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From the early 1990s, rates of HIV infection increased dramatically in South Africa and by the early 2000s, AIDS emerged as the main cause of death for adult South Africans. During the first half of the 2000s, the South African government’s response to this crisis was inadequate, marked by denial and delays in implementing prevention and treatment, resulting in thousands of preventable deaths. Yet, apart from the challenges posed by the predominantly urban-based Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), the absence of a social response to this crisis is notable, especially in rural settings. This scenario forms the broad backdrop to this ethnographic study that draws on participant observation and interviews undertaken over a three-year period (2002-2005) in KwaBomba village previously in the Gazankulu Homeland, now located in the Bushbuckridge municipality of the South African lowveld. An ethnographic perspective provides an intimate vantage point from which to view peoples’ experiences of the AIDS epidemic and their responses in context. This perspective draws attention to gaps in public health and biomedical understandings of the epidemic and suggests alternatives to these understandings. In Bushbuckridge, mortality and morbidity due to AIDS became visible in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Households were incapable of dealing with the burden of illness and death while the health services were often unwilling and ill-prepared. HIV prevention campaigns based on individual behaviour change were not well suited to a context in which HIV spread through sexual networks. Despite widespread awareness of the threat of AIDS, the disease was subjected to public censorship and AIDS suffering was concealed. Public discourses of AIDS were hidden within gossip and rumour and articulated as witchcraft suspicions and accusations. Although these discourses appear to deny and suppress the reality of AIDS, I suggest that they are active attempts to deal with the AIDS crisis: gossip and rumour allocate blame and construct a local epidemiology through which the epidemic can be surveilled; interpreting AIDS as witchcraft creates the possibility of avenging untimely death. These discursive forms are critical in informing individual and social responses to the AIDS epidemic. While the absence of public acknowledgement of AIDS as a cause of illness and death suggests denial and fatalism and appears to limit public action, subaltern discourses create shared secrets to manage the AIDS epidemic at the local level. Furthermore, these discourses may constitute a form of resistance against biomedical models of causality. Ethnographic enquiry at the local level offers a nuanced understanding of social responses to the AIDS epidemic. By examining forms of expression that lie outside the domain of public health, the thesis reveals how these constitute significant forms of social action in response to the epidemic. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la survivance des femmes en contexte de violence organisée. Notre recherche s’appuie sur le témoignage de deux femmes rwandaises réfugiées au Canada dont le récit sera exploré afin de comprendre leurs points de vue sur trois dimensions de la survivance : la victimisation et la revictimisation qu’elles ont subi, les actes qu’elles ont pu poser pour survivre et le sens qu’elles ont donné aux situations vécues. D’abord, ces femmes rapportent qu’au-delà du génocide de 1994, elles ont vécu dans un climat d’insécurité, d’incertitude et d’impunité durant la guerre au Rwanda (1990-1994) et en exil, durant la guerre qui a visé le renversement de Mobutu, le massacre des ressortissants rwandais et le pillage des ressources naturelles par l’AFDL. Leurs récits confirment donc la continuité de la violence organisée d’un régime politique à un autre. De plus, les femmes témoignent de la non-reconnaissance de leur statut de réfugié par les bureaux qui traitent outre-mer les demandes d’asile, du traitement déshumanisant et accusateur des administrateurs de l’aide humanitaire et, de manière plus importante, de la non-reconnaissance des crimes commis par les forces armées du gouvernement actuellement au pouvoir au Rwanda et de leur impunité. Ensuite, les témoignages recueillis montrent des actrices sociales engagées dans l’activisme politique, l’action collective, la protection, la sécurité, la survie et l’établissement de leurs proches, du début du conflit jusqu’à leur arrivée au Canada. En effet, pour surmonter les difficultés engendrées par la violence organisée, elles ont mobilisé et transformé de manière créative toutes les ressources de leur capital humain, social et économique pour subvenir aux besoins de leurs proches et de leur communauté, et ce, tout au long de leur parcours migratoire. Enfin, au sujet du sens, nous verrons d’une part comment les femmes conçoivent leurs expériences individuelles de souffrances comme une histoire de victimisation collective, ce qui semble les aider à normaliser leurs expériences. D’autre part, nous verrons comment une identité de femmes fortes, résilientes et capables de s’adapter dans un climat d’adversité se dégage de leur témoignage, ce qui