Em países em desenvolvimento tem sido freqüente o surgimento de alternativas para combater o alto déficit social. Neste sentido, observa-se desde a década de 1990 um grande crescimento de ações filantrópicas por parte de empresas privadas bem como a intensificação da atuação de organizações da sociedade civil. Há 20 anos, empresas e sociedade civil eram assuntos distantes, com alta resistência para trabalhar de forma colaborativa. Passados onze anos do século XXI, esta realidade alterou-se de forma brutal. Hoje o diálogo não apenas é possível, mas também é visto como necessário para obtenção de uma relação ganha-ganha. Além do fenômeno das alianças intersetoriais, é possível também observar o surgimento de um novo tipo de organização que combina dois objetivos que antes eram vistos como incompatíveis: sustentabilidade financeira e geração de valor social. Empresas sociais, negócios inclusivos e negócios sociais são alguns dos termos usados atualmente para explicar as organizações que visam solucionar problemas sociais com eficiência e sustentabilidade financeira por meio de mecanismos de mercado. O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir os vários fatores que facilitam e dificultam a implementação de um negócio inclusivo. Um modelo teórico foi desenvolvido e um estudo de caso empírico comparou uma iniciativa de negócio inclusivo que opera em Botsuana, Brasil e Jordânia. Os Fatores Críticos de Sucesso e a análise estratégica do Ecossistema apontou os facilitadores e dificultadores da implementação do negócio inclusivo nestes três países. Os resultados giram em torno do comprometimento da organização com seu ecossistema, porém riscos devem ser levados em conta. / Many alternative means of combating high social deficits have been proposed for emerging countries. Since the 1990s there has not only been an increase in philanthropic activity by private enterprise, but also an intensification in the role played by civil society organizations. Twenty years ago, business and civil society were two separate subjects, strongly resistant to collaboration. Eleven years into the twenty-first century, this reality has changed dramatically. Today dialogue is not only possible, but essential for a win-win relationship. Besides the phenomenon of inter-sectorial alliances, it is also possible to observe the emergence of a new type of organization, one which combines two objectives previously thought incompatible: financial sustainability and social value generation. Social enterprises, inclusive businesses and social businesses are some of the terms currently used to refer to organizations that aim to solve social problems efficiently and sustainably using market mechanisms. The present study aims to discuss various factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of a social business. A theorical model will be developed and it will be presented a comparative empirical case study of an organization with operations in Botswana, Brazil and Jordan. Critical Success Factors and the strategic evaluation of the ecosystem show the factors that facilitated and hindered the implementation of the inclusive business in these three countries. One of the results is the organizations commitment with its ecosystem, but some risks should be taken into account.

Em países em desenvolvimento tem sido freqüente o surgimento de alternativas para combater o alto déficit social. Neste sentido, observa-se desde a década de 1990 um grande crescimento de ações filantrópicas por parte de empresas privadas bem como a intensificação da atuação de organizações da sociedade civil. Há 20 anos, empresas e sociedade civil eram assuntos distantes, com alta resistência para trabalhar de forma colaborativa. Passados onze anos do século XXI, esta realidade alterou-se de forma brutal. Hoje o diálogo não apenas é possível, mas também é visto como necessário para obtenção de uma relação ganha-ganha. Além do fenômeno das alianças intersetoriais, é possível também observar o surgimento de um novo tipo de organização que combina dois objetivos que antes eram vistos como incompatíveis: sustentabilidade financeira e geração de valor social. Empresas sociais, negócios inclusivos e negócios sociais são alguns dos termos usados atualmente para explicar as organizações que visam solucionar problemas sociais com eficiência e sustentabilidade financeira por meio de mecanismos de mercado. O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir os vários fatores que facilitam e dificultam a implementação de um negócio inclusivo. Um modelo teórico foi desenvolvido e um estudo de caso empírico comparou uma iniciativa de negócio inclusivo que opera em Botsuana, Brasil e Jordânia. Os Fatores Críticos de Sucesso e a análise estratégica do Ecossistema apontou os facilitadores e dificultadores da implementação do negócio inclusivo nestes três países. Os resultados giram em torno do comprometimento da organização com seu ecossistema, porém riscos devem ser levados em conta. / Many alternative means of combating high social deficits have been proposed for emerging countries. Since the 1990s there has not only been an increase in philanthropic