, redefines urban public spaces aimed at a consumer market whose key interest is the consolidation of the economic and communication flows necessary for the financial markets. The city of São Paulo, when entering the same logic, brought to the city and, in the case studied here, to the center of the city, operations and projects such as the Nova Luz project, which arose with the purpose of providing, through real rstate speculation, the resumption of the center to the upper classes of São Paulo and to foreign capital – leaving its current population, mostly low-income residents, outside the city's plans for the region. As an external and threatening force, the project brought new sociabilities among the various collective actors present in the region in the center of São Paulo. Through a network of civil associations, these actors formed an association called Amoaluz, with the purpose of confronting with the public power and establishing political and cultural resistance to the official projects, in order to build a project of urban renewal less spoiling. Taking as characteristics the new tendencies of contemporary mobilization, the association was formed from the solidarity of multiple actors and constructed guidelines that covered several social demands, but, carrying with it a temporal fragility characteristic of the movements originated from our liquid modernity. Thus, through a dense description of the association and analysis of sociopolitical conjunctures, this work intends to analyze the new sociabilities that emerged within the neighborhood, in order to capture the nature of these new civil associative networks and their impacts in terms of political and social changes, having as theoretical basis the French course of studies of social movements. / CNPQ: 130276/2016-2

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore organizational identity as a potential process.   Design/Methodology/Approach: We applied a qualitative method and followed an inductive approach that was applied to a multiple-in-depth-case study for which we conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 members of two organizations, the Swedish consulting company REACH and the Swiss digital agency WONDROUS. Following a narrative approach, both for structuring the empirical findings, as well as conducting the analysis, we used over 16 hours of interviews to create company narratives and subsequently analyzed them in multiple steps in the fashion of a narrative analysis.   Findings: Based on our empirical findings and the empirical analysis, we developed a conceptualization, the Flux Model. We contribute to the existing body of literature by proposing that the Flux Model visualizes the dynamics of how organizational members socially construct organizational identity on the premise of their own (self-)perceptions. By presenting the different parts of the model and their multiple layers, the process of how organizational identity is continuously becoming is illustrated.   Research Limitations/Implications: The scope of our study is restricted to the two case companies in question. If our abstractions from the cases in form of the Flux Model help to better understand the process of organizing, managers become liberated to make deliberate choices about their organizations’ identities. For research this means an even tighter connection to individual psychology and a deepening of the perspective that organizational identity can not only be viewed as something companies have.   Originality/Value: Out of skepticism towards the usefulness of viewing organizational identity as a process, we applied a symbolic interpretivist perspective and allowed for the possibility that we might not find a process after all. The primary value of this study we believe to be found in the extensive presentation of empirical data, together with our narrative analysis and our conceptual contribution (the Flux Model).