semble favoriser chez elles un sentiment de cohérence, de continuité et nourrir une certaine fierté. / This Master’s Thesis is about the survival of women in contexts of organized violence. Our research is supported by the testimonials of two women living in Canada who are refugees from Rwanda. We seek to explore their perspectives on three dimensions of survival: the victimization and re-victimization to which they were subjected, the actions they were able to perform to survive, and the meanings they gave to these experiences. First, these women express that in addition to the genocide in 1994, they lived in a climate of insecurity, uncertainty and impunity during the war in Rwanda (1990-94); in exile, during the war to overthrow Mobutu; the massacre of Rwandan refugees; and the pillage of natural resources by the AFDL. They describe the continuity of organized violence from one political regime to another. From the beginning of the war to their arrival in Canada, they were victims and witnesses of human rights violations perpetrated by various armed groups. In addition, these women testify to the non-recognition of their refugee status by the officials that deal with overseas requests for asylum, of the dehumanizing treatment by administrators of humanitarian aid, and more importantly, of the non-recognition and impunity of crimes committed by the military and the government currently in power in Rwanda. In addition, these testimonies show social actors engaged in political activism, collective action and the protection, security, survival of their loved ones, from the beginning of the conflict to their arrival in Canada. In fact, to overcome the difficulties imposed by organized violence, they creatively mobilized and transformed all of the resources available to them in their human, social and economic capital to meet the needs of their loved ones and of their community, and this, throughout the entire migration process. Finally, in regards to meaning, we discuss how women perceive their individual experiences of suffering as a history of collective victimization, which seems to help them normalize their experiences. We also see emanating from their testimony, the identity of strong, resilient women capable of adapting in a climate of adversity, which seems to encourage coherence, continuity and a sense of pride.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise vise à comprendre comment la question de l'accessibilité aux soins de santé mentale se pose dans l'univers des jeunes adultes en difficulté. Plus précisément, le but de l'étude est de documenter les barrières à l'accès aux soins de santé mentale, d'analyser les logiques sous-jacentes à ces barrières et finalement d'évaluer l'impact de l'expérience d'être jeune adulte en difficulté sur celles-ci. L'approche de l'anthropologie médicale et le concept de souffrance sociale, sensibles aux facteurs culturels, socio-économiques et politiques, servent de contexte d'analyse aux 12 entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de jeunes adultes fréquentant des Auberges du cœur à Montréal. L'identification de barrières à l'accès a, dans un premier temps, permis d'observer que les obstacles dans l'expérience de recours aux soins de santé mentale peuvent provenir autant des institutions que des jeunes adultes eux-mêmes. Dans un deuxième temps, l'analyse qualitative a servi à dégager trois principales logiques qui sous-tendent ces barrières : le parti pris positiviste, la logique marchande, et la tendance à la psychologisation. Les données récoltées tendent à montrer que des influences politiques et économiques sont déterminantes dans le maintien de différents types de barrières à l'accès et qu'une pleine reconnaissance de ces enjeux profonds est essentielle pour agir positivement sur l'accessibilité aux soins de santé mentale de la population en général, et plus particulièrement des jeunes adultes en difficulté dont les besoins se font criants. / This Master's thesis aims to understand how the issue of access to mental health care arises in the world of young adults in difficulty. More precisely, the research's objectives are to document the barriers to access to mental health care, to analyze tendencies underlying these barriers and to evaluate the impact of being young adult in trouble on them. The approach of medical anthropology and the concept of social suffering, sensitive to cultural, socio-economic and political factors framed the analysis to the 12 semi-directed interviews conducted with young adults using services from Auberges du coeur to Montreal. First, the identification of barriers to access allowed to observe the obstacles in the experience of use of mental health care may come as institutions that young adults themselves. Secondly, the qualitative data analysis was used to identify three main logic underlying these barriers: the positivist bias, market logic, and the trend of psychologizing. The data collected suggest that political and economic influences are critical in maintaining different barriers to access, and full recognition of these deep issues is essential to act positively on access to mental health care of the general population, especially young adults in difficulty whose needs are urgent.

