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This study is concerned with the extent that social acceptance for a person in one group remains the same for that person in another group, or the constancy of a person's role in different group situations.

abstract: Same-sex couples establish and maintain relationships for many of the reasons heterosexuals do, even without widespread acceptance. The manner in which couples maintain their relationships constitutes a subject of considerable research, though such research has primarily examined heterosexuals. Yet, two studies have evaluated relational maintenance behaviors for same-sex couples and heterosexuals: Haas and Stafford (1998, 2005). Although these studies found similarities between heterosexual and homosexual relationships, significant differences emerged involving social networks and meta-relational talk. Haas and Stafford attributed these differences to the lack of societal and legal support. The present thesis examined empirically the link between perceived social approval, and relational maintenance behaviors, focusing on differences between cross-sex and same-sex involvements. Dainton and Stafford's (1993) typology of social network compositions, measures of social approval and encouragement based on Felmlee (2001), and Canary and Stafford's (1992) five behavior relational maintenance typology tool with Haas and Stafford's (2005) measures of meta-relational talk were utilized for an online survey. A total of 157 online, geographically diverse surveys were collected from heterosexual and homosexual individuals involved stable, intimate relationships. Unique to this study, results demonstrate significant correlations between overall social approval and the use of relational maintenance behaviors for both heterosexual and same-sex couples. Previous literature has linked lack of social approval with the use of unique maintenance strategies employed by same-sex couples; however, findings from the present study do not support this. Interestingly, increases in overall social approval, not decreases, are positively correlated with the use of meta-relational talk for same-sex couples. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Communication 2011

Orientador: Roberto Romano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T03:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra_GustavoCunha_M.pdf: 505666 bytes, checksum: 97af428233b87a5c23a626abad544675 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Analiso na presente dissertação o nexo entre opinião e virtude em Rousseau. São discutidas, principalmente, quatro obras do filósofo: o Discurso sobre os fundamentos e a origem da desigualdade entre os homens, a Carta a d¿Alembert, as Considerações sobre o governo da Polônia e, por fim, o Emílio. É observado a importância da opinião e o caráter ambivalente desta no pensamento rousseauniano. Enquanto no Discurso sobre a desigualdade a alienação na opinião do outro é vista como um elemento corruptor, na Carta a d¿Alembert e nas Considerações sobre o governo da Polônia, a opinião pública torna-se diretriz da conduta do cidadão. Nesta dicotomia, o Emílio apresenta-se como tentativa de educação do homem virtuoso que sabe viver em sociedade sem alienar-se na opinião alheia / Abstract: In this dissertation I present the connection between opinion and virtue in Rousseau. Four works of the author are examined: the Discourse on Inequality, the Letter to D'Alembert, the Considerations on the Government of Poland, and the Emile. It is observed the importance of the opinion and its ambivalence in Rousseau¿s thought. Whereas in the Discourse on Inequality, the alienation in the other¿s opinion is view as corrupter element, in the Letter to D'Alembert and in the Considerations on the Government of Poland, the public opinion became the directive of the citizen¿s conduct. In this dichotomy, Emile presents an attempt of a virtuous man education who knows how to live in society without the alienation in the other¿s opinion / Mestrado / Mestre em Filosofia

Research suggests that interracial couples are more distressed and have lower stability compared to their endogamous counterparts. Interracial relationships involving Whites and Asians, however, seem to be an exception. To explore this exception, the pathways to relationship stability among endogamous and exogamous Asian-White couples were compared. Using Analysis of Covariance, partner empathy, social approval, relationship satisfaction, and relationship stability for endogamous and exogamous Asian-White couples were compared, while holding length of relationship constant. Actor and partner effects of partner empathy and social approval on relationship satisfaction and relationship stability, as well as that of relationship satisfaction on relationship stability, were compared between the racial pair groups using structural equation modeling. Endogamous Asian couples consistently scored lowest in relational and social factors, as well as in relationship outcomes. Relational factors more strongly predict relationship satisfaction and stability among White men regardless of partner's race than among Asian men. Empathy predicts relationship satisfaction and stability among exogamous women no differently than among endogamous women. Social contexts, however, influence relationship outcomes differently between endogamous and exogamous couples. Lastly, both actor and partner effects of relationship satisfaction on relationship stability did not differ across groups.

