Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marissoni do Rocio Hilgemberg.pdf: 666077 bytes, checksum: 4729bbe06379df619c78ff15a7a05790 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-27 / This study aimed to study the social skills of a group of teachers, the manifest ones as well as the ones recognised by the teachers. The theoretical background was based on DEL PRETTE and DEL PRETTE (2001), RODRIGUES (1996) and GONZALEZ REY (2003; 2004). The guiding questions were: How is the teacher building his/her relational knowledge? Which educative sectors are contributing to the developments of teacher’s interpersonal skills? Which social skills are manifested in situations of interpersonal relation? Is there any coherence between the social skills recognised by the teachers and the ones expressed in situations of interpersonal relation? The research was conducted to achieve the following objectives: to identify social spaces which are recognised by teachers as formative spaces of interpersonal relationships; to identify units of subjective sense in the reports of experiences provided by the teachers; to compare the manifest social competencies with the social skills recognised by the teachers. It was a qualitative, phenomenological and interpretative research. The data were collected through a set of questions about the history of teachers' formative process that resulted in interpersonal relationships; report of experience; questionnaire with opened and closed questions. The subjects of this research were seven teachers. The findings of this study showed that: the teacher's knowledge of interpersonal relationships has been achieved through informal and extracurricular means; the factors that contributed to teacher education regarding the interpersonal relationships were: workplace, family, groups of Catholic religion, daily contact with many different people, psychological therapies designed to develop the intrapersonal intelligence; units of subjective sense – how you see yourself, the others and the conflicting situation – produced and expressed by the teachers in their report of experiences, which revealed itself unique and diverse, providing new options for actions and synthesising emotions and meanings that were part of their life history in different moments and in different social spaces. The report of experiences showed that the most evident social skills were self-monitoring and assertiveness and the less evident was empathy. The teachers undertook a selfassessment of their social skills and it confirmed the results of the analysis of the report of experiences, that is the self-monitoring and assertiveness skills are more developed in this group of teachers. However, it revealed some contradictions in relation to the empathy skill since the teachers showed good results in this skill, but it was not evident in the report of experiences. The skill inventory also showed that the teachers who took part in the research believe that their skills to communicate, work, express their positive feelings as well as civility and educational work are well developed. The fact that the teachers engaged in the role of subjects of this study was essential to cross the limits that the conflicting situation seemed to impose and also by the modifications of these limits, which provided options for new directions and future actions. It is possible to conclude that the interpersonal relationships are a complex and contradictory space to constitute and express teacher’s subjectivity. / Esta pesquisa teve por objeto de estudo as habilidades sociais manifestas e autoreconhecidas de um grupo de professores. O referencial teórico foi construído a partir de Del Prette e Del Prette (2001), Rodrigues (1996) e Rey (2003; 2004). As questões orientadoras foram: como o professor tem construído seu saber relacional? Quais instâncias educativas têm contribuído para que o professor desenvolva suas habilidades interpessoais? Quais habilidades sociais são manifestas nas situações de relação interpessoal? Há coerência entre habilidades sociais auto-reconhecidas e as expressas em situação de relação interpessoal? A pesquisa orientou-se pelos seguintes objetivos: identificar os espaços sociais reconhecidos pelos professores como espaços de formação para as relações interpessoais; identificar unidades de sentido subjetivo em relatos de episódios vividos por professores; comparar as competências sociais manifestas com as habilidades sociais auto-reconhecidas. Configurou-se como pesquisa qualitativa, fenomenológica e interpretativa. Os instrumentos de coleta de informações consistiram em um roteiro de questões sobre a história de formação para as relações interpessoais; relato de episódio; questionário com questões abertas e fechadas. Participaram como sujeitos da pesquisa, sete professores. Os resultados da análise demonstraram que: a construção do saber relacional do professor deu-se por vias informais e extracurriculares; as instâncias que contribuíram na formação do professor para as relações interpessoais foram: o local de trabalho, a família, os movimentos ou pastorais da igreja católica, o convívio com as pessoas no dia-a-dia, e terapias psicológicas voltadas para o desenvolvimento da inteligência intrapessoal; as unidades de sentido subjetivo – como se vê, como vê o outro e a situação de conflito – produzidas e expressas pelos professores nos relatos de episódio, revelaram-se diversas e singulares, geradoras de novas opções de ação e