Implantadas sob a prerrogativa do desenvolvimento e da produção de energia limpa, as hidrelétricas têm se apropriado de vastos territórios rurais e indígenas, em que as comunidades atingidas são tidas como empecilhos do progresso. Diante disso e tomando-se como foco a hidrelétrica de Itá, localizada no sul do Brasil, o objetivo central desta investigação foi analisar a construção social da banalização da injustiça e do sofrimento vivenciado pelas populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas e as interfaces deste processo com os modos de vida e de trabalho desses sujeitos. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante. A coleta de dados iniciou em fevereiro de 2016 e foi concluída em dezembro do mesmo ano. Foram entrevistadas 43 pessoas atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá e realizadas análises documentais da legislação vigente, dos estudos ambientais e dos materiais publicitários da hidrelétrica investigada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise temática. No decorrer da pesquisa, foi desenvolvido o documentário Atingidos Somos Nós, que se apresentou como importante estratégia de intervenção e sensibilização política e social frente à temática investigada. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que, no caso da hidrelétrica de Itá, após 17 anos do enchimento do reservatório, a população investigada encontra-se abandonada e não tem minimamente seus direitos básicos garantidos. Aspectos como a morte do rio, a extinção do trabalho rural, os prejuízos no acesso à água potável, à energia, aos meios de transporte, à infraestrutura, à saúde, à educação, ao lazer e ao trabalho, a falta de apoio, de reconhecimento e de visibilidade política e social geram um intenso processo de sofrimento, que se apresenta através do desânimo coletivo, da tristeza, da solidão, do medo, da insegurança e da perda da identidade. Essas vivências mostraram-se diretamente atreladas à depressão, ao suicídio e ao estabelecimento de mortes súbitas. Concluiu-se que, sob a égide do capital, o processo de banalização da injustiça na construção de hidrelétricas está atrelado ao modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, no qual imperam a omissão da legislação, a fragilidade dos estudos ambientais e a construção de uma história oficial que exclui a perspectiva dos atingidos. Esse processo gera o sofrimento social e ambiental, levando à destituição dos modos de vida tradicionais e à própria morte dos atingidos. Diante disso, o Estado apresenta-se, historicamente, como cúmplice e legitimador da degradação e do descarte dessas populações, a partir da permissividade legal e da intensificação de programas e de políticas desenvolvimentistas que priorizam o fator econômico em detrimento da proteção social e ambiental tornados estratégias encobridoras da injustiça e da banalização desse processo. / While being built under the prerogative of development and clean energy production, the hydroelectric plants have been appropriating vast rural and indigenous areas, in which the affected communities are considered as obstacles to progress. Taking this into account and focusing on the hydroelectric plant of Ita, located in southern Brazil, the main objective of this research was to analyze the social construction of the banalization of injustice and suffering experienced by the people who are affected by the construction of hydroelectric plants and the relation between this process and the way of living and working of these individuals. The study, which had a qualitative approach, was based on participant research. Data collection began in February 2016 and was completed in December 2016. Forty-three people affected by the construction of the hydroelectric plant of Ita were interviewed and documents about current laws, environmental studies and advertising materials of the investigated hydroelectric plant were analysed. Data were submitted to thematic analysis. While the research was being performed, a documentary called “Atingidos Somos Nós” was developed, which turned out to be an important strategy of political and social intervention and awareness considering the researched topic. The results indicate that, in the case of the hydroelectric plant of Itá, even after 17 years of reservoir filling, the researched population is still abandoned and has no minimum guaranteed of their basic rights. Aspects such as the death of the river, the extinction of rural labor, the impairment on the access to potable water, energy, means of transportation, infrastructure, health, education, leisure and work, the lack of support, recognition and political and social visibility lead to an intense suffering process, which can be seen through the collective discouragement, sadness, loneliness, fear, insecurity and identity loss. These experiences were directly linked to depression, suicide and sudden deaths. It is noticed, under the aegis of capital, that the process of trivializing injustice in order to build hydroelectric plants is related to the current model of development, in which the omission of legislation, the fragility of studies about the environment, and the creation of an official story that excludes