O objetivo do Estudo 1 foi comparar auto-relatos de afetos positivos e negativos de homens e mulheres de diferentes grupos etários (jovens, adultos, meia-idade e idosos), habitantes de quatro cidades brasileiras. Aplicou-se a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) a uma amostra composta por habitantes de São Paulo/capital (N = 84), de Socorro-SP (N = 85), de João Pessoa-PB (N = 80) e de Salvador-BA (N = 82). Os resultados foram analisados através de ANOVA. Encontrou-se efeito principal significativo de cidade e idade para afetos positivos e negativos. Habitantes de São Paulo apresentaram escores mais baixos de afetos positivos em comparação com habitantes das demais cidades e escores mais elevados de afetos negativos em comparação com habitantes de Socorro. Os idosos apresentaram escores mais elevados de afetos positivos e mais baixos de afetos negativos que os adultos e os jovens. Finalmente, foi encontrado efeito de interação sexo x idade. Mulheres adultas relataram mais afetos negativos que homens adultos, enquanto na velhice as mulheres ultrapassaram os homens quanto aos escores de afetos positivos. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com as previsões feitas pela teoria da seletividade socioemocional, segundo a qual o bem-estar aumenta com a idade em função de uma melhor regulação de emoções. A presente pesquisa mostra que relatos de afetos positivos e negativos podem ser modulados por gênero em faixas etárias específicas. O conflito maternidade x emprego é um grande fator de estresse e pode contribuir para os resultados obtidos. O objetivo do Estudo 2 foi verificar até que ponto o padrão de resultados de Desejabilidade Social (DS) replicaria o padrão de resultados obtido para a PANAS através da aplicação da Escala de Desejabilidade Social de Crowne e Marlowe (1960) a uma amostra de participantes (N = 115) com distribuição por sexo e idade semelhante a do primeiro estudo. Foi encontrado efeito principal significativo de idade, com os idosos apresentando escores mais elevados de DS que pessoas mais jovens, mas não foi encontrada diferença significativa de gênero para os escores de DS. Estes dados indicam que os resultados do Estudo 1 não podem ser inteiramente atribuídos à influência de DS. O objetivo do Estudo 3 foi comparar auto-relatos de Afetos Positivos e Negativos de pacientes deprimidos e de pessoas sem depressão. A amostra clínica foi constituída por homens e mulheres de meia-idade (14 homens e 27 mulheres), diagnosticados com Transtorno Depressivo Maior, provenientes do Instituto de Psiquiatria de um hospital público. A amostra não clínica foi a mesma utilizada no Estudo 1, constituída por homens e mulheres também de meia-idade, habitantes da cidade de São Paulo. O grupo com depressão apresentou escores de afetos negativos mais altos e de afetos positivos mais baixos em comparação com o grupo controle. Concluímos que a PANAS é um instrumento sensível para a diferenciação de estados de ânimo patológicos e não patológicos. / The objective of Study 1 is the comparison of reports of positive and negative affects presented by men and women belonging different age groups (young, adult, middle-aged and elderly) and different locations. People from four brazilian cities were subjected to a questionnaire – the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) – and the results were analyzed through ANOVA. The resulting sample is composed of a mixture of questionnaires answered by 84 people from São Paulo-SP, 80 people from João Pessoa-PB, 85 people from Socorro-SP, and 82 people from Salvador-BA. We have found city and age to be of high relevance to both positive and negative affect levels. The inhabitants of São Paulo scored lower with respect to positive affects than the inhabitants of the other three cities. The inhabitants of São Paulo also scored higher in negative affects than the inhabitants of Socorro. Elderly people scored higher in positive affects and lower in negative affects than both adults and young people. Lastly, we found an interaction between sex and age. Adult women reported larger quantities of negative affects than men of the same age. Elderly women, on the other hand, scored higher with respect to positive affects than men at that same age. The observed results are in accordance with what is predicted by the socioemotional selectivity theory, which dictates that well-being increases with age due to changes that favor emotional