sintetizam emoções e significados constituídos em diferentes momentos e espaços sociais da história de vida de cada um; as habilidades sociais mais evidenciadas nos episódios relatados foram a de Automonitoria e Assertividade. A menos evidenciada foi a Empatia. A auto-avaliação dos professores sobre as habilidades sociais confirmou o resultado da análise dos relatos de episódios, de que as habilidades de automonitoria e assertividade são as mais desenvolvidas nesse grupo de sujeitos, contudo, revelou contradição em relação à habilidade de empatia, uma vez que os professores se auto-avaliaram com bom índice de capacidade empática o que não foi evidenciado no relato de episódios. O inventário de habilidades evidenciou também que os sujeitos da pesquisa reconhecem como tendo bem desenvolvidas as habilidades de comunicação, de trabalho, de trabalho educativo, de expressão de sentimentos positivos e de civilidade. A condição de sujeitos foi essencial para a ruptura dos limites imediatos que a situação de conflito parecia impor e pela modificação desses limites gerando novas opções de ações e encaminhamentos futuros. Conclui-se que as relações interpessoais são um espaço complexo e contraditório para constituição e expressão da subjetividade do professor.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-17T16:38:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Rech Mandelli_.pdf: 41030989 bytes, checksum: e9029cb358f68d4da26a1469f3661707 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T16:38:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberta Rech Mandelli_.pdf: 41030989 bytes, checksum: e9029cb358f68d4da26a1469f3661707 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Para além da área de design emocional que trabalha com a evocação e prevenção de emoções efêmeras, destacam-se novas pesquisas que tem como foco a experiência afetiva de uma forma mais abrangente e duradoura. Entre elas, evidencia-se o Design para o Desenvolvimento Humano, campo de estudos que tem como um dos focos entender de que forma o design pode contribuir - por meio de brinquedos e brincadeiras que estimulem o aprendizado de habilidades sociais - para que as crianças manifestem um comportamento socialmente competente. Dentre das habilidades sociais, escolheu-se trabalhar com a empatia, que é definida como uma expressão afetiva que compreende e compartilha as experiências do outro. A proposta deste trabalho foi pesquisar de que forma o design de brinquedos e brincadeiras - a partir de diretrizes de projeto - pode auxiliar no estímulo da experiência empática em crianças na idade escolar. Para isso, utilizou-se o método de pesquisa-ação. Foram efetuadas reuniões com especialistas - designer e psicólogos - para elaboração de diretrizes projetuais. Estas foram utilizadas em uma ação projetual que se concretizou no jogo eu também!. Foram efetuadas oito rodadas de coleta de dados com grupos de quatro crianças do terceiro ano do ensino fundamental interagindo com o jogo desenvolvido. Uma Análise de Conteúdo dessas partidas permitiu a observação de comportamentos empáticos - manifestados pelas falas e ações - das crianças interagindo a partir das dinâmicas propostas pelo jogo. Uma discussão dessas respostas buscou validar a eficácia das diretrizes que nortearam o projeto, das quais as seguintes foram verificadas: projetar considerando o estágio da vida escolar em que as crianças se encontram; se enquadrar dentro da esfera de gênero neutro; promover o engajamento; possuir uma temática lúdica e fantástica; utilizar personagens; estimular a troca de perspectiva; explorar os motivos das revelações que emergirem no jogo; buscar diferentes níveis de complexidade nas dinâmicas; falar sobre emoções e sentimentos; estimular a autorrevelação; e incentivar a colaboração. / Beyond the field of emotional design that studies ways to evoke and prevent ephemeral emotions, it is possible to highlight new research that focus on affective experience in a more embracing and lasting view. Among them is the design for human development, which aims to understand how design may contribute - through toys and games that stimulate the learning of social skills - so that children manifest socially competent behavior. Within social skills, we have chosen to work with empathy, which is defined as an affective expression that enables understanding and sharing experiences of another. The purpose of this work is to investigate how the design of toys and games - from design guidelines - can help to stimulate the empathic experience in children of school age. For that, we used the action research methodology. Meetings were held with specialists - designers and psychologists - to elaborate project guidelines. These were used in a project that resulted in a game called me too! (eu também!). The data was gathered from eight rounds with groups of four children in the third year of elementary school interacting with the developed game. A content analysis of these data allowed the observation of empathic behavior - manifested through speeches and actions - of those children when interacting with each other in the dynamics proposed by the game. A discussion of these responses related to each of the project guidelines sought to validate their effectiveness, of which the following were verified: design considering the stage of school life of children; to fit within the neutral gender sphere; to promote engagement; to have a ludic and fantastic theme; use characters; stimulate the exchange of perspective; explore the reasons of the revelations that emerge in the game; seek different levels of complexity in the dynamics; talk about emotions and feelings; stimulate self-revelation; and encourage collaboration.