the perspective of those affected dominates. This process causes social and environmental suffering, leading to the destruction of traditional ways of life and death of those who are affected. On the situation, the State historically presents itself as an accomplice and legitimator of the degradation and rejection of these populations, through legal permissiveness and intensification of development programs and policies that prioritize the economic factor to the detriment of social and environmental protection which have become strategies to hide the injustice and the trivialization of this process. / Implantadas bajo la prerrogativa del desarrollo y de la producción de energía limpia, las hidroeléctricas se han apropiado de amplios territorios rurales e indígenas, en los cuales las comunidades afectadas son vistas como un obstáculo al progreso. Con esto y teniendo como eje central la hidroeléctrica de Itá, ubicada en el sur de Brasil, el propósito de esta investigación ha sido analizar la construcción social de la banalización de la injusticia y del sufrimiento vivenciado por las poblaciones afectadas por la construcción de hidroeléctricas y las relaciones de este proceso con las formas de vida y de trabajo de dichas personas. El estudio, de tipo cualitativo, se ha fundamentado en la investigación participativa. La recolección de datos empezó en febrero de 2016 y finalizó en diciembre del mismo año. Se han entrevistado a 43 personas afectadas por la construcción de la represa de Itá y se han realizado los análisis documentales de la legislación vigente, de los estudios ambientales y de los materiales publicitarios de la hidroeléctrica investigada. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis temático. En el desarrollo de la investigación, ha sido producido el documental “Atingidos Somos Nós”, que se ha presentado como una importante estrategia de intervención y sensibilización política y social frente a la temática investigada. Los resultados de la investigación han demostrado que, en el caso de la hidroeléctrica de Itá, tras 12 años de existencia, la población investigada se encuentra abandonada y no tiene sus derechos básicos garantizados. Aspectos como la muerte del río, la extinción del trabajo rural, los perjuicios en el acceso al agua potable, a la energía, a los medios de transporte, a la infraestructura, a la salud, a la educación, al ocio y al trabajo, la falta de apoyo, de reconocimiento y de visibilidad política y social han producido un intenso proceso de sufrimiento, que se presenta a través del desánimo colectivo, de la tristeza, de la soledad, del miedo, de la inseguridad y de la pérdida de identidad. Esas vivencias se han mostrado directamente relacionadas a la depresión, al suicidio y al surgimiento de muertes súbitas. Se concluye que, bajo la protección del capital, el proceso de banalización de la injusticia en la construcción de hidroeléctricas está subordinado al modelo de desarrollo vigente, en el cual imperan la omisión de la legislación, la fragilidad de los estudios ambientales y la construcción de una historia oficial que excluye la perspectiva de los afectados. Ese proceso genera el sufrimiento social y ambiental, ocasionando la destitución de las formas de vida tradicionales e, incluso, la propia muerte de los afectados. En definitiva, el Estado se presenta, históricamente, como cómplice y legitimador de la degradación y de la desconsideración de estas poblaciones, a partir de la permisividad legal y de la intensificación de programas y de políticas desarrollistas que priorizan el factor económico en detrimento de la protección social y ambiental transformado en estrategia encubridora de la injusticia y de la banalización de ese proceso.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-01-11T11:51:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MATERNIDADE E SOFRIMENTO SOCIAL ESTUDO DE MOMMY BLOGS.pdf: 1344212 bytes, checksum: b998d2a53ab3b014a1ce163301342222 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T11:51:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MATERNIDADE E SOFRIMENTO SOCIAL ESTUDO DE MOMMY BLOGS.pdf: 1344212 bytes, checksum: b998d2a53ab3b014a1ce163301342222 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / This research aims to investigate the collective imaginary about motherhood. It is justified since motherhood may be associated, in contemporary society, despite of their rewarding facets, with socially determined sufferings. It is methodologically articulated through the use of the psychoanalytic method, here operationalized in terms of investigative procedures of survey, selection, presentation, and interpretation of posts from Brazilian blogs. The consideration of the material allowed the interpretative production of two fields of affective-emotional meaning, "I am a mother, therefore I exist", and "Exclusive mother". These fields indicate the prevalence, in the investigated material, of a collective imaginary that, with heavy demands on women, promotes emotional suffering. / A presente pesquisa objetiva investigar o imagin?rio coletivo sobre a maternidade, justificando-se na medida em que esta, malgrado suas facetas gratificantes, parece associada, na contemporaneidade, a sofrimentos socialmente determinados. Articula-se metodologicamente por meio do uso do m?todo psicanal?tico, aqui operacionalizado em termos de procedimentos investigativos de levantamento, sele??o, registro e interpreta??o de postagens de blogs brasileiros. A considera??o do conjunto do material permitiu a produ??o interpretativa de dois campos de sentido afetivo-emocional: ?Sou m?e, logo existo? e ?M?e exclusiva?. Tais campos indicam a preval?ncia, no material investigado, de um imagin?rio coletivo que, fazendo pesadas exig?ncias ? mulher, favorece seu sofrimento emocional.