stability. Our research shows that the effects of gender on positive and relative affect reports are also related to age. The maternity vs. job conflict represents an important source of stress that may have contributed to these results. The objective of Study 2 is to check whether Social Desirability (SD) can replicate the patterns of results that we obtained for PANAS in Study 1. To that extent, we applied the Social Desirability Scale of Crowne and Marlowe (1960) to a randomly selected sample of 115 individuals with sex and age distributions that resembled the distributions of our first study. We found evidence that SD scores were related to age, with elderly people reporting higher scores of SD than younger people. However, we found no statistically relevant evidence that gender could influence SD scores. This data points toward the fact that the results we observed in Study 1 cannot be completely explained by SD influence. The objective of Study 3 is to compare reports of positive and negative affects in depressive and non-depressive individuals. The clinical sample is composed of middle-aged men and women (14 men and 27 women) who had been previously diagnosed with Major Depression. The non-clinical sample was the same we used in Study 1, which is also composed of middle-aged men and women who reside in the city of São Paulo. Individuals belonging to the depression group scored higher and lower with respect to negative and positive affects, respectively, than the individuals belonging to the non-depressive group. We were able to establish that PANAS is indeed an adequate instrument for distinguishing between depressive and non-depressive emotional states.

O objetivo do Estudo 1 foi comparar auto-relatos de afetos positivos e negativos de homens e mulheres de diferentes grupos etários (jovens, adultos, meia-idade e idosos), habitantes de quatro cidades brasileiras. Aplicou-se a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) a uma amostra composta por habitantes de São Paulo/capital (N = 84), de Socorro-SP (N = 85), de João Pessoa-PB (N = 80) e de Salvador-BA (N = 82). Os resultados foram analisados através de ANOVA. Encontrou-se efeito principal significativo de cidade e idade para afetos positivos e negativos. Habitantes de São Paulo apresentaram escores mais baixos de afetos positivos em comparação com habitantes das demais cidades e escores mais elevados de afetos negativos em comparação com habitantes de Socorro. Os idosos apresentaram escores mais elevados de afetos positivos e mais baixos de afetos negativos que os adultos e os jovens. Finalmente, foi encontrado efeito de interação sexo x idade. Mulheres adultas relataram mais afetos negativos que homens adultos, enquanto na velhice as mulheres ultrapassaram os homens quanto aos escores de afetos positivos. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com as previsões feitas pela teoria da seletividade socioemocional, segundo a qual o bem-estar aumenta com a idade em função de uma melhor regulação de emoções. A presente pesquisa mostra que relatos de afetos positivos e negativos podem ser modulados por gênero em faixas etárias específicas. O conflito maternidade x emprego é um grande fator de estresse e pode contribuir para os resultados obtidos. O objetivo do Estudo 2 foi verificar até que ponto o padrão de resultados de Desejabilidade Social (DS) replicaria o padrão de resultados obtido para a PANAS através da aplicação da Escala de Desejabilidade Social de Crowne e Marlowe (1960) a uma amostra de participantes (N = 115) com distribuição por sexo e idade semelhante a do primeiro estudo. Foi encontrado efeito principal significativo de idade, com os idosos apresentando escores mais elevados de DS que pessoas mais jovens, mas não foi encontrada diferença significativa de gênero para os escores de DS. Estes dados indicam que os resultados do Estudo 1 não podem ser inteiramente atribuídos à influência de DS. O objetivo do Estudo 3 foi comparar auto-relatos de Afetos Positivos e Negativos de pacientes deprimidos e de pessoas sem depressão. A amostra clínica foi constituída por homens e mulheres de meia-idade (14 homens e 27 mulheres), diagnosticados com Transtorno Depressivo Maior, provenientes do Instituto de Psiquiatria de um hospital público. A amostra não clínica foi a mesma utilizada no Estudo 1, constituída por homens e mulheres também de meia-idade, habitantes da cidade de São Paulo. O grupo com depressão