activity by private enterprise, but also an intensification in the role played by civil society organizations. Twenty years ago, business and civil society were two separate subjects, strongly resistant to collaboration. Eleven years into the twenty-first century, this reality has changed dramatically. Today dialogue is not only possible, but essential for a win-win relationship. Besides the phenomenon of inter-sectorial alliances, it is also possible to observe the emergence of a new type of organization, one which combines two objectives previously thought incompatible: financial sustainability and social value generation. Social enterprises, inclusive businesses and social businesses are some of the terms currently used to refer to organizations that aim to solve social problems efficiently and sustainably using market mechanisms. The present study aims to discuss various factors that facilitate or hinder the implementation of a social business. A theorical model will be developed and it will be presented a comparative empirical case study of an organization with operations in Botswana, Brazil and Jordan. Critical Success Factors and the strategic evaluation of the ecosystem show the factors that facilitated and hindered the implementation of the inclusive business in these three countries. One of the results is the organizations commitment with its ecosystem, but some risks should be taken into account.

Arbetsmarknaden är en viktig arena för att människor ska känna sig delaktiga i samhället. För dem som länge befunnit sig i ett utanförskap är det svårt att få ett jobb. Sociala arbetskooperativ har som mål att integrera utsatta grupper i arbetslivet och har blivit ett viktigt inslag för en inkluderande arbetsmarknad. Undersökningen omfattar tre sociala arbetskooperativ som ingår i ett konsortium. Arbetssättet som används i den arbetslivsinriktade rehabiliteringen kallas karriärstöd. Modellen bygger på tre grundpelare: ett salutogent synsätt, empowerment och motiverande samtal. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken betydelse karriärstödet har för deltagarna i sociala arbetskooperativ. De metoder som använts för att genomföra undersökningen är nio kvalitativa intervjuer med sju deltagare, en karriärstödjare och kooperativens vice VD. Resultatet visar att karriärstödet spelar en central roll för deltagarnas personliga och karriärmässiga utveckling.  Samtliga deltagare konstaterar att självkänslan ökat, vilket lett till att de fått en större tilltro till sin egen förmåga, vågar anta större utmaningar och känner sig värdefulla. Att fungera och fylla en funktion i ett positivt socialt sammanhang lyfts fram som avgörande faktorer för deltagarnas upplevelser av att livskvaliteten ökat. Konkreta exempel på att deltagarna fått en ökad livskvalitet är att alla idag har en anställning och följaktligen bättre ekonomisk situation. Några har fått bostad och rehabiliterats till ett drogfritt liv. Karriärutvecklingen har också gynnats av stödet. Samtliga respondenter har utbildats inom kooperativen och flera har avancerat till högre befattningar. Slutsatsen är att karriärstödet har stor betydelse för att stärka deltagarnas självkänsla, livskvalitet och karriärutveckling samt att tillämpning av empowerment, ett salutogent förhållningssätt och motiverande samtal varit effektfulla redskap. / The labour market is an important arena for people to feel part of society. For those who have long lived a life in exclusion it is difficult to get a job. Social enterprises aim to integrate disadvantaged groups into work and have become an essential element of an inclusive labour market. The survey covers three social cooperatives as part of a consortium. The approach used in the vocational rehabilitation is called career support. The model is based on three pillars: a salutogenic approach, empowerment and motivational interviewing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of career support for participants in social enterprises. The methods used for conducting the survey are nine qualitative interviews with seven participants, one career counsellor and the vice managing director. The results show that career support is central to the participants’ personal and career-related development.  All participants note that the self-esteem has increased leading to greater confidence in their own abilities; they feel more valuable and dare to take on bigger challenges. To serve and fulfill a function in a positive social context are highlighted as crucial factors in the participants’ perception of gaining an increased quality of life. For example everyone has got an employment and hence better financial situation. Some have received housing and rehabilitation to a drug-free life.  The participants’ career-related development has also benefited from the support. All the respondents have been educated and several have advanced to higher positions. The conclusion is that career support is very important to strengthen the participants’ self-esteem, quality of life and career, and that application of empowerment, the salutogenic approach and motivational interviewing were striking implements.