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la survivance des femmes en contexte de violence organisée. Notre recherche s’appuie sur le témoignage de deux femmes rwandaises réfugiées au Canada dont le récit sera exploré afin de comprendre leurs points de vue sur trois dimensions de la survivance : la victimisation et la revictimisation qu’elles ont subi, les actes qu’elles ont pu poser pour survivre et le sens qu’elles ont donné aux situations vécues. D’abord, ces femmes rapportent qu’au-delà du génocide de 1994, elles ont vécu dans un climat d’insécurité, d’incertitude et d’impunité durant la guerre au Rwanda (1990-1994) et en exil, durant la guerre qui a visé le renversement de Mobutu, le massacre des ressortissants rwandais et le pillage des ressources naturelles par l’AFDL. Leurs récits confirment donc la continuité de la violence organisée d’un régime politique à un autre. De plus, les femmes témoignent de la non-reconnaissance de leur statut de réfugié par les bureaux qui traitent outre-mer les demandes d’asile, du traitement déshumanisant et accusateur des administrateurs de l’aide humanitaire et, de manière plus importante, de la non-reconnaissance des crimes commis par les forces armées du gouvernement actuellement au pouvoir au Rwanda et de leur impunité. Ensuite, les témoignages recueillis montrent des actrices sociales engagées dans l’activisme politique, l’action collective, la protection, la sécurité, la survie et l’établissement de leurs proches, du début du conflit jusqu’à leur arrivée au Canada. En effet, pour surmonter les difficultés engendrées par la violence organisée, elles ont mobilisé et transformé de manière créative toutes les ressources de leur capital humain, social et économique pour subvenir aux besoins de leurs proches et de leur communauté, et ce, tout au long de leur parcours migratoire. Enfin, au sujet du sens, nous verrons d’une part comment les femmes conçoivent leurs expériences individuelles de souffrances comme une histoire de victimisation collective, ce qui semble les aider à normaliser leurs expériences. D’autre part, nous verrons comment une identité de femmes fortes, résilientes et capables de s’adapter dans un climat d’adversité se dégage de leur témoignage, ce qui semble favoriser chez elles un sentiment de cohérence, de continuité et nourrir une certaine fierté. / This Master’s Thesis is about the survival of women in contexts of organized violence. Our research is supported by the testimonials of two women living in Canada who are refugees from Rwanda. We seek to explore their perspectives on three dimensions of survival: the victimization and re-victimization to which they were subjected, the actions they were able to perform to survive, and the meanings they gave to these experiences. First, these women express that in addition to the genocide in 1994, they lived in a climate of insecurity, uncertainty and impunity during the war in Rwanda (1990-94); in exile, during the war to overthrow Mobutu; the massacre of Rwandan refugees; and the pillage of natural resources by the AFDL. They describe the continuity of organized violence from one political regime to another. From the beginning of the war to their arrival in Canada, they were victims and witnesses of human rights violations perpetrated by various armed groups. In addition, these women testify to the non-recognition of their refugee status by the officials that deal with overseas requests for asylum, of the dehumanizing treatment by administrators of humanitarian aid, and more importantly, of the non-recognition and impunity of crimes committed by the military and the government currently in power in Rwanda. In addition, these testimonies show social actors engaged in political activism, collective action and the protection, security, survival of their loved ones, from the beginning of the conflict to their arrival in Canada. In fact, to overcome the difficulties imposed by organized violence, they creatively mobilized and transformed all of the resources available to them in their human, social and economic capital to meet the needs of their loved ones and of their community, and this, throughout the entire migration process. Finally, in regards to meaning, we discuss how women perceive their individual experiences of suffering as a history of collective victimization, which seems to help them normalize their experiences. We also see emanating from their testimony, the identity of strong, resilient women capable of adapting in a climate of adversity, which seems to encourage coherence, continuity and a sense of pride.

