A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar as representações do trabalhador, trabalho, tecnologia e progresso presentes na obra infantil História das Invenções, de Monteiro Lobato, publicada em 1935. Considera-se que as representações de tecnologia, progresso e trabalho, presentes na obra, demonstram o processo de recontextualização, realizado por Monteiro Lobato, ao adaptar a obra de Hendrik van Loon, ao contexto brasileiro, o qual é marcado por novos tensionamentos políticos, econômicos e ideológicos. Para tanto, faz-se necessário verificar que perspectiva de progresso está contemplada na obra, uma vez que, para o escritor brasileiro, o progresso está associado a alguns tipos de invenções, que impactaram o universo do trabalho. São apresentadas duas óticas de progresso apresentadas na narrativa: em um primeiro momento como processo evolutivo pelo qual o ser humano passou, ideia fortemente relacionada às teorias evolucionistas. Em um segundo momento, o autor mostra o progresso como instrumento de modernização, estando estreitamente relacionado com as invenções, consideradas como aparatos tecnológicos, são extensões dos organismos humanos. Também discute-se a abordagem de Monteiro Lobato sobre a utilização da maquinaria e sua relação com o trabalhador. Será visto que, para o escritor brasileiro, a máquina veio para tornar o trabalho do homem eficiente e completo, sendo instrumento fundante do progresso humano e mecanismo de racionalização e aperfeiçoamento do trabalhador. Procuramos demonstrar que a ideia de progresso em Lobato está associada à mecanização do trabalho, que traria modernização à estrutura social e econômica do país. / The present dissertation aims to analyze the representations of the worker,work, technology and progress in child labor ―História das Invenções‖, of Monteiro Lobato, published in 1935. It is considered that the representations of technology, progress and work, present in the work, demonstrate the process of recontextualization, directed by Monteiro Lobato, by adapting the work of Hendrik van Loon, to the Brazilian context, which is marked by new political, economic and ideological tensions. To this end, it is necessary to verify that the perspective of progress is included in the work, since, for the Brazilian writer, progress is associated with some types of inventions, which impacted the world of work. Two progress concepts are presented in the narrative: at first the evolutionary process by which the human being passed, idea strongly related to evolutionary theories. In a second moment, the author shows the progress as a tool of modernization, being closely related to inventions. The inventions considered as a technological apparatus, are extensions of human bodies. Also discusses the approach of Monteiro Lobato on the use of the machinery and its relationship with the employee. It will be seen that, for the Brazilian writer, the machine came to make work efficient and complete man, being a fundamental instrument of human progress and a mechanism of rationalization and improvement of the worker. We will seek to demonstrate that the idea of progress in Lobato is associated with the mechanization of the work, which would bring modernization to the social and economic structure of the country.

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux liens entre l'évolution de la coopération et la sélection de second ordre. Dans une première partie, nous montrons comment des organismes digitaux adaptent leurs génomes pour encoder les gènes liées à la coopération d'une manière plus contrainte (suppression d'évolvabilité), notamment à l'aide d'opérons et d'overlaps impliquant aussi des gènes essentiels. Dans une deuxième partie, nous testons expérimentalement cette vision des overlaps de gènes comme "contrainte évolutive" grâce à des outils d'algorithmique et de biologie synthétique que nous avons développés. Dans une troisième partie, nous utilisons des simulations par agents pour montrer comment une forme de division du travail peut être interprétée comme un système coopératif à la lumière de la théorie évolutive moderne. Dans une dernière partie, nous montrons que la dispersion spatiale des allèles coopératives obtenue par des phénomènes de "genetic hitchiking" joue un rôle important dans l'évolution de la coopération, quand bien même ce mécanisme de dispersion s'applique aussi à des allèles non coopératives, grâce à la "relatedness" (aux loci codant pour la coopération) crée par l'invasion locale de mutations bénéfiques (à des loci non liés à la coopération) et par l'équilibre complexe entre ces mutations bénéfiques et la robustesse mutationnelle. L'ensemble de ces résultats appelle à une prise en compte plus importante des pressions sélectives de second ordre dans l'étude de l'évolution sociale, et au développement de modèles plus réalistes qui permettraient d'intégrer de telles forces évolutives. Nous insistons également sur l'importance du paysage mutationnel dans l'étude des populations bactériennes, et montrons le potentiel croissant de la biologie synthétique comme outil d'étude de ce paysage et de l'évolution microbienne en général. / In the first part, I show how digital organisms adapt their genomes to encode cooperation-related genes in a more constrained way (evolvability suppression), especially using operons and overlaps also involving essential genes. In the second part, we experimentally test this view of gene overlaps as an evolutionary constraint, using both algorithmic and synthetic biology tools that we have developed. In the third part, I use agent-based simulations to show how a form of division of labour can be interpreted as a cooperative system in the light of modern evolutionary theory. In the final part, I show that the patterns of dispersal of cooperative alleles due to hitchhiking phenomena play an important role in the evolution of cooperation. The last result holds even though the hitchhiking mechanisms also applies to non-cooperative alleles, thanks to the relatedness (at cooperation-related loci) created by the local invasion of beneficial mutations (at loci not related to cooperation). The beneficial mutations form a complex and interesting equilibrium with mutational robustness, which I investigate using in silico evolution. On the whole, these results call for a more careful consideration of the second-order selection pressures in the study of social evolution, and show the necessity for more realistic models allowing to integrate such evolutionary forces. My thesis research specifically highlights the importance of the mutational landscape in the study of microbial populations and shows the increasing potential of synthetic biology as a tool to study such landscape and microbial evolution in general.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study utilizes an ideological rhetorical analysis, applying Marxist and Feminist lenses, to artifacts from Kiwanis International, a prominent global service organization. These artifacts are: "The Permanent Objects of Kiwanis," guiding principles that were codified in 1924; "The Man Who Was God": a brief story about transforming from Kiwanis member to "Kiwanian," published in 1935 and 1985, respectively; and the 2012 "Join the Club" Membership Brochure. The rhetoric of discursive materials is one of the most salient representations of group ideology. In turn, ideology, particularly when it reflects and perpetuates social hegemony, has a normalizing effect on itself. Ideology shapes identity; identity shapes strategies to set process norms that create social cohesion. Norms of social cohesion become culture; culture reinforces ideology. When these components mirror social hegemony and replicate hegemonic power, they create institutions, like service organizations; these institutions then legitimate and normalize positions of social privilege. Ultimately, ideology and social hegemony reveal themselves through organizational and member practices and organizationally-produced discursive material. The purpose of this study is to analyze the historical, socio-political, and socio-cultural roots of Kiwanis International in order to draw logical conclusions about the organization's ideology for the purposes of understanding how that ideology contributes to, justifies, and perpetuates an unconscious, neo-colonial view of philanthropy. Kiwanis International, on an organizational (macro) level and at the club/member (micro) level, is structured around positions of racial, ethnic, socio-economic, linguistic, gender, and religious privilege, and so mimics the hegemonic power centers and dominant ideologies of society at large. In turn, the products and practices of the organization reflect these positions of privilege and inhibits the organization's ability to attract traditionally excluded, disenfranchised, or under-represented groups. Understanding that it is a contentious and futile to simply point where power relations exist and assert themselves, this study emphasizes where "othering" occurs in hopes of mitigating relations of domination and oppression between Kiwanis members and perspective members, and of moving forward the interests of those who have not traditionally been counted among Kiwanis' members but whose presence could save the organization.