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-11-30T12:14:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaluza Aimèe Schneider_.pdf: 567786 bytes, checksum: f6fa1e54ea59ab31b20d71c7cc177f45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T12:14:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaluza Aimèe Schneider_.pdf: 567786 bytes, checksum: f6fa1e54ea59ab31b20d71c7cc177f45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Milton Valente / Diante da problemática de saúde pública que o uso de crack se configura no Brasil, evidência-se que as habilidades sociais (HS) podem representar um auxílio no processo de recuperação dos usuários. Desta forma, objetivou-se conhecer as HS de usuários de crack, avaliando prejuízos e suas relações com as características da população. Para isso, realizaram-se dois estudos empíricos quantitativos com a finalidade de: 1) avaliar déficits de HS e identificar se existem associações com as características sociodemográficas e de padrão de consumo de drogas; 2) comparar as HS de usuários de crack e de não usuários para verificar a existência de déficits na população clínica. Participaram de ambos os estudos 65 homens usuários de crack em tratamento em comunidades terapêuticas. No segundo estudo, participaram também 48 homens não usuários de substâncias. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário de dados sociodemográficos, Inventário de Habilidades Sociais, Screening cognitivo do WAIS e MINI. No primeiro estudo observaram-se associações nos usuários de crack entre déficits nas HS e idade, classe socioeconômica, familiares usuários de substâncias, atos ilegais, uso concomitante de álcool, início precoce do uso de crack e consumo diário. No segundo estudo foram identificados déficits significativos em relação à conversação e desenvoltura social e ao autocontrole da agressividade a situações aversivas entre os usuários de crack. Os estudos permitiram o conhecimento sobre as HS nos usuários de crack, possibilitando futuro desenvolvimento de intervenções que visem aumentar as HS, de acordo com a demanda encontrada, para auxiliar na recuperação de tal população. / Realizing the public health problem that crack use is configured in Brazil, the social skills may be aid in the recovery of these users. Thus, it was aimed to know the social skills of crack users, assessing deficits and its relationship with the population characteristics. Therefore, there were two quantitative empirical studies for the purpose of: 1) Evaluate social skills deficits and identify associations with sociodemographic characteristics; 2) comparing the performance of social skills of crack users and non-users finding if deficits have in clinical population. Participated in both studies 65 men crack users, in treatment in therapeutic communities. To compose the objective of the second study, also participated 48 men do not substance abusers. The instruments were: Demographics data questionnaire, Inventory of Social Skills, Cognitive Screening of the WAIS and MINI. In the first study It was observed associations between crack users and deficits in the social skills about age, socioeconomic status, use of substances by family members, illegal acts, joint use of alcohol, early onset of crack use and daily consumption. In the second study the findings indicate significant statistical differences in the group of crack users, concerning of more impaired performance in on conversation and social resourcefulness and of self-control of aggressiveness in aversive situations. The studies allowed the understanding of the social skills in crack users, enabling development of interventions aimed at increasing the social skills, according the found demand to assist in the recovery of this population.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Cristiane Vomero Pereira.pdf: 2640124 bytes, checksum: 8af5fa64e1c4d5193ae89b42354af3fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / The work aimed to reflect issues related to the development of social and emotional skills in a group of young scholars and the importance of this knowledge as an aid to their healthy growth. The scenario of a practical activity carried out within a military training course served as field of study to this research, and tried to cover concepts such as self-awareness, motivation, overcoming limits, coping strategies, emotional control, empathy. In military training, while educational activity, the expansion of intelligence is essential for the full constitution of the individual. Such training grants, indirectly through behavior change, a chance for the improvement of inter and intrapersonal skills. Making a cut, the objective of the research was to investigate a specific instruction called Campaign Activity can be thought or not as supportive environment for the promotion of skills and / or social and emotional skills of the target audience. The research method used was the quantitative approach. A sample was selected from 160 (one hundred and sixty) young scholars of engineering degree and 25 (twenty five) educational agents (military instructors involved in the training process). The sample subjects answered questionnaires, which were analyzed expectations pre and post-campaign activity, the goals