Este estudo antropológico trata de questões relacionadas ao enfrentamento do desastre que atingiu a cidade de Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brasil, em novembro de 2008, resultado de um anticiclone que gerou enormes danos físicos, materiais e a ruptura das rotinas e dos laços afetivos e de parentesco de seus habitantes. A análise se pauta nas narrativas da experiência de vitimização, vulnerabilidade e de sofrimento conformadas na memória dos habitantes atingidos que configuram diferentes formas de interpretação, superação do desastre e reorganização da vida familiar e comunitária. Tais narrativas e práticas revelam relações com distintas dimensões éticas engendradas nos discursos e ações produzidas pelas entidades políticas e científicas, que abordam a relação entre indivíduo, sociedade e ambiente. O exame das políticas de Defesa Civil e de prevenção de desastres revelam o encontro entre as noções, práticas e valores da população com a racionalidade científica, burocrática e tecnicista do Estado e outros órgãos, encontro este que delineia diversas formas de resistência, na invisibilidade do cotidiano, em face das situações de vulnerabilidade. / This anthropological study is about issues related to the confrontation with the disaster that struck the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in November 2008, a violent tempest that generated enormous physical and material damage and, also, the disruption of routines, of family and emotional attachments of its inhabitants. The analysis is based on the narration of the experience of victimization, vulnerability and suffering on the memory of the inhabitants, that represent different ways of interpreting and overcoming the disaster and reorganization of family and community life. Such narratives and practical matters are related to the various ethical dimensions revealed by their speech and by the actions taken by political and scientific institutions that discuss the relation of individuals, society and the environment. The examination of the politics of Civil defense and disaster prevention reveals the reunion of concepts, practice and values of the population is ruled by scientific rationality, bureaucracy and technical thinking of the Estate and institutions. That reunion outstrips several ways of resistance in the invisibility of everyday life when in a place of great vulnerability.

Este estudo antropológico trata de questões relacionadas ao enfrentamento do desastre que atingiu a cidade de Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brasil, em novembro de 2008, resultado de um anticiclone que gerou enormes danos físicos, materiais e a ruptura das rotinas e dos laços afetivos e de parentesco de seus habitantes. A análise se pauta nas narrativas da experiência de vitimização, vulnerabilidade e de sofrimento conformadas na memória dos habitantes atingidos que configuram diferentes formas de interpretação, superação do desastre e reorganização da vida familiar e comunitária. Tais narrativas e práticas revelam relações com distintas dimensões éticas engendradas nos discursos e ações produzidas pelas entidades políticas e científicas, que abordam a relação entre indivíduo, sociedade e ambiente. O exame das políticas de Defesa Civil e de prevenção de desastres revelam o encontro entre as noções, práticas e valores da população com a racionalidade científica, burocrática e tecnicista do Estado e outros órgãos, encontro este que delineia diversas formas de resistência, na invisibilidade do cotidiano, em face das situações de vulnerabilidade. / This anthropological study is about issues related to the confrontation with the disaster that struck the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in November 2008, a violent tempest that generated enormous physical and material damage and, also, the disruption of routines, of family and emotional attachments of its inhabitants. The analysis is based on the narration of the experience of victimization, vulnerability and suffering on the memory of the inhabitants, that represent different ways of interpreting and overcoming the disaster and reorganization of family and community life. Such narratives and practical matters are related to the various ethical dimensions revealed by their speech and by the actions taken by political and scientific institutions that discuss the relation of individuals, society and the environment. The examination of the politics of Civil defense and disaster prevention reveals the reunion of concepts, practice and values of the population is ruled by scientific rationality, bureaucracy and technical thinking of the Estate and institutions. That reunion outstrips several ways of resistance in the invisibility of everyday life when in a place of great vulnerability.