Trois groupes professionnels ruraux parient sur l'amélioration de leur qualité de vie en participant à un projet qui associe la diffusion de la langue française et celle de techniques fromagères et céramistes. Le rapport au projet des acteurs sociaux et les stratégies qu'ils y déploient dépendent de leur degré d'engagement et celui-ci dépend à son tour de la valeur d'utilité attribuée à la nouvelle langue. Les différents schémas interactionnels activés par les groupes et leur réactions vis-à-vis des objets linguistiques et techniques, interrogent le rapport existant entre type de métier, processus d'apprentissage et réinvestissement social des savoirs. Les obstacles de la diffusion linguistique et technique dans ce milieu rural sont liés d'une part aux inégalités sociales et à la structure de réciprocité qu'elles génèrent et, d'autre part, à la prise de pouvoir de plus en plus marquée par les acteurs sociaux, prise de pouvoir collective qui s'oriente vers un refus des biens matériels et des valeurs symboliques imposés par le régime développementiste de l'économie capitaliste basé sur la compétitivité et l'innovation. Cette recherche fournit une vision d'ensemble de la réalité sociale d'une région rurale colombienne. / Three rural professional groups bet on the improvement of their quality of life by participating in a project which associates diffusion of French language, and the one of cheese-making and ceramist techniques. The relation of social actors with the project and the strategies they deploy depend on their degree of commitment and this one depends in its turn on the value of utility allocated to the new language. The different interaction schemes activated by the groups and their reactions towards the linguistic and technical objects question the relations between type of job, learning process and social reinvestment of knowledges. The obstacles of linguistic and technical diffusion in this rural context emerge on one hand from social inequalities and from the structure of reciprocity which they generate and, on the other hand, from the more and more firm social empowerment by social actors, collective empowerment that turns towards a refusal of tangible assets and symbolic values imposed by the development regime of the capitalist economy based on competitiveness and innovation. This research provides an overview of the social reality of a Colombian rural region.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaASF_TESE.pdf: 2171639 bytes, checksum: b27f1bef4492211e598fbd7cdc5d1c28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study focuses on a methodology of unchained action by Father Sabino Gentili in M?e Luiza, suburb of Natal-RN, which has enhanced social participation in what Castells calls project identity. The perception of collective actions, focused on the development of subjects from the perspective of Alain Touraine occurs continuously in a popular neighborhood, whose history marked by conflict mainly related to the resistance in the remaining living space. It is argued that there was an appropriation of resistance identity, which was already present in the community of M?e Luiza, in order to channel it to create a project identity, through an implicit methodology that has been identified as Pedagogy of Consensus, based on Paulo Freire s concepts of dialogue and participation. Therefore, by means of qualitative research, using tools such as semi-structured interviews and documented sources, we tried to describe the intent of the action of a social actor and the political and educational strategies that motivate the collective action aiming a social change, observing the elements present in this action that allowed the continuity of organizational and participating processes through the dynamics of M?e Luiza s neighborhood / Este trabalho debru?a-se sobre uma metodologia de a??o desencadeada por Pe. Sabino Gentili, entre 1980 e 2006, em M?e Luiza, bairro perif?rico da cidade de Natal-RN, que potencializou a participa??o social em torno do que Castells chama de identidade de projeto. H? a percep??o da exist?ncia de a??es coletivas, focadas na constitui??o de sujeitos na perspectiva de Alain Touraine que se d?o de modo cont?nuo em um bairro popular cuja hist?ria ? marcada por conflitos, relacionados, principalmente, ? resist?ncia pela perman?ncia no espa?o habitado. Defende-se que houve a apropria??o de uma identidade de resist?ncia, j? presente na comunidade de M?e Luiza, de modo a canaliz?-la para a constru??o de uma identidade de projeto, atrav?s de uma metodologia impl?cita que foi identificada como uma Pedagogia do Consenso, calcada nos conceitos de di?logo e de participa??o de Paulo Freire. Assim, por meio da pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando de instrumentos como entrevistas semiestruturadas e fontes documentais, buscou-se descrever a intencionalidade da a??o de um ator social, as estrat?gias pol?ticas e as pr?ticas educativas que perpassam a a??o coletiva com vistas ? mudan?a social, observando os elementos presentes nessa a??o que propiciaram a continuidade de processos organizativos e participativos em meio ? din?mica pr?pria do bairro de M?e Luiza