expected by forming agents (instructors) and real learning in terms of socio-emotional aspects by trainees. The results showed that the Campaign Activity can be thought of like a supportive environment for the student staff's social growth experiences. With different levels of development of social and emotional attributes by young people, the hypothesis could be confirmed that there is rather an opening that should be considered, to work with the student's individual powers on the emotional and social context / O trabalho reflete questões relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de habilidades ou competências sociais e emocionais em um grupo de jovens acadêmicos e a importância destas aprendizagens como auxílio para o crescimento saudável deles. O cenário de uma atividade prática realizada dentro de um curso de formação militar serviu como campo de estudo desta pesquisa, e tentou abranger conceitos tais como: autoconhecimento, motivação, superação de limites, estratégias de enfrentamento, controle emocional, empatia. Na formação militar, enquanto ação educativa, a expansão da inteligência é indispensável para a constituição completa do indivíduo. Tal formação concede, indiretamente, por meio de mudanças de comportamento, uma possibilidade para o aprimoramento de habilidades inter e intrapessoais. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar se uma instrução específica chamada Atividade de Campanha, pode ser pensada ou não como ambiente de apoio para a promoção de competências e/ou habilidades sociais e emocionais do público alvo. O método da pesquisa utilizado foi a abordagem quantitativa. A amostra, por conveniência foi composta por 160 (cento e sessenta) jovens acadêmicos do curso de engenharia e 25 (vinte e cinco) agentes educadores (instrutores militares envolvidos no processo de formação). Os sujeitos da amostra responderam a questionários elaborados especialmente para avaliar esta atividade, onde foram abordadas as expectativas pré e pós-Atividade de Campanha, os objetivos esperados pelos agentes formadores (instrutores) e os reais aprendizados em termos de aspectos socioemocionais pelos instruendos. Os resultados apontaram que a Atividade de Campanha pode ser pensada como um ambiente de apoio para a vivência de experiências de crescimento social e pessoal dos alunos. Com diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento de atributos sociais e emocionais pelos jovens, a hipótese que se confirma é que existe sim uma abertura, que deve ser considerada, para se trabalhar com eles as potências individuais tanto no âmbito emocional quanto social

As habilidades sociais (HS) dizem respeito a comportamentos necessários para a manutenção de uma relação interpessoal bem-sucedida, conforme parâmetros típicos dentro de um contexto culturalmente determinado. As HS são sistematicamente reconhecidas como recursos indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento infantil, além de serem consideradas importantes para o ajustamento social e sucesso no ambiente escolar, constituindo-se, portanto, em um fator de proteção e adaptação psicossocial. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi caracterizar as HS, problemas de comportamento e desempenho escolar de meninas e meninos de escolas públicas municipais no Ensino Fundamental (EF) I e verificar relações previamente sugeridas em pesquisas empíricas. Participaram 833 crianças, sendo 390 meninas e 443 meninos, com média de idade de 8 anos e 5 meses, alunos do 1º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental de 17 escolas públicas municipais pertencentes à rede municipal de ensino de duas cidades de pequeno e médio porte do interior paulista. Foram selecionadas randomicamente salas do 1° ao 5° ano de cada município, totalizando 418 participantes do Município A e 415 participantes do Município B. Também participaram, como informantes, 46 professoras. As crianças foram avaliadas quanto às HS, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica por meio do Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR), versão para professores; quanto ao desempenho escolar, utilizou-se o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE), a Provinha Brasil e a Prova Brasil. Também foram levantados o IDEB e a localização das escolas, os quais foram classificados em categorias. Para a análise de dados, foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas, comparações, correlações e regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados apontaram que as meninas obtiveram maior escore em HS do que os meninos, bem como apresentaram menos problemas de comportamento, conforme indicado pelo teste t. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os sexos quanto ao desempenho escolar. Nas comparações entre os anos escolares, as análises de variância apontaram que houve diferença significativa entre os anos escolares em relação às variáveis asserção positiva, cooperação com pares, comportamentos problemáticos totais, externalizantes e internalizantes. Também foram encontradas diferenças entre os anos em relação ao desempenho escolar, sugerindo aumento progressivo no decorrer dos anos do EF. A análise da localização das escolas sugeriu desempenho superior das escolas não periféricas em relação às periféricas. Correlações p de Pearson apontaram associação moderada entre a maioria das variáveis. Foram identificadas correlações negativas entre HS e problemas de comportamento e entre competência acadêmica e problemas de