Implantadas sob a prerrogativa do desenvolvimento e da produção de energia limpa, as hidrelétricas têm se apropriado de vastos territórios rurais e indígenas, em que as comunidades atingidas são tidas como empecilhos do progresso. Diante disso e tomando-se como foco a hidrelétrica de Itá, localizada no sul do Brasil, o objetivo central desta investigação foi analisar a construção social da banalização da injustiça e do sofrimento vivenciado pelas populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas e as interfaces deste processo com os modos de vida e de trabalho desses sujeitos. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante. A coleta de dados iniciou em fevereiro de 2016 e foi concluída em dezembro do mesmo ano. Foram entrevistadas 43 pessoas atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá e realizadas análises documentais da legislação vigente, dos estudos ambientais e dos materiais publicitários da hidrelétrica investigada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise temática. No decorrer da pesquisa, foi desenvolvido o documentário Atingidos Somos Nós, que se apresentou como importante estratégia de intervenção e sensibilização política e social frente à temática investigada. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que, no caso da hidrelétrica de Itá, após 17 anos do enchimento do reservatório, a população investigada encontra-se abandonada e não tem minimamente seus direitos básicos garantidos. Aspectos como a morte do rio, a extinção do trabalho rural, os prejuízos no acesso à água potável, à energia, aos meios de transporte, à infraestrutura, à saúde, à educação, ao lazer e ao trabalho, a falta de apoio, de reconhecimento e de visibilidade política e social geram um intenso processo de sofrimento, que se apresenta através do desânimo coletivo, da tristeza, da solidão, do medo, da insegurança e da perda da identidade. Essas vivências mostraram-se diretamente atreladas à depressão, ao suicídio e ao estabelecimento de mortes súbitas. Concluiu-se que, sob a égide do capital, o processo de banalização da injustiça na construção de hidrelétricas está atrelado ao modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, no qual imperam a omissão da legislação, a fragilidade dos estudos ambientais e a construção de uma história oficial que exclui a perspectiva dos atingidos. Esse processo gera o sofrimento social e ambiental, levando à destituição dos modos de vida tradicionais e à própria morte dos atingidos. Diante disso, o Estado apresenta-se, historicamente, como cúmplice e legitimador da degradação e do descarte dessas populações, a partir da permissividade legal e da intensificação de programas e de políticas desenvolvimentistas que priorizam o fator econômico em detrimento da proteção social e ambiental tornados estratégias encobridoras da injustiça e da banalização desse processo. / While being built under the prerogative of development and clean energy production, the hydroelectric plants have been appropriating vast rural and indigenous areas, in which the affected communities are considered as obstacles to progress. Taking this into account and focusing on the hydroelectric plant of Ita, located in southern Brazil, the main objective of this research was to analyze the social construction of the banalization of injustice and suffering experienced by the people who are affected by the construction of hydroelectric plants and the relation between this process and the way of living and working of these individuals. The study, which had a qualitative approach, was based on participant research. Data collection began in February 2016 and was completed in December 2016. Forty-three people affected by the construction of the hydroelectric plant of Ita were interviewed and documents about current laws, environmental studies and advertising materials of the investigated hydroelectric plant were analysed. Data were submitted to thematic analysis. While the research was being performed, a documentary called “Atingidos Somos Nós” was developed, which turned out to be an important strategy of political and social intervention and awareness considering the researched topic. The results indicate that, in the case of the hydroelectric plant of Itá, even after 17 years of reservoir filling, the researched population is still abandoned and has no minimum guaranteed of their basic rights. Aspects such as the death of the river, the extinction of rural labor, the