Experimentos têm mostrado que ratos criados isolados consumem mais álcool durante a idade adulta que ratos criados em condições de interação social; no entanto, poucos experimentos têm explorado os efeitos do isolamento sobre a persistência na procura de álcool. A presente serie de estudos avaliou os efeitos do isolamento em etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento sobre a persistência na procura de álcool em contextos associados à sua entrega. Nos estudos, ratos foram distribuídos imediatamente depois do desmame em duas condições alojamento: isolamento (ISO) e interação (INT). Na idade adulta, os ratos foram treinados em esquemas múltiplos nos quais diferentes contextos de estímulos foram associados a diferentes taxas de entrega de álcool -magnitudes ou a reforçadores diferentes-. A persistência na procura de álcool foi avaliada como resistência à mudança em sessões de extinção. No Capítulo I foi avaliada a persistência em contextos associados a diferentes frequências de entrega de álcool. Foi achado que ratos ISO mostraram maior persistência que ratos INT em contextos associado a frequências altas e baixas de entrega de álcool. No Capítulo II foi estudado o efeito da concentração (5% ou 15%) de álcool sobre a persistência do comportamento de procura. Os resultados mostraram que concentrações altas de álcool geram maior persistência do comportamento de procura, embora gerem taxas baixas de resposta na linha de base. No capítulo III foram realizados dois estudos nos quais foi achado que ratos criados em isolamento persistem mais em contextos associados a concentrações altas de álcool (Experimento 3) e que o isolamento afeta particularmente a procura em contextos associados ao álcool quando comparados com contextos associados a outros reforçadores (Experimento 4). Os achados gerais demonstram que o isolamento em etapas inicias do desenvolvimento incrementa tanto o consumo quanto a persistência na procura por álcool, o que sugere que o estresse social em etapas iniciais do desenvolvimento é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de dependência ao álcool / Several experiments have shown increased alcohol consumption in rats reared in social isolation compared to rats reared in group conditions; however, few experiments had explored the effects of social isolation on persistence of alcohol seeking. The studies presented here assessed the effects of social isolation on persistence of seeking in alcoholrelated contexts. For the studies, rats were assigned to on of two conditions after weaning: Social Isolation (ISO) or social Interaction (INT). During adulthood, rats were trained within a multiple schedule of reinforcement, in which different contextual stimuli were related to differential frequencies, magnitudes or qualities of alcohol. Persistence was assessed as resistance to extinction in extinction sessions. Chapter I measured persistence by ISO and INT rats in contexts related to high and low rates of alcohol reinforcement. It was found that ISO rats persisted more than INT rats regardless of the frequency of reinforcement. In Chapter II was studied the effect of alcohol concentration (5% and 15%) on persistence of alcohol seeking. Results showed that high alcohol concentrations are related to higher persistence during extinction. Chapter III presented two studies that found that ISO rats are more persistent in contexts related to high alcohol concentrations (Experiment 3), also that isolation differentially increased persistence in contexts related to alcohol compared to contexts related to other reinforcers (Experiment 4). General findings show that social isolation increase both consumption and persistence in alcohol related contexts, suggesting that social stress early in the development could be a considered a risk factor for alcohol use disorders

The impact of the relative richness or poverty of the external environment on development has been demonstrated in a variety of species and for a number of physical and cognitive processes. However, a dichotomy exists in the present literature, wherein the physical and social environments are compartmentalized. The present study investigated the potential longitudinal interaction between the social and physical environments on early cognitive development and emotional reactivity. Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were exposed to different part-time combinations of social and physical enrichment over the first 96 hours following hatch. Developmental trajectories were explored using repeated non-identical maze tasks. The experiment was inconclusive as to the effects of enrichment; however a distinct trend arose as a main effect of age. Chicks were significantly less willing to explore and solve the maze at 72 and 96 hours. Potential explanations concerning experience and physiological maturation are discussed along with sources of variability.

