This paper investigates the consequences of children's exposure to state-level incarceration rates on social mobility in the United States. The study uses social mobility data from the Opportunity Atlas for children born between 1978 and 1983. Jail population data is gathered from the 1985 and the 1995 Annual Survey of Jails. To analyze the impact of jail rates on social mobility, we estimate OLS regressions with state-level control variables. Of key interest is the potential differential effect of early (age 2-7) versus later (age 12-17) exposure. All estimates indicate a negative correlation between incarceration and social mobility. The main results indicate that exposure to incarceration rates during adolescence has a larger impact on social mobility. Further, the subgroup estimates indicate that female incarceration is a more effective determinant of social mobility and that the black and the female population are more sensitive to fluctuations in incarceration rates. The estimates by income percentiles show incoherent results. The results should be treated with caution to methodological issues and potential biases.

Orientador: Eliseu Savério Sposito / Resumo: A presente tese tem por objetivo compreender a trajetória de mobilidade espacial e social dos profissionais liberais nikkeis no município de Presidente Prudente/SP, por meio dos estratos ocupacionais centralizados nas especialidades de advocacia, de arquitetura, de engenharia civil, de medicina e de odontologia, vislumbrando uma dinâmica de mobilidade para o estudo pelo território e pela territorialidade, dentro de uma escala temporal entre as décadas de 1950-1980, sendo o sujeito da pesquisa o nikkei a partir da segunda (nissei) e da terceira (sansei) geração de descendentes de japoneses no Brasil. Para tanto, os aspectos teórico-metodológicos estão balizados pelos depoimentos orais dos 16 entrevistados nikkeis, que estão descritos e analisados pela literatura especializada da ciência geográfica, através dos conceitos de território de possibilidades e de mobilidade diferenciada. Nessa perspectiva, a mobilidade espacial e social dos profissionais liberais nikkeis tem na educação à motivação para os múltiplos deslocamentos, que perpassam por alguns municípios estratégicos (família, colônia, escola e pensão), no intuito de oferecer o ensino ao nissei e sansei, já que o município de origem nos idos de 1950/1960/1970 não possuía o curso ginasial e o colegial. E muito menos o cursinho preparatório para o vestibular que geralmente era localizado nos grandes centros urbanos (São Paulo/SP, Rio de Janeiro/RJ e Curitiba/PR). Coube aos isseis (1° geração) depois da II Guerra Mundial est... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to understand the spatial and social mobility trajectory of the nikkei liberal professionals in the municipality of Presidente Prudente/SP, through the occupational strata centralized in the specialties of advocacy, architecture, civil engineering, medicine and dentistry, (nissei), and the third (sansei) generation of descendants of the nissei, from the Japanese in Brazil. To that end, the theoretical-methodological aspects are based on the oral statements of the 16 nikkei interviewees, who are described and analyzed by the specialized literature of geographic science, through the concepts of territory of possibilities and differentiated mobility. In this perspective, the physical and social mobility of the nikkei liberal professionals has in the education to the motivation for the multiple displacements, that pass through some strategic municipalities (family, colony, school and pension), in order to offer the education to nissei and sansei, already that the municipality of origin in the years 1950/1960/1970 did not have the junior and high school. And much less the preparatory course for the vestibular that was generally located in the great urban centers (São Paulo/SP, Rio de Janeiro/RJ and Curitiba/PR). It was up to the Isseis (1° generation) after World War II to encourage the families that reterritorialized themselves in the West of São Paulo to invest in the education of their children. In the meantime the Japanese-territorialized Japanese fam... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Education drives labour market outcomes and social mobility. When educational attainment is influenced by socioeconomic factors, many students from disadvantaged backgrounds are left behind. This is undesirable as it greatly reduces the human capital that could have been present in the national economy, therefore affecting the potential of economic growth. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the impact of a policy that has the purpose of reducing the gap in educational attainment between disadvantaged students and their peers.  The analysis takes place over a 12 year time span and across 22 local authority areas in Wales. The results highlight the importance in the measure of the attainment gap. The implementation of Pupil Premium can be correlated with a reduction in the gap that is defined by the proportional difference between disadvantaged students and their peers. The magnitude of the attainment gap has stayed fairly constant but overall attainment has risen significantly over the period under analysis.  There is room for further study into the possibility that the impact of Pupil Premium has affected some groups of students more than others.