Cette thèse de doctorat explore la problématique de la construction identitaire d'apprenants adultes plurilingues à travers leurs pratiques d'écrits dans une classe de français langue étrangère dans un centre universitaire d'études françaises. Cette étude, adoptant une approche ethno-sociolinguistique, touche les champs de la recherche en didactiques des langues et des cultures et en didactique de l'écriture en situation de contact. Elle vise à analyser comment les apprenants créent et manifestent leur pluralité à travers leurs écrits. Les apprenants sont considérés comme des acteurs sociaux qui utilisent leur répertoire pluriel et jouent de leur compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle dans l'intention de se dire en tant qu'individus plurilingues. Leurs identités plurielles,dynamiques, ambivalentes, évoluent en fonction de la situation de communication et de ce qu'ils tentent de communiquer d'eux-mêmes. L'étude se base sur des interactions en classe enregistrées pendant deux semestres, les textes écrits par les apprenants et des entrevues semi-dirigées. L'analyse, portant sur le contenu et la forme des discours, met en lumière les représentations des apprenants sur leur plurilinguisme et leur apprentissage des langues, et les procédés scripturaires mis en place pour exprimer leurs identités. Une partie didactique conclusive propose des pistes de réflexion pour les enseignants. / This doctoral research examines the identity construction of adult plurilingual learnersthrough their literacy practices in a French as a Second Language class in a FrenchUniversity. This ethno-sociolinguistic study intersects the research fields of secondlanguage didactics and academic literacy in multilingual contexts. It analyzes howlearners create and express their multiple identities through their literacy practices.Learners are considered as social actors using their plurilingual resources to reveal theirmultiple identities. Identities are treated as fluid and ambivalent, changing over time,space and situations, and on what learners want to communicate about themselves. Thestudy is based on classroom interactions recorded over two university terms, textscreated by students and follow-up interviews. We use the tools of discourse analysis, oncontent and form, to show learners' representations on plurilingualism and languagelearning, and their writing process as a way to express their identities. The conclusionoffers a pedagogical discussion for teachers.

Traditionally, social network analysis (SNA) techniques enable the examination of relationships and the flow of information within networks of human members or groups of humans. This study extended traditional social network analysis to include a nonhuman group member, specifically a document retrieval system. The importance of document retrieval systems as information sources, the changes in business environments that necessitates the use of information and communication technologies, and the attempts to make computer systems more life-like, provide the reasons for considering the information system as a group member. The review of literature for this study does not encompass a single body of knowledge. Instead, several areas combined to inform this study, including social informatics for its consideration of the intersection of people and information technology, network theory and social network analysis, organizations and information, organizational culture, and finally, storytelling in organizations as a means of transferring information. The methodology included distribution of surveys to two small businesses that used the same document retrieval system, followed by semi-structured interviews of selected group members, which allowed elaboration on the survey findings. The group members rated each other and the system on four interaction criteria relating to four social networks of interest, including awareness, access, information flow, and problem solving. Traditional measures of social networks, specifically density, degree, reciprocity, transitivity, distance, degree centrality, and closeness centrality provided insight into the positioning of the nonhuman member within the social group. The human members of the group were able to respond to the survey that included the system but were not ready to consider the system as being equivalent to other human members. SNA measures positioned the system as an average member of the group, not a star, but not isolated either. Examination of the surveys or the interviews in isolation would not have given a complete picture of the system's place within the group.

