Orientador: José Flávio Morais Castro / Banca: Lucia Helena de Oliveira Gerardi / Banca: Alexandre Magno Alves Diniz / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e as relações entre o Índice de Condições de Vida (ICV) e o Índice de Criminalidade Urbana (ICU) nos municípios da Região Administrativa de Campinas (SP) no ano de 2000. A partir do emprego de métodos e técnicas de classificação de dados socioeconômicos foi possível correlacioná-los em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). A análise espacial permitiu estabelecer as possíveis relações entre o ICV e o ICU na região e verificar se os municípios com maior ICV foram os que apresentaram o maior índice de criminalidade urbana, em função do crescimento das desigualdades sociais no período. / Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze the regional distribution and the relations between Life Level Rates (ICV) and Urban Criminal Rates (ICU) in Campinas Administrative Area (SP), in the year of 2000, using classifying techniques for socioeconomic data in a Geographical Information System (GIS). The spatial analysis evidenced some connections between the ICV and the ICU in that area. It has been verified that cities with larger ICV are the ones with higher urban criminal rates, due to the increase of social inequality during the period. / Mestre

In 1992, the Swedish education system was reformed and by that, school choice was introduced. The intention of the reform was that competition between schools would improve the level of education; however, the results among Swedish pupils have deteriorated and the differences between schools have increased since the introduction. This has caused much debate on school choice, and especially school choice in relation to socioeconomic background and segregation. This study examines whether GIS can be used to detect possible relations between the school choices, socioeconomic backgrounds and residential areas of pupils in Uppsala Municipality in Sweden. Most of the previously conducted research do not use GIS as a tool, despite the spatial aspect of this issue. By mapping the data, any geographical patterns can easier be detected, patterns which can be hard to observe in other data presentation methods such as tables or graphs. The school choices and the commuting pattern among pupils applying for preschool or year six have been visualized in relation to the social index of their corresponding living areas. Four areas and four schools have been selected as samples in order to evaluate the issue from the perspective of both the pupils and the schools. The results show that GIS is an effective way of presenting complex data and a useful tool for detecting geographical clusters. The differences in choices made by pupils of dissimilar social background can be visually detected by comparing the maps to each other. The preschool pupils tend to apply for the nearest schools, while some of the pupils applying for year six are willing to travel further distances in order to get to a more popular school or an area less socially vulnerable than their residential area.  Furthermore, some deviant school choice patterns can easily be explained by examining the surrounding environment; the map can reveal for instance that the pupils had no other choice to make, that geographical obstructions such as water bodies or large streets act like separators or that the social index of a residential area perhaps do not match the affiliation felt by the inhabitants. Due to the complexity of school choice and segregation, a GIS might not be used alone for concluding on a relation between the two. However, it is a very useful tool for indicating occurrences of the phenomena and, most important, highlighting areas that are interesting for further investigation. / År 1992 reformerades det svenska utbildningssystemet och med det implementerades det fria skolvalet. Avsikten med reformen var att konkurrensen mellan skolor skulle förbättra utbildningsnivån, dock har resultaten bland svenska elever försämrats och skillnaderna mellan skolor ökat sedan introduktionen. Detta har orsakat mycket debatt om skolval och speciellt skolval i förhållande till socioekonomisk bakgrund och segregation. Denna studie undersöker om GIS kan användas för att upptäcka eventuella sammanhang mellan skolval, socioekonomiska bakgrunder och bostadsområden bland elever i Uppsala kommun i Sverige. Det mesta av tidigare forskning inom ämnet använder inte GIS som ett verktyg, detta trots problemställningens rumsliga aspekt. Genom att kartera data öppnas möjligheter för att enklare upptäcka geografiska mönster som kan vara svåra att observera med andra presentationsmetoder som tabeller eller diagram. Skolval och pendling bland elever som har ansökt om plats i förskoleklass eller till årskurs sex har visualiserats och blivit satt i sammanhang med den sociala indexen för elevernas bostadsområden. Fyra områden och fyra skolor har valts ut för att kunna utvärdera frågan ur både elevers och skolors perspektiv. Resultaten visar att GIS är ett effektivt sätt att presentera komplexa data och ett användbart verktyg för att upptäcka geografiska kluster. Skillnaderna i skolval bland elever av olika sociala bakgrunder kan upptäckas visuellt genom att jämföra kartor med varandra. Förskoleklasselever tenderar att ansöka om närmaste skola, medan några av eleverna som ska börja årskurs sex är villiga att resa längre avstånd för att komma till en mer populär skola eller till ett område som är mindre socialt utsatt än deras bostadsområde. Dessutom kan vissa avvikande skolvalsmönster enkelt förklaras genom att undersöka den omgivande miljön; kartan kan till exempel avslöja att eleverna inte hade några andra valmöjligheter, att geografiska hinder såsom vattendrag eller stora gator agerar som avgränsare eller att det sociala indexet till ett bostadsområde inte matchar den sociala tillhörigheten invånarna själva upplever. På grund av komplexiteten bakom skolval och segregation, bör GIS inte användas ensamt för att konkludera om det finns ett samband mellan de två. Det är dock ett mycket användbart verktyg för att indikera förekomster av fenomenet och framförallt för att lyfta fram områden som är intressanta för vidare utredning.