impairment on the access to potable water, energy, means of transportation, infrastructure, health, education, leisure and work, the lack of support, recognition and political and social visibility lead to an intense suffering process, which can be seen through the collective discouragement, sadness, loneliness, fear, insecurity and identity loss. These experiences were directly linked to depression, suicide and sudden deaths. It is noticed, under the aegis of capital, that the process of trivializing injustice in order to build hydroelectric plants is related to the current model of development, in which the omission of legislation, the fragility of studies about the environment, and the creation of an official story that excludes the perspective of those affected dominates. This process causes social and environmental suffering, leading to the destruction of traditional ways of life and death of those who are affected. On the situation, the State historically presents itself as an accomplice and legitimator of the degradation and rejection of these populations, through legal permissiveness and intensification of development programs and policies that prioritize the economic factor to the detriment of social and environmental protection which have become strategies to hide the injustice and the trivialization of this process. / Implantadas bajo la prerrogativa del desarrollo y de la producción de energía limpia, las hidroeléctricas se han apropiado de amplios territorios rurales e indígenas, en los cuales las comunidades afectadas son vistas como un obstáculo al progreso. Con esto y teniendo como eje central la hidroeléctrica de Itá, ubicada en el sur de Brasil, el propósito de esta investigación ha sido analizar la construcción social de la banalización de la injusticia y del sufrimiento vivenciado por las poblaciones afectadas por la construcción de hidroeléctricas y las relaciones de este proceso con las formas de vida y de trabajo de dichas personas. El estudio, de tipo cualitativo, se ha fundamentado en la investigación participativa. La recolección de datos empezó en febrero de 2016 y finalizó en diciembre del mismo año. Se han entrevistado a 43 personas afectadas por la construcción de la represa de Itá y se han realizado los análisis documentales de la legislación vigente, de los estudios ambientales y de los materiales publicitarios de la hidroeléctrica investigada. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis temático. En el desarrollo de la investigación, ha sido producido el documental “Atingidos Somos Nós”, que se ha presentado como una importante estrategia de intervención y sensibilización política y social frente a la temática investigada. Los resultados de la investigación han demostrado que, en el caso de la hidroeléctrica de Itá, tras 12 años de existencia, la población investigada se encuentra abandonada y no tiene sus derechos básicos garantizados. Aspectos como la muerte del río, la extinción del trabajo rural, los perjuicios en el acceso al agua potable, a la energía, a los medios de transporte, a la infraestructura, a la salud, a la educación, al ocio y al trabajo, la falta de apoyo, de reconocimiento y de visibilidad política y social han producido un intenso proceso de sufrimiento, que se presenta a través del desánimo colectivo, de la tristeza, de la soledad, del miedo, de la inseguridad y de la pérdida de identidad. Esas vivencias se han mostrado directamente relacionadas a la depresión, al suicidio y al surgimiento de muertes súbitas. Se concluye que, bajo la protección del capital, el proceso de banalización de la injusticia en la construcción de hidroeléctricas está subordinado al modelo de desarrollo vigente, en el cual imperan la omisión de la legislación, la fragilidad de los estudios ambientales y la construcción de una historia oficial que excluye la perspectiva de los afectados. Ese proceso genera el sufrimiento social y ambiental, ocasionando la destitución de las formas de vida tradicionales e, incluso, la propia muerte de los afectados. En definitiva, el Estado se presenta, históricamente, como cómplice y legitimador de la degradación y de la desconsideración de estas poblaciones, a partir de la permisividad legal y de la intensificación de programas y de políticas desarrollistas que priorizan el factor económico en detrimento de la protección social y ambiental transformado en estrategia encubridora de la injusticia y de la banalización de ese proceso.