Dans ce travail de thèse, j’ai entrepris d’éclairer le mode de structuration du répertoire langagier, concept sociolinguistique introduit par l’ethnographe de la communication John Gumperz dans les années soixante, afin de pouvoir proposer des applications pédagogiques en vue de la formation des enseignants de langues à cette notion. Le concept de répertoire langagier constitue, en effet, un concept phare de la didactique du plurilinguisme, didactique qui a donné lieu à de nombreux projets éducatifs en Europe depuis une vingtaine d’année, et qui vise au développement d’une compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle. Aussi, après avoir essayé de cerner au mieux le mode de structuration du répertoire langagier, qui implique que l’on considère un niveau intermédiaire de genres de discours permettant de passer des formes linguistiques aux formes de la communication, j’ai proposé une recherche-action dont l’objectif était l’élaboration d’un modèle de répertoire langagier. Cette recherche exploratoire a été menée grâce au concours de douze étudiants de licence 3 de science du langage de l’université de Rouen, déjà sensibilisés à la notion de répertoire langagier, et dont la majorité se destinait à l’enseignement du français langue étrangère. Le dispositif comprenait deux parties. La première partie, à visée réflexive, consistait à demander aux étudiants de représenter sous la forme d’une représentation graphique l’idée qu’ils se faisaient de leur répertoire langagier. La seconde partie plus analytique visait à sensibiliser les étudiants à la notion de genre discursif, grâce à l’étude d’extraits issus de l’article de John Gumperz (1964) dans lequel il explicite le mode de structuration du répertoire langagier. Chacune des parties comportait une succession d’opérations intellectuelles susceptibles de faire surgir les représentations des étudiants et de les interroger. En effet, réfléchir au mode de structuration du répertoire langagier implique nécessairement de conscientiser les comportements langagiers que l’on adopte au cours des différentes activités langagières auxquelles on participe dans la vie de tous les jours. Ainsi, les étudiants étaient amenés à prendre du recul sur la notion de langue, « invention des linguistes » (Calvet, 2004), pour s’interroger davantage sur les pratiques langagières qui, en vérité, constituent les langues. Ce changement de paradigme n’a pas été facile à opérer car les représentations se construisent « à travers des formules primitives stéréotypées » (Py, 2000 :6), qui circulent dans les milieux sociaux, et non sur la réalité des pratiques langagières et des comportements. Par ailleurs, les noms des langues qui constituent très souvent des archilexèmes qui recouvrent et masquent la pluralité des pratiques langagières, et par là-même l’expression de la pluralité des individus d’une part, et d’autre part les outils linguistiques véhiculés notamment par l’école : dictionnaires, manuels de langues, grammaires, qui adoptent rarement une approche sociolinguistique des langues, accréditent la représentation d’entités homogènes et bien délimitées. Ainsi, les discours des étudiants, qu’ils portent sur leurs dessins réflexifs ou sur le cours, montrent qu’ils sont réceptifs à la diversité langagière qui les entoure, qu’ils ont conscience d’accommoder leur discours dans certaines circonstances, de faire des choix langagiers en fonction du degré de formalité d’une situation, et qu’ils distinguent différentes variétés linguistiques qui relèvent notamment de la variation diatopique et de la variation diastratique. / This research aims at highlighting the structuration of the verbal repertoire, which is a sociolinguistic concept introduced by ethnographer of communication John Gumperz in the sixties, with the view to raising language teachers’awareness on this notion. Indeed, verbal repertoire has become a core concept in didactic of plurilingualism which has been developed in Europe over the past two decades, and whose goal is the development of a plurilingual and pluricultural competence. Thus, in the first part of this work, I set out to better understand the structuration of verbal repertoire, assuming that an intermediate level consisting of registers lies between linguistic forms and communicative forms. I then proposed an action-research project with the aim of shaping a verbal repertoire model. This exploratory research involved 12 students carrying out graduate studies in sociolinguistics at the University of Rouen, already acquainted with verbal repertoire notion, and whose goal is to teach French as a foreign language. This educational setting comprised two parts. The first part required a reflective approach by the students who had to propose a graphic representation of their own verbal repertoire; the second part was more analytical, and should raise their awareness about the concept of registers, by analysing extracts of John Gumperz’s article (1964) in which he clarifies the structuration of the verbal repertoire. Each part of the action-research consisted of operating intellectual sequences aiming at bringing out students’representations and questioning them. Indeed, examining ways of structuring