Syfte: Vårt syfte är att öka förståelse för hur de olika motivationsfaktorerna självförverkligande, gemenskap och altruism (i samhällsfrågor) är motiverande för ledare i sociala företag till att driva deras företag. Metod: Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ metod och vi har använt oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer där 10 olika ledare i sociala företag har blivit intervjuade. För att kunna dra slutsatser från empirin har vi använt oss av tematisk analys och öppen kodning. Resultat & slutsats: Efter studiens genomförande upptäckte vi olika sätt hur de tre teman påverkade ledare i sociala företags motivation. Vi såg även att gemenskap är den motivationsfaktor som påverkar en ledare i ett socialt företag på flest sätt, följt av självförverkligande och sedan altruism (i samhällsfrågor). Resultatet var förvånade då tidigare forskning mer förespråkar altruism som den motivationsfaktor som påverkar en ledare i sociala företag i störst utsträckning.  Uppsatsens bidrag: Vi presenterar en ny vinkel till vad som motiverar en ledare i sociala företag än vad tidigare forskning har visat. Vårt resultat skapar en större och djupare förståelse till varför en person vill arbeta som ledare i ett socialt företag. / Aim: This study has been conducted to find out how the motivation factors of self-realization, fellowship and altruism (in social issues) are motivating for leaders in social enterprises. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method and we have used semi-structured interviews where 10 different leaders in social enterprises have been interviewed. To obtain a result from the empirical data, we have used a thematic analysis and open coding. Result & Conclusions: After this study implementation we found that fellowship is the motivating factor that has the biggest impact for a leader in social enterprise, followed by self-realization and finally altruism (in social issues). This was surprising when earlier research more focused on altruism as the motivating factor that affects a leader in social enterprises the most. Contribution of the thesis: We present a new aspect to what motivates a leader in social enterprises than previous research has shown. This creates a greater and deeper understanding of why a person wants to work as a leader in social enterprise.

Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate how social enterprises can use social marketing for image building, and changing behaviors in the society.   Methodology: A qualitative method was used, based on 10 interviews from two social enterprises in Gavle. The data was collected through face-to-face, and email interviews Results and Conclusions: The study explored that social enterprises are focused on relationship marketing and more people oriented. Major social marketing components they are using are word of mouth, networking, online presence, and awareness campaigns. Suggestions for Future Work: A quantitative study can be conducted in order to have in depth analysis from targeted audience point of view. Furthermore, research can also be conducted by asking target audience the importance of relations in social causes, and by including networks such as cooperation with other companies of social enterprises, or donors. Contribution of Thesis: This study contributes on three levels, theoretical, managerial and societal. Theoretically this study adds to the ongoing research in social marketing and social enterprises as it combines the both. Additionally this study also indicates that social marketing is focused on relational aspects of marketing. On the societal level this study shows how social marketing affects people by changing their behaviors. Managerial contribution refers to the fact that social marketing is an important tool, since many social enterprises are on the rise, so social marketing can be used in order to get more fruitful results in the social cause oriented businesses.