This thesis provides a systematic comparison and analysis on violent and non-violent new religious movements. The purpose of using a meta-analysis as the methodological tool for this research project is that it offers a systematic presentation and synthesis of the characteristics and findings from academic studies that exist on each new religious movement. Of importance is that each study, from the fields of sociology, social psychology and religious studies offers differing truths about each of the NRMs as they each only examine certain characteristics. As these disciplines have a high level of theories, this project utilizes a “measure driven” approach, “in which iterative searches and new computerized search techniques are used to increase the range of publications found (and thus the range of possible analyses) and to traverse time and disciplinary boundaries” (Roelfs et al 2013: 75). This analysis pools together all existing facts to provide a larger estimate of the "unknown common truths" about each movement and provide a fuller picture of the movements and their leaders. By combining studies of new religious movements that are prone to violence with studies of new religious movements that remain peaceful, this meta-analysis will increase the sample size and the power to study effects that may lead to the answer: why do some new religious movements become violent. The general consensus among the research literature has distilled three salient aggregates associated with new religious groups that have become violent: a) each group possessed an apocalyptic worldview; b) each group maintained an organizational structure predicated on charismatic leadership and authority whereby a potent connection between the charismatic leader and devotee was forged; and c) each group established firm social boundaries demarcating the separation between the group and the wider social milieu resulting in social isolation. However, though these attributes were present in and common to all the groups that became violent, they continue to remain insufficient and fail to adequately illustrate why certain new religions become violent. The most notable cases of NRMs that have been mobilized to violence that are analyzed include: the Peoples' Temple, The Order of the Solar Temple, Aum Shinrikyo, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments, the Branch Davidians, Rajneeshpuaram, The Church of the Lamb of God, Heaven's Gate and Scientology. These religious movements are compared and analyzed in relation to groups that have not become violent: the early Unification Church, Sikh Dharma/3HO, Chen Tao, Church Universal and Triumphant (CUT), and Concerned Christians. By analyzing fourteen individual movements that demonstrate the three central aggregates found specifically in violent movements, hopefully this meta-analysis has overcome the problem of small sample sizes, in order to better detect internal and external effects that can explain why some NRMs become violent.

This study uses survey data collected from a convenience sample of undergraduate students (N=89). A vignette survey design is employed to measure social rejection of striptease performers compared to a control group. Data is also collected on negative stereotypes held about striptease performers, which are correlated with social rejection. Link and Phelan's conceptualization of the stigma process provides the theoretical framework for this analysis. Findings suggest that striptease performers experience higher levels of social rejection and are perceived more negatively than the control group and that endorsement of negative stereotypes is associated with social rejection.

Orientador: Nanci Soares / Resumo: A referida pesquisa objetiva analisar as vivências de isolamento social do envelhecer e velhice da classe trabalhadora em relação à desproteção social da sociedade capitalista sob o olhar dos técnicos e usuários do Serviço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos (SCFV) para Pessoas Idosas. O trabalho busca debater o isolamento social enquanto uma das expressões das refrações da questão social que acompanha o envelhecer e a velhice do(a) trabalhador(a), elucidar a trajetória histórica da proteção social pública da Política de Assistência Social direcionada à pessoa idosa no Brasil, em especial ao SCFV para pessoas idosas, e compreender o olhar dos usuários e técnicos de referência do referido Serviço sobre as vivências de isolamento social dos(as) velhos(as) trabalhadores(as). Compõem o universo da pesquisa os CRAS – Centro, Sul, Norte e Leste – do Município de Franca, tendo como amostra do universo os SCFVs para pessoas idosas dos respectivos territórios, sendo os técnicos de referência, assistentes sociais, e os usuários desse Serviço os sujeitos participantes. O estudo, de caráter exploratório e de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, fundamentou-se sob o referencial teórico-metodológico materialista histórico-dialético. O material empírico do trabalho foi apreendido por meio da técnica de entrevista individual semiestruturada realizada com os três técnicos de referência e da técnica de grupo focal realizada com usuários do SCFV para Pessoas Idosas da cidade de Franca ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aims to analyze the experiences of social isolation of aging and old age of the working class in relation to the social lack of protection of the capitalist society according to technicians and users of theServiço de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos (SCFV) para PessoasIdosas (Service of Coexistence and Strengthening of Bonds for Older People).The paper seeks to discuss social isolation as one of the expressions of the refractions of the social issue that accompanies the aging and old age of the worker,elucidate the historical trajectory of the public social protection of the Social Assistance Policy directed to older people in Brazil, in particular the SCFV for Older People, as well as to understand the view of the users and technicians of the aforementioned service on the experiences of the social isolation of old workers.The universe of the research comprises the CRAS –Downtown, South, North and East – of the Municipality of Franca, having the SCFVs for Older Peopleof each territory as samples of this universe.The research participants are the technicians, social workes, and the users of the Service. This is an exploratory research with a qualitative and quantitative approach and its theoretical-methodological framework was based on the historical-dialectical materialism.Theempirical material of the study was obtained by means of a semi-structured individual interview performed with three technicians and through the focus group technique performed with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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The problem with which this study was concerned was that of determining of climatic circumstances significantly affect personality development.