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 napoleao_prm_me_rcla.pdf: 1035994 bytes, checksum: 37c800df7ae7f2456ecd217e1c2b5f1d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e as relações entre o Índice de Condições de Vida (ICV) e o Índice de Criminalidade Urbana (ICU) nos municípios da Região Administrativa de Campinas (SP) no ano de 2000. A partir do emprego de métodos e técnicas de classificação de dados socioeconômicos foi possível correlacioná-los em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). A análise espacial permitiu estabelecer as possíveis relações entre o ICV e o ICU na região e verificar se os municípios com maior ICV foram os que apresentaram o maior índice de criminalidade urbana, em função do crescimento das desigualdades sociais no período. / The objective of this work was to analyze the regional distribution and the relations between Life Level Rates (ICV) and Urban Criminal Rates (ICU) in Campinas Administrative Area (SP), in the year of 2000, using classifying techniques for socioeconomic data in a Geographical Information System (GIS). The spatial analysis evidenced some connections between the ICV and the ICU in that area. It has been verified that cities with larger ICV are the ones with higher urban criminal rates, due to the increase of social inequality during the period.

The Web is comprised of a vast quantity of text. Modern search engines struggle to index it independent of the structure of queries and type of Web data, and commonly use indexing based on Web‘s graph structure to identify high-quality relevant pages. However, despite the apparent widespread use of these algorithms, Web indexing based on human feedback and document content is controversial. There are many fundamental questions that need to be addressed, including: How many types of domains/websites are there in the Web? What type of data is in each type of domain? For each type, which segments/HTML fields in the documents are most useful? What are the relationships between the segments? How can web content be indexed efficiently in all forms of document configurations? Our investigation of these questions has led to a novel way to use Wikipedia to find the relationships between the query structures and document configurations throughout the document indexing process and to use them to build an efficient index that allows fast indexing and searching, and optimizes the retrieval of highly relevant results. We consider the top page on the ranked list to be highly important in determining the types of queries. Our aim is to design a powerful search engine with a strong focus on how to make the first page highly relevant to the user, and on how to retrieve other pages based on that first page. Through processing the user query using the Wikipedia index and determining the type of the query, our approach could trace the path of a query in our index, and retrieve specific results for each type. We use two kinds of data to increase the relevancy and efficiency of the ranked results: offline and real-time. Traditional search engines find it difficult to use these two kinds of data together, because building a real-time index from social data and integrating it with the index for the offline data is difficult in a traditional distributed index. As a source of offline data, we use data from the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) evaluation campaign. The web track at TREC offers researchers chance to investigate different retrieval approaches for web indexing and searching. The crawled offline dataset makes it possible to design powerful search engines that extends current methods and to evaluate and compare them. We propose a new indexing method, based on the structures of the queries and the content of documents. Our search engine uses a core index for offline data and a hash index for real-time V data, which leads to improved performance. The TREC Web track evaluation of our experiments showed that our approach can be successfully employed for different types of queries. We evaluated our search engine on different sets of queries from TREC 2010, 2011 and 2012 Web tracks. Our approach achieved very good results in the TREC 2010 training queries. In the TREC 2011 testing queries, our approach was one of the six best compared to all other approaches (including those that used a very large corpus of 500 million documents), and it was second best when compared to approaches that used only part of the corpus (50 million documents), as ours did. In the TREC 2012 testing queries, our approach was second best if compared to all the approaches, and first if compared only to systems that used the subset of 50 million documents.