apresentou escores de afetos negativos mais altos e de afetos positivos mais baixos em comparação com o grupo controle. Concluímos que a PANAS é um instrumento sensível para a diferenciação de estados de ânimo patológicos e não patológicos. / The objective of Study 1 is the comparison of reports of positive and negative affects presented by men and women belonging different age groups (young, adult, middle-aged and elderly) and different locations. People from four brazilian cities were subjected to a questionnaire – the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) – and the results were analyzed through ANOVA. The resulting sample is composed of a mixture of questionnaires answered by 84 people from São Paulo-SP, 80 people from João Pessoa-PB, 85 people from Socorro-SP, and 82 people from Salvador-BA. We have found city and age to be of high relevance to both positive and negative affect levels. The inhabitants of São Paulo scored lower with respect to positive affects than the inhabitants of the other three cities. The inhabitants of São Paulo also scored higher in negative affects than the inhabitants of Socorro. Elderly people scored higher in positive affects and lower in negative affects than both adults and young people. Lastly, we found an interaction between sex and age. Adult women reported larger quantities of negative affects than men of the same age. Elderly women, on the other hand, scored higher with respect to positive affects than men at that same age. The observed results are in accordance with what is predicted by the socioemotional selectivity theory, which dictates that well-being increases with age due to changes that favor emotional stability. Our research shows that the effects of gender on positive and relative affect reports are also related to age. The maternity vs. job conflict represents an important source of stress that may have contributed to these results. The objective of Study 2 is to check whether Social Desirability (SD) can replicate the patterns of results that we obtained for PANAS in Study 1. To that extent, we applied the Social Desirability Scale of Crowne and Marlowe (1960) to a randomly selected sample of 115 individuals with sex and age distributions that resembled the distributions of our first study. We found evidence that SD scores were related to age, with elderly people reporting higher scores of SD than younger people. However, we found no statistically relevant evidence that gender could influence SD scores. This data points toward the fact that the results we observed in Study 1 cannot be completely explained by SD influence. The objective of Study 3 is to compare reports of positive and negative affects in depressive and non-depressive individuals. The clinical sample is composed of middle-aged men and women (14 men and 27 women) who had been previously diagnosed with Major Depression. The non-clinical sample was the same we used in Study 1, which is also composed of middle-aged men and women who reside in the city of São Paulo. Individuals belonging to the depression group scored higher and lower with respect to negative and positive affects, respectively, than the individuals belonging to the non-depressive group. We were able to establish that PANAS is indeed an adequate instrument for distinguishing between depressive and non-depressive emotional states.

The relationship between Gender Equality (GE) and Sustainability has been analysed for many years, with plenty of studies choosing the angle of the businesses environment to cut in. In addition, SMEs, as the predominant form of enterprise worldwide, are the primary source of employment in most countries. With that in mind, this research scrutinised internal and external drivers to Sustainability Engagement (SE) in Gotland SMEs from a Gender perspective, which presents a probable positive association between GE and SE in SMEs. The study mainly focuses on five female managers’ perceptions of GE and SE, supported by 16 responses to questionnaires. Under the Capabilities Approach (CA) and Dynamic Capabilities theoretical framework, we analyse the specific women managers’ Individual Dynamic Capabilities (IDC) and corporate Dynamic Capabilities, which proves that external and internal factors positively affect corporate SE. The study also introduces a particular psychological model of Social Desirability and Social Approval to delve deeper into female managers sensing mechanisms.