the verbal repertoire necessarily means developing a self-awareness of language behaviour about everyday communication. Thus, students were encouraged to step back from an abstract conception of language to adopt a more concrete point of view exploring language practices. This paradigm shift had been very challenching for the students, as social representations are built on stereotypical primitive ideas (Py, 2000:6) circulating in the social circles, not on the observation of language practices. Moreover, both the use of generic names regarding languages on the one hand, which covers and conceals the plurality of language practices and at the same time the plural identity of individuals; and on the other hand, the linguistic approach taken by most of the educative tools, such as dictionaries, method books, grammars, confirm the representation of well bounded and clearly defined languages. Thus, speeches provided by student regarding their graphic representation of their verbal repertoires and the course content, show that they are receptive to the linguistic diversity around them, they are aware of accommodating to others while interacting in certain circumstances and making language choices to adjust to the formality of the situation, and make distinctions between different linguistic varieties especially diatopic and diastratic variations

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la survivance des femmes en contexte de violence organisée. Notre recherche s’appuie sur le témoignage de deux femmes rwandaises réfugiées au Canada dont le récit sera exploré afin de comprendre leurs points de vue sur trois dimensions de la survivance : la victimisation et la revictimisation qu’elles ont subi, les actes qu’elles ont pu poser pour survivre et le sens qu’elles ont donné aux situations vécues. D’abord, ces femmes rapportent qu’au-delà du génocide de 1994, elles ont vécu dans un climat d’insécurité, d’incertitude et d’impunité durant la guerre au Rwanda (1990-1994) et en exil, durant la guerre qui a visé le renversement de Mobutu, le massacre des ressortissants rwandais et le pillage des ressources naturelles par l’AFDL. Leurs récits confirment donc la continuité de la violence organisée d’un régime politique à un autre. De plus, les femmes témoignent de la non-reconnaissance de leur statut de réfugié par les bureaux qui traitent outre-mer les demandes d’asile, du traitement déshumanisant et accusateur des administrateurs de l’aide humanitaire et, de manière plus importante, de la non-reconnaissance des crimes commis par les forces armées du gouvernement actuellement au pouvoir au Rwanda et de leur impunité. Ensuite, les témoignages recueillis montrent des actrices sociales engagées dans l’activisme politique, l’action collective, la protection, la sécurité, la survie et l’établissement de leurs proches, du début du conflit jusqu’à leur arrivée au Canada. En effet, pour surmonter les difficultés engendrées par la violence organisée, elles ont mobilisé et transformé de manière créative toutes les ressources de leur capital humain, social et économique pour subvenir aux besoins de leurs proches et de leur communauté, et ce, tout au long de leur parcours migratoire. Enfin, au sujet du sens, nous verrons d’une part comment les femmes conçoivent leurs expériences individuelles de souffrances comme une histoire de victimisation collective, ce qui semble les aider à normaliser leurs expériences. D’autre part, nous verrons comment une identité de femmes fortes, résilientes et capables de s’adapter dans un climat d’adversité se dégage de leur témoignage, ce qui semble favoriser chez elles un sentiment de cohérence, de continuité et nourrir une certaine fierté. / This Master’s Thesis is about the survival of women in contexts of organized violence. Our research is supported by the testimonials of two women living in Canada who are refugees from Rwanda. We seek to explore their perspectives on three dimensions of survival: the victimization and re-victimization to which they were subjected, the actions they were able to perform to survive, and the meanings they gave to these experiences. First, these women express that in addition to the genocide in 1994, they lived in a climate of insecurity, uncertainty and impunity during the war in Rwanda (1990-94); in exile, during the war to overthrow Mobutu; the massacre of Rwandan refugees; and the pillage of natural resources by the AFDL. They describe the continuity of organized violence from one political regime to another. From the beginning of the war to their arrival in Canada, they were victims and witnesses of human rights violations perpetrated by various armed groups. In addition, these women testify to the non-recognition of their refugee status by the officials that deal with overseas requests for asylum, of the dehumanizing treatment by administrators of humanitarian aid, and more importantly, of the non-recognition and impunity of crimes committed by the military and the government currently in power in Rwanda. In addition, these testimonies show social actors engaged in political activism, collective action and the protection, security, survival of their loved ones, from the beginning of the conflict to their arrival in Canada. In fact, to overcome the difficulties imposed by organized violence, they creatively mobilized and transformed all of the resources available to them in their human, social and economic capital to meet the needs of their loved ones and of their community, and this, throughout the entire migration process. Finally, in regards to meaning, we discuss how women perceive their individual experiences of suffering as a history of collective victimization, which seems to help them normalize their experiences. We also see emanating from their testimony, the identity of strong, resilient women capable of adapting in a climate of adversity, which seems to encourage coherence, continuity and a sense of pride.