In his article, "Cycles of Deviance" (1996), Hawdon demonstrates how varying rates of social mobility correspond to cyclical patterns of drug use in the United States between 1880 and 1990. He proposes that social mobility alters the "deviance structure" of a society by changing the rate at which certain behaviors are labeled deviant, and thus, the rate at which people engage in those behaviors. This study provides an updated assessment of the cycles of deviance model to determine whether it can account for rates of violent and economic crime. I use social mobility to predict homicide, burglary, and overall rates of drug use from 1970 through 2010 using a time-series analysis. Crime data are obtained from the FBI\'s Uniform Crime Reports and Monitoring the Future. Social mobility data are obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, and the U.S. Census Bureau. I also control for several well- established correlates of crime -- namely, economic and demographic factors, police size, illicit drug market activity, and firearm availability. Results show moderate support for the cycles of deviance model in predicting rates of homicide and burglary. However, social mobility\'s influence with respect to drug use appears to vary with the size of the youth population. / Master of Science

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / South Africa is still under construction, with the aftermath of apartheid still lingering in the South African education system and in societal constructs amongst families of colour with low socioeconomic status backgrounds. For more than two decades since South Africa has been declared a democratically free society, education has been at the forefront as a means to socioeconomic liberation with movements such as #FEESMUSTFALL bringing to light the inequality that still lingers around access to higher education. Using human capital theory and socioeconomic mobility as a framework, the study aims to explore, describe and determine the perceived impact of university education on students from a low socioeconomic status using the case of the University of the Western Cape. / 2023

This paper aims to provide a better understanding of how female emigrants and returnees could use these as tools to achieve social mobility. The study has qualitatively investigated both text and oral sources from returnees to find reasons for emigration, effects of them regarding women's changing social contexts and results of migration, by analyzing the source material based on the concepts of rural and urban identity combined with perspectives on actors as tools for change-making processes for these women. The study has found that both external and internal factors regarding intentions with emigration, livelihoods based on business emigration, social networks and perceived identity, interact in women's perceived social mobility. The left-behind rural context creates a foundation and incentive for women to build an urban identity in the new American social context. The choice to return to the former homeland is not always a choice of its own for women, the social network exerts pressure based on old and patriarchal structures. The majority of returning women choose to settle in the rural environment they once left to care for elderly relatives. Most of them went home to Sweden with a return ticket to America and with intentions to travel back, which did not happen.    Women's identity creation is given multiple layers and changed by leaving a rural context behind and entering an urban context. Intentions, livelihoods, social networks and their own perceived identity all contribute to women's perceived identity and thus opportunities for social mobility.

Objectives To describe the creation of a multigenerational linked dataset with social mobility measures for South Carolina (SC), as an example for states in the South and other areas of the country. Methods Using unique identifiers, we linked birth certificates along the maternal line using SC birth certificate data from 1989 to 2014, and compared the subset of records for which linking was possible with two comparison groups on sociodemographic and birth outcome measures. We created four multi-generational social mobility measures using maternal education, paternal education, presence of paternal information, and a summary score incorporating the prior three measures plus payment source for births after 2004. We compared social mobility measures by race/ethnicity. Results Of the 1,366,288 singleton birth certificates in SC from 1989 to 2014, we linked 103,194, resulting in 61,229 unique three-generation units. Mothers and fathers were younger and had lower education, and low birth weight was more common, in the multigenerational linked dataset than in the two comparison groups. Based on the social mobility summary score, only 6.3% of White families were always disadvantaged, compared to 30.4% of Black families and 13.2% of Hispanic families. Moreover, 32.8% of White families were upwardly mobile and 39.1% of Black families were upwardly mobile, but only 29.9% of Hispanic families were upwardly mobile. Conclusions for Practice When states are able to link individuals, birth certificate data may be an excellent source for examining population-level relationships between social mobility and adverse birth outcomes. Due to its location in the Deep South, the multigenerational SC dataset may be particularly useful for understanding racial/ethnic difference in social mobility and birth outcomes.

The general purpose of this study will be an exploration of the relationships between the self-descriptions of late adolescents, their perceptions of how they think their like-sexed parents would describe them, their social class of origin, and the degree of their implied social mobility. The present study specifically investigates the proposition that as the late adolescent implies an attempt to change his social lass of origin (as measured by Hollingshead’s Two Factor Index of Social Position by obtaining more education and aspiring to a different occupation than his parents) the tested implication is that he feels his parents’ perceptions of him become different form his own, (as measured in both cases by the Adjective Check List developed by Gough and Hielbruner (1965)). Furthermore, this difference will be greater than that perceived by those who are non-mobile. A secondary objective of the study will be to attempt to gain some insight into the nature of social classes in our society. As will be seen in the review of the literature, there are many theories regarding this issue. Two of the most prominent to be discussed will be class specific versus common values orientations. This study will attempt to see which of these two theories the type of data collected for this study will support.

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The municipalities in Sweden must confront with constantly evolving challenges for a sustainable society. One of these challenges is the vital transportation system which enables the society to function properly. However, it is important to recognize that the transportation system itself presents various factors that require careful consideration. Fare-free public transport has properties that have the potential to address many of the problems the society are facing today. This study aims to examine the characteristics and advantages of the fare-free public transport system and assess its alignment with Umeå municipality's sustainability objectives in transportation and urban planning. To achieve this, a document study is conducted to identify Umeå municipality's sustainability goals, while a literature review is done to assess the impacts of implementing a fare-free public transport system. By combining the findings, the paper aims to provide insights into the research objective. The findings suggest that the viability of fare-free public transport depends on the extent to which planners and policymakers are willing to compromise on different dimensions of sustainability. Fare-free public transport can address the social dimension of sustainability goals in Umeå municipality but falls short in achieving the ecological and economical dimensions.