A pesquisa discute o fenômeno da segregação socioespacial na Macrozona Urbana de Santo André, SP, no período de 2000 e 2010, a partir da mensuração do Índice de Qualidade de Vida Urbana (IQVU), composto por índices vinculados às dimensões saneamento ambiental, educação e nível socioeconômico. Os dados consultados integram os Censos do IBGE (Resultados do Universo por setor censitário) e foram sistematizados e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e o mapeamento temático e sintético. Como resultado central, os mapas de qualidade de vida definem uma classificação espacial e temporal dos setores censitários amostrais. De forma geral, registrou-se o aumento do IQVU na área de estudo entre 2000 e 2010, refletindo a melhoria na conjuntura econômica do país e no âmbito regional. Com relação ao espaço intraurbano, os setores com IQVU mais alto concentraram-se na região central da cidade, ao contrário das áreas periféricas da cidade. Essa situação reflete-se na manutenção dos processos de segregação socioespacial no município, ou mesmo na intensificação em alguns setores. Neste contexto, o método aplicado na pesquisa traz subsídios às políticas públicas de planejamento territorial urbano no município que busquem minimizar os processos estruturadores da desigualdade e da segregação socioespacial, especialmente nas áreas mais críticas. / This work discusses the socio-spatial segregation in the urban macrozone of Santo André, SP, Brazil, between 2000 and 2010, by measuring the Urban Life Quality Index (ULQI), which is composed of the indexes of environmental sanitation, education, and socio-economic condition. The data used for consultation are part of the Census of the IBGE (The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), and were systematically analyzed by using descriptive statistics, as well as thematic mapping and synthetic mapping. As a central result, quality of life maps define a spatial and temporal classification of sample census tracts. In general, an increase in the ULQI was observed for the study area between 2000 and 2010, reflecting a regional improvement and an improvement in the countrys economic condition. In relation to the intra-urban space, the tracts with the highest ULQIs are concentrated in the downtown area, unlike the peripheral areas of the city. This situation is reflected in the maintenance of socio-spatial segregation processes in the city, or even in their aggravation in certain tracts. In this context, the research method provides subsidies to public policies of urban land planning in the city, so as to minimize the structuring processes of inequality and segregation, especially in the most critical areas.

A pesquisa discute o fenômeno da segregação socioespacial na Macrozona Urbana de Santo André, SP, no período de 2000 e 2010, a partir da mensuração do Índice de Qualidade de Vida Urbana (IQVU), composto por índices vinculados às dimensões saneamento ambiental, educação e nível socioeconômico. Os dados consultados integram os Censos do IBGE (Resultados do Universo por setor censitário) e foram sistematizados e analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e o mapeamento temático e sintético. Como resultado central, os mapas de qualidade de vida definem uma classificação espacial e temporal dos setores censitários amostrais. De forma geral, registrou-se o aumento do IQVU na área de estudo entre 2000 e 2010, refletindo a melhoria na conjuntura econômica do país e no âmbito regional. Com relação ao espaço intraurbano, os setores com IQVU mais alto concentraram-se na região central da cidade, ao contrário das áreas periféricas da cidade. Essa situação reflete-se na manutenção dos processos de segregação socioespacial no município, ou mesmo na intensificação em alguns setores. Neste contexto, o método aplicado na pesquisa traz subsídios às políticas públicas de planejamento territorial urbano no município que busquem minimizar os processos estruturadores da desigualdade e da segregação socioespacial, especialmente nas áreas mais críticas. / This work discusses the socio-spatial segregation in the urban macrozone of Santo André, SP, Brazil, between 2000 and 2010, by measuring the Urban Life Quality Index (ULQI), which is composed of the indexes of environmental sanitation, education, and socio-economic condition. The data used for consultation are part of the Census of the IBGE (The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), and were systematically analyzed by using descriptive statistics, as well as thematic mapping and synthetic mapping. As a central result, quality of life maps define a spatial and temporal classification of sample census tracts. In general, an increase in the ULQI was observed for the study area between 2000 and 2010, reflecting a regional improvement and an improvement in the countrys economic condition. In relation to the intra-urban space, the tracts with the highest ULQIs are concentrated in the downtown area, unlike the peripheral areas of the city. This situation is reflected in the maintenance of socio-spatial segregation processes in the city, or even in their aggravation in certain tracts. In this context, the research method provides subsidies to public policies of urban land planning in the city, so as to minimize the structuring processes of inequality and segregation, especially in the most critical areas.