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Francisca de Oliveira Silva.pdf: 1245238 bytes, checksum: 230e1beea66f5a7da23b4128650806b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to approach the meanings of conceptions of childhood constituted in the daily experiences of urban children, residents of São Paulo city, in an unequal society. The theorethical approach adopted in this study is the Socio-historical Psychology, that based the analysis and interpretation process which conceives the human constitution as a social and historical construction.This work is also based on childhood critical studies that allowed the comprehension of the childhood as a social construction, and the child as active social actor, with the right to speak and as a culture producer and a subject of right.The data was produced through an individual dialogue with two children: Ludmilla, 8 years old, private school student, resident of São Paulo city, in a neighborhood characterized with a low rate of social exclusion, and Samira, 9 years old, public school student, resident of São Paulo city in a neighborhood with a high rate of social exclusion. All the work has been recorded, transcripted, systematized and analysed according to the proposal of González Rey (2005). In the analysis of the dialogues, it was possible to unveil the particularities of each child, at the same time that it stablished discussion about the childhood conception and the maintenance of the social inequality. The first results indicated to the existence of different meanings to the concept of childhood. The first conception introduces a childhood associated to a more coletive experience, in which the child has more oportunities to lead a wide range of social roles; the second conception, socially more appreciated, presents a childhood that focus on the formation of a future adult, by adding value the process of schooling as a way of social rise, in which the daily child's life is organized by the goal of the school formation. The social inequality has shown a relevant aspect of the childhood differentation. The study pointed that there´s a need of production of future researches that may develop these childhood meanings and turn the variety of childhood more visible / Esta dissertação objetiva aproximar-se das significações sobre a infância constituídas nas vivências cotidianas de criança urbanas, residentes no município de São Paulo, em uma sociedade desigual. A perspectiva teórica adotada no estudo é a da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, que auxiliou nas análises e interpretações que partem de concepções da constituição humana como uma construção social e histórica. O presente trabalho também apoiou-se nos estudos críticos sobre a infância, que possibilitaram a compreensão da infância como uma construção social, a criança como ator social ativo, com direito a voz, produtor de cultura e sujeito de direitos. Os dados foram produzidos mediante a conversa individual, junto a duas crianças: Ludmila, de 8 anos de idade, estudante de escola particular, residente no município de São Paulo, em bairro com baixo índice de exclusão social, e Samira, de 9 anos de idade, estudante de escola pública, residente no município de São Paulo, em bairro com alto índice de exclusão social. O material foi gravado, transcrito, sistematizado e analisado de acordo com a proposta de González Rey (2005). Nas análises das conversas, foi possível desvelar aquilo que é particular de cada criança, mas que ao mesmo tempo apresenta-se como uma totalidade em um movimento dialético, que permitiu estabelecer discussões voltadas para as concepções de infância/criança e a manutenção da desigualdade social. Os principais resultados da pesquisa apontaram a existência de significações diferentes para a infância. A primeira concepção apresenta uma infância com mais convivência coletiva, em que a criança tem maior oportunidade de protagonizar diversos papéis sociais; a segunda concepção, mais valorizada socialmente, apresenta uma infância que visa à formação do futuro adulto, valorizando o processo de escolarização como meio de ascensão social, em que o cotidiano da criança é organizado em prol da formação escolar. A desigualdade social mostrou-se um fator importante nas diferenciações de infância. Indicamos a necessidade da realização de futuras pesquisas que possam desenvolver essas significações e dar maior visibilidade às concretizações dessas diferentes infâncias