Children’s experience with death is a normative experience occurring around 8 years of age for most (Knight, Elfenbein, & Capozzi, 2000). Though this is an expected part of childhood, the need for and effectiveness of bereavement support for children is outlined in the literature as these experiences can put children at risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties (Samide & Stockton, 2002; Siddaway, Wood, Schulz, and Trickey, 2015). The current presentation outlines the exploratory implementation of grief support groups in a middle and elementary school for children dealing with the death of a loved one to support them in their grief. These 5 weekly sessions were designed and executed using evidence-based and peer-reviewed literature, which will be further discussed in this presentation, along with the theoretical perspective through which this project was approached. Finally, the tool developed to evaluate the outcomes of these sessions will be shared in conjunction with the end results.

Background: Physical distancing and social isolation impacted people on a large scale and deterioration in the peoples’ quality of life under the COVID-19 pandemic was noted. The purpose of the study was to examine the association between social isolation and the quality of life among elderly people aged between 63 and 79 years. Method: This is a cross-sectional analytical study, and data were collected using the purposive sampling technique. Chi-square test was used to see the difference between groups, and to assess prospective associations between independent and dependent variables, a simple logistic regression was used. Results: The results of the study showed that elderly people who felt isolated during COVID-19 experienced a stressful life, compared to those who did not feel isolated (OR=0.14; 95% CI:0.03-0.55). Similarly, those who had mandatory isolation were also related to stressful life, and the result was statistically significant (OR=0.12; 95% CI:0.29-0.48). Moreover, elder people who had chronic health problem was associated with stressful life during COVID-19 (OR=0.22; 95% CI:0.06-0.86). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that social isolation has decreased the quality of life for elderly people under COVID-19. Moreover, elderly people who had health problems had also experienced stressful life.

Bakgrund: Sveriges befolkning blir allt äldre vilket kan medföra en ökad utsatthet för ensamhet och social isolering. Ensamheten kan uppstå till följd av att partners, vänner eller bekanta dör. Både ensamhet och social isolering kan vara resultatet av åldrandets sviktande hälsa då den hos många äldre leder till fysiska begränsningar. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka äldre personers erfarenheter och upplevelser av social isolering och ensamhet. Metod: Litteraturstudie med en beskrivande design baserad på tio kvalitativa originalartiklar vilka genomgått en tematisk syntes. Resultat: Fem teman växte fram: Svårbruten isolering, När ensamheten är värre, Tankar om partner, familj och vänner, Känslan av ensamhet och Att hantera ensamhet. Upplevelserna och erfarenheterna kan variera hos de äldre, Hos många äldre är ensamheten kopplat till vissa tidpunkter eller dagar. Strategier och närstående verkar vara av stor betydelse för att minska känslorna av ensamhet och social isolering. Acceptans och hanterbarhet verkar vara viktiga framgångsfaktorer för att lindra ensamhet. Slutsats: En del äldre kan ha svårt att själva bryta ensamhet och social isolering vilket är viktig kunskap för sjuksköterskan i mötet med den här patientgruppen. Vidare visar studien vikten av att sjuksköterskan samtalar med äldre om ensamhet. Genom personcentrerade samtal kan sjuksköterskan tillsammans med de äldre skapa strategier för ensamhetshantering. / Background: Sweden's population is getting older which can lead to increased exposure to loneliness and social isolation. Loneliness can occur because of the death of partners, friends or acquaintances. Loneliness and social isolation can result from the declining health of aging as it leads to physical limitations in many older people. Aim: The aim with present study is to examine older people's experiences of social isolation and loneliness. Method: Literature study with a descriptive design based on ten qualitative original articles which have undergone a thematic synthesis. Results: Five themes emerged: Hard to break isolation, When loneliness gets worse, Thoughts about partners, family and friends, The feeling of loneliness and Managing loneliness. The experiences among the elderly did vary but for many people, loneliness is linked to certain time points or days. Strategies and relatives seem to be of great importance in reducing the feeling of loneliness and social isolation. Acceptance and manageability seem to be important factors in alleviating loneliness. Conclusions: Some elderly may find it difficult to break loneliness and social isolation themselves which is important knowledge for the nurse when meeting this group of patients. Furthermore, the study shows the importance of the nurse talking to the elderly about loneliness. Through person centered conversations, the nurse together with the elderly can create strategies for loneliness management.