[pt] A concentração da população urbana e a dinâmica das cidades apresentam desafios às administrações públicas municipais em suas tarefas de ampliar e conservar caminhos pavimentados destinados a pedestres, especialmente em metrópoles como o Rio de Janeiro onde a integração entre dois ou mais modais de transporte público é realizada quase totalmente sobre a superfície e por meio de linhas de ônibus, demandando a utilização de calçadas com mais frequência. Embora a Constituição Federal trate dos temas acessibilidade em prédios, portadores de deficiência, segurança viária e mobilidade urbana, as ações públicas voltadas para soluções de tráfego ainda privilegiam modais motorizados. Sem conservação, calçadas com buracos e desníveis estão por toda a cidade. Faltam rampas de acesso para pessoas com mobilidade reduzida e sobram obstáculos que diminuem a capacidade de fluxo para os pedestres, como bancas de jornal mal posicionadas. Inegável é que o planejamento e as respectivas ações administrativas para a gestão de calçadas urbanas necessitam de técnicas que deem conta da dinâmica em lugar de soluções empíricas. Esta pesquisa propõe um modelo de calçada sustentável que priorize as dimensões social e institucional da complexa realidade urbana representada. Um índice de qualidade é proposto para que o gestor público possa diagnosticar e monitorar a conservação dos pavimentos destinados a pedestres. / [en] Pavements for pedestrians were object of attention of rulers since the 17th century, when cities still had no motor vehicles. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, capital of the empire, in 1870, a new urban structure was in process, in total harmony with transportation; the city expanded due to the capacity of the transport network to ensure transportation of the population (Silva, 2008). Figure 1 exhibits the granite sidewalks of Ajuda street, in the proximities of the municipal theater of Rio de Janeiro, in the early 20th century. They offered good comfort and safety conditions even for current demand levels. This example represents a significant advancement in pedestrian infrastructure in comparison to pavings that still prevailed at the time, as the pé-de-moleque (boy s-foot, a Brazilian candy made with crunched peanuts) pavement that emerged in colonial Brazil, still present in neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro and other historical cities of Brazil. Figure 1 also shows an segment in pé de moleque on current Rio Branco avenue, discovered in 2015 upon construction of the light rail vehicle (VLT). Currently, sidewalks may be considered an indicator of human development, within the sustainable human mobility sphere, defined as the displacement manner that prioritizes the individual, respecting same as to what regards proper needs, producing minimal energetic cost, with significant reduction of pollutants emissions and noise levels, restricting use of cars and decreasing their speeds. In this scenario wherein sustainability is considered a guideline for urban development policies, which have among their purposes equity and social justice in the appropriation of land, resources and the use of road space, city walking gains more importance (Gondim, 2001). In Brazil, where more than 80 percent of the population lives in cities, how does the municipal public administration act on the current sidewalks infrastructure? Could a sidewalk quality index serve as a tool to the manager and the proper population, through residents associations to diagnose and monitor the quality of sidewalks? An attempt to answer these important questions is the aim of this work.