Background: Social entrepreneurship has lately gained wide recognition as a promising avenue to develop market-driven solutions to improve lives of the marginalised. While identified as an emerging topic in academics, literature is still limited and heavily biased towards the context of western countries. Further, little is known about how social enterprises interact with the supportive ecosystem to develop their organisations and ensure financial viability while attending their social mission. Thus, the Philippines was chosen as the location of the study, a developing country plagued by social problems, but simultaneously harbouring a growing ecosystem that support social enterprises in their quest to address them. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how the development of New Generation Social Enterprises (NewGen SE) is enabled by the surrounding ecosystem in the context of the Philippines. It further aims to identify factors constraining the progress of NewGen SE, and how the ecosystem can be enhanced to better support these enterprises. Method: The data for this qualitative study has been collected using in-depth, semi-structured interviews. In total, twenty interviews were conducted: ten entrepreneurs from three different development stages (start-up, growth & mature), and ten ecosystem actors. The data has been analysed and interpreted using a general inductive approach. Conclusion: The networks of both the entrepreneurs and the ecosystem actors enable social enterprises to access resources, expertise, and foster collaboration. Challenges on both the macro and micro level are hindering social enterprises to grow, resulting in only a few success stories. To enhance the support for social enterprises more collaboration within and outside the ecosystem should be fostered through the implementation of more intersections such as physical and online spaces where people can connect.

Previous studies by Cornforth (2003, 2004), Cornelius et al. (2008), Cornelius and Wallace (2010), and Wallace and Cornelius (2010) highlight the need for further research in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for social enterprises and how their governance systems facilitate social outcomes when aligned to organisational mission. Against this backdrop, the main aim of this study is: to investigate the extent to which social enterprises (not-for-profit social providers) pursue ethical practices and social policies underpinned by their CSR agendas that enhance their stakeholders’ capabilities. The conceptual framework for the study is built on Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach (Sen 1991, 1999). Primary data were collected from face-to-face, in-depth, semi structured interviews with twelve owner-managers of small social enterprises from Bradford, UK. These were designed to understand their enterprise’s ethical views towards the development of deprived communities and the role this has in formulating their enterprise’s CSR agenda. The interview data were transcribed and analysed using constructivist grounded theory. The findings suggest that external CSR provision is often prompted as an immediate reaction to problematic issues arising in society. In general, it consequently lacks sustainability and is insufficiently evaluated for long term social impact. It is therefore argued that the CSR agenda for social enterprises should be based more on the organisation’s social ethos than the current process. Moreover, the findings emphasise the importance of social strategy emanating from governance mechanisms as this was identified as critical for the implementation of the CSR agenda so that social value is created in a structured and planned manner. These findings make a contribution to knowledge by providing conceptual and empirical insights regarding the consequences of social enterprises incorporating capabilities into their CSR policies and practices, and its social impact. Moreover, a conceptual model is developed that reflects the strategic importance of such a convergence in achieving this dual purpose.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ItaloRFA.pdf: 833668 bytes, checksum: 4c2e3c103b0de2503c8206687eda233f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-15 / Crisis in the capitalist system of production, contributes to appearance of social enterprises. In spite of, to believe these undertakings were to promote a true revolution that supply alternatives to consolidation of a socialist society, which it wasn t succeed. The cooperatives which was our object of study, get appearance in the middle of the capitalist system of production in a disorganized way, therefore, many of them Just get rich or they became true work machines and exploration of the human work. This study has like main objective: Do cooperatives have knowledge and/or they pratice rudments of the cooperativist moviment?. Get some conclusions, the cooperatives of work come promoting a decline of the rudments of the cooperativism and they don t have a knowledge about the rudments of the cooperativism and they don t pratice the same ones, instead of, the ccoperative of production comes promoting the appearance of the self-management idealism which they know the rudments of thecooperativism and they pratice the same ones / A crise no sistema capitalista de produ??o contribui para o surgimento de Empreendimentos Sociais. Apesar de se acreditar que estes empreendimentos fossem promover uma verdadeira revolu??o, que forneceria as ferramentas para a consolida??o de uma sociedade socialista, este fato n?o se confirmou. As cooperativas, a exemplo dos nossos objetos de estudo, emergiram no seio do sistema capitalista de produ??o de forma desarticulada e, assim, muitas delas findaram se aburguesando ou transformando-se em verdadeiras m?quinas de explora??o do trabalho humano. Este estudo tem como problema de pesquisa: as cooperativas possuem conhecimento e/ou praticam os princ?pios do movimento cooperativista? Como algumas das conclus?es, as cooperativas de trabalho v?m promovendo o decl?nio dos princ?pios do cooperativismo, n?o possuem conhecimento sobre os princ?pios do cooperativismo e n?o praticam os mesmos e, ao contr?rio, a cooperativa de produ??o vem promovendo a ascens?o do ide?rio autogestion?rio, conhece os princ?pios do cooperativismo e praticam os mesmos