comportamento, além de correlação positiva entre HS e competência acadêmica. O modelo de regressão testado indicou que o desempenho escolar avaliado pelo TDE foi predito, de forma positiva e com significância estatística, pelas HS. Em relação ao desempenho escolar avaliado pela Prova Brasil, a localização da escola e os comportamentos externalizantes foram as variáveis preditoras significativas e apresentaram uma associação negativa com o desempenho. Os resultados encontrados podem contribuir para instrumentalizar o planejamento de programas voltados ao desenvolvimento de competências socioemocionais em crianças no processo de escolarização e, sobretudo, favorecer estratégias de intervenção e prevenção das dificuldades na aprendizagem e dos problemas de comportamento / Social skills (SS) relate to necessary behaviors for the maintenance of a successful interpersonal relationship, according to typical parameters within a culturally determined context. SS are systematically recognized as indispensable resources for children\'s development, besides being considered important for the social adjustment and success in the school environment, thus constituting a factor of protection and psychosocial adaptation. The general objective of this study was to characterize SS, behavioral problems and school performance of girls and boys from municipal public schools in Elementary School and to verify different associations among the variables previously suggested in empirical research. A total of 833 children participated of this research, being 390 girls and 443 boys, with an average age of 8 years and 5 months, students from the 1st to 5th grade of elementary school from 17 municipal public schools belonging to the municipal school network of two small and medium-sized country town of state of São Paulo. The classes were randomly selected from the 1st to the 5th grade of each municipality, totalizing 418 participants from Municipality A and 415 participants from Municipality B. As well, 46 teachers participated as informants. The children were evaluated for SS, behavioral problems and academic competence through the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR), version for teachers; Regarding school performance, the School Performance Test (TDE), Provinha Brasil and Prova Brasil were used. The IDEB and the location of the schools were also collected, which were classified into categories. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics, comparisons, correlations and multiple linear regression were used. The results showed that the girls had a higher HS score than the boys, as well as girls showed fewer behavior problems, as indicated by the t test. There were no significant differences between the genders in school performance. In the comparisons between school grades, the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the school grades in relation to the variables positive assertion, cooperation with peers, total problematic behaviors, externalizing and internalizing. Differences were also found between the grades in relation to school performance, suggesting a progressive increase during the grade of the Elementary School. The analysis of the location of schools suggested superior performance of non-peripheral schools in relation to peripheral schools. Pearson\'s correlations indicated a moderate association between most of the variables. Negative correlations between SS and behavior problems and between academic competence and behavior problems were identified, besides a positive correlation between SS and academic competence. The regression model tested indicated that the school performance assessed by the TDE was predicted, in a positive way and with statistical significance, by the SS. In relation to the school performance evaluated by Prova Brasil, the school location and the externalizing behaviors were the significant predictors variables and presented a negative association with the performance. The results found can contribute to instrumentalize the planning of programs aimed to the development of socioemotional skills in children in the schooling process and, above all, to favor intervention strategies and prevention of learning difficulties and behavior problems

The thesis is dedicated to intimate relationships of people with schizophrenic disorder (F20). The aim of this study was to determine the importance of intimate relationships attributed by women and men with schizophrenia in young adulthood. Their experience, ideals and expectations of partnership were also investigated. The theoretical part is divided into three parts. The first chapter describes the illness of schizophrenia, its characteristics, etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, deficits in cognitive and social functioning as well as current treatments oriented at psychosocial intervention. In the second chapter, the topic of partnerships of common people is presented. The third chapter describes the theme of partnerships in persons with schizophrenic disorder itself. The empirical part is based on qualitative methodology. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 11 respondents, investigating intimate relationships and sexuality of people with schizophrenia. The results are properly described and afterwards discussed with the available literature. In the conclusion, it is recommended further research and intervention in social relationships among people with schizophrenia.

No description available.