Arbetslinjens tongivande roll anses innebära direkta konsekvenser för det sociala arbetet. I stora drag innebär arbetslinjen att arbetsmarknads- och socialpolitiken utformas för att främja aktivitet framför passivitet. Denna uppsats fokuserar på arbetsintegrerande sociala företag, en typ av sociala företag som erbjuder arbetsträning eller andra sociala insatser för personer som står utanför arbetsmarknaden. I samtalet om sociala företag är arbetsmarknadsintegrering centralt, trots att det saknas entydiga belägg för att sociala företag ökar integrationen på arbetsmarknaden. Samtidigt är det inte helt klart vilket syfte de arbetsintegrerande sociala företagen har. Detta väcker också frågan om möjliga utgångspunkter för verksamhetsutvärdering. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur syftet med arbetsintegrerande sociala företag kan förstås och vilka implikationer detta har för utvärdering av verksamheterna. Forskningsteoretisk utgångspunkt för studien är socialkonstruktionismen. Studiens teori utgörs av tre perspektiv på arbetslinjen: disciplinerings-, självhjälps- och rättighetsperspektivet. Disciplineringsperpektivet innebär att individens eget försörjningsansvar, aktivering och skyldigheter gentemot staten betonas. Självhjälpsperspektivet ger uttryck för en förväntan om ömsesidigt handlande mellan stat och individ, där fokus ligger på att hjälpa individen till självförsörjning. Inom rättighetsperspektivet betraktas arbetet som en social rättighet. Studien använder sig av riktad kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Uppsatsen består av en dokumentstudie med analys av offentliga dokument som följs av en intervjustudie med företrädare för arbetsintegrerande sociala företag. Studien kommer fram till att syftet kan förstås utifrån samtliga teoretiska perspektiv, men främst självhjälps- och disciplineringsperspektivet. Eftersom det i materialet finns uttryck för samtliga teoretiska perspektiv kring arbetslinjen så öppnar det för olika sorters utvärdering, där de undersökta arbetsintegrerande sociala företagen huvudsakligen väljer att utvärdera sin verksamhet utifrån vad de anser prioriterat.

During the last decades, the circular economy has enabled a new kind of business model that is challenging the traditional linear way of doing business. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how an international social enterprise work towards a circular business model, as well as the challenges and opportunities that comes with operating in an emerging market. Previous research on the subject is limited which leaves a research gap in existing literature. Indonesia is an emerging country that is struggling with a weak recycling infrastructure and   lack of waste management, which has resulted in an ocean plastic pollution problem.   In the theoretical framework, relevant aspects of the circular economy, social enterprises and opportunities and challenges with operating in an emerging market are presented. A conceptual framework concludes the literature review by illustrating how the concepts ties together. In order to answer the research questions, a qualitative research method has been followed throughout this single case study, combined with an abductive approach. The data has been collected through semi-structured interviews presented together with secondary data, in order to get a deeper understanding of the case. By examining an international social enterprise with operations in an emerging market, findings on what opportunities and challenges this social enterprise encounter in Indonesia are presented together with how they work towards a circular business model. This study indicates that the international social enterprise challenges the linear way of doing business and can be set as an example for other companies that has a social mission and wants to do business in a sustainable way.   The analysis discusses the relation between the theoretical concepts and the empirical findings, together with observations from the authors. The analysis is followed by the concluding chapter where the contributions are stated, and the research questions are answered, followed by implications, limitations and suggestions for future research. The findings showed that international social enterprises can find opportunities in infrastructure- and institutional gaps in emerging markets. In addition, the findings indicate that a strong social mission can reduce the challenges of operating in an emerging market. The findings have contributed to introducing the social enterprise phenomenon into the international business research field, as well as international social enterprises operating in emerging markets. The authors also provide their definition of the concept ‘social enterprise’.