The term social skills has been specifically defined as learned behaviors that allow an individual to engage in socially acceptable interactions with other individuals such that the interactions lead to positive responses from others and aid in the avoidance of negative responses (Elliott & Gresham, 1993). The current study investigated the ability of six adolescent females between the ages of 13 and 16 years to acquire a set of social skills through training. Participants' acquisition of the skills before and after training was assessed through role-play assessments and was experimentally demonstrated using a multiple-baseline across skills design. Secondary survey information (Child Behavior Checklist and adapted Ansell Casey Life Skills Assessment) was collected from participants and their parents to attempt to index effects of training on other behaviors of the youth. All of the participants acquired the skills taught and demonstrated them with increased or variable levels of accuracy post-training. Minimal changes in scores were documented on both secondary survey measures.

The quality of children's daily experiences in preschool classrooms is predictive of their school readiness and later achievement (Duncan et al., 2007; La Paro & Pianta, 2000). One particularly important aspect of these experiences is the quality of emotional support provided by teachers and peers in the classroom (Hamre & Pianta, 2005; Howes et al., 2008; Mashburn, 2008; National Center on Quality Teaching and Learning, 2012). Traditionally, emotional support quality has been calculated as the average of ratings taken across the school year and is meant to represent children's average daily experience, without regard to any variability which exists within the ratings over time. The bioecological model of development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998; 2006) points out the necessity of considering in what ways learning experiences occur over time when drawing links between children's daily lives and later outcomes. In addition, attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973; Ainsworth, 1979) highlights the foundational nature of caregivers' consistency of emotional responses over time in helping young children develop skills and competencies. This study continues a line of research focused on investigating the stability of high-quality interactions as a possible mechanism through which children's optimal cognitive and social-emotional development occurs in preschool classrooms (Curby, Brock, & Hamre, 2013; Curby et al., 2011; Zinsser, Bailey, Curby, Denham, & Bassett, 2013). The current study examined the role of children's socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors, teachers' mean emotional support, and teachers' emotional support consistency in predicting children's cognitive and social-emotional development in preschool. Children's socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors (socioeconomic status, gender, age, race, ethnicity, English Language Learner status, and self-regulation) negatively predicted both baseline scores and development over the course of the year on the cognitive measures (early math and language and literacy). Low levels of teacher-rated student self-regulation at the beginning of the year significantly negatively predicted baseline scores and development on all academic and social-emotional measures. Contrary to most previous research, teachers' mean emotional support was not found to be a significant contributor to children's development when considered with child risk factors, except in the case of receptive vocabulary. The consistency of teachers' emotional support, however, was predictive of several measures of children's development of academic skills when controlling for child risk factors. A significant interaction between English Language Learner status and emotional support consistency was found in predicting development of expressive vocabulary skills. Multilevel models combining child characteristics, mean emotional support, and emotional support consistency suggest that child risk factors and emotional support consistency predict language and literacy development, above and beyond mean emotional support. Follow-up analyses also suggest that, under conditions of relatively high emotional support, consistency is especially important in predicting children's development of cognitive and social-emotional skills.

Research has shown that video modelling can improve social behaviours in children with ASD. In addition, research in behaviour modelling training from the field of organisational psychology has shown that using a mix of positive and negative exemplars can assist in acquisition and generalisation of a skill. The current study compared the use of one negative and one positive exemplar, with the use of two positive exemplars to determine which combination would result in faster acquisition and/or superior generalisation of a skill. No other studies have examined this with children diagnosed with ASD. Seven children, aged between 5 and 15 years, and diagnosed with ASD participated in a multiple baseline design across children; within child across two modelling conditions; and within each modelling condition across two tasks. In one condition, a participant watched a video containing one exemplar of a model (same sex and of similar age but with normal development) perform a task the wrong way, and one exemplar of the same model perform the same task the right way (wrong/right). In another condition, the participant watched a video containing two different exemplars of the model perform a matched task the right way (right/right). During the intervention, 1 participant refused to watch the videos. For 13 of the 16 tasks, where training was completed, participants either reached criterion or made some gains in acquisition of the social skills. However, for seven of the tasks criterion was not reached. Generally, neither modelling condition was superior in acquisition or generalisation of the targeted social skills. Confounds occurring during the course of the study may have contributed to the equivocal results. For some children with ASD, video modelling in combination with the delivery of preferred reinforcers may be required for successful skill acquisition. Further implications, particularly the potential negative effects of vicarious reinforcement when an observer does not gain reinforcement for imitation are discussed, as are recommendations for future research.