Thesis (MA (Information Science. Socio-Informatics))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / Open-source software is not something new; however, it has come into the spotlight in the last few years, mostly due to hyped initial cost savings of the Linux operating system. Consumers and businesses were made aware of shortcomings in the traditional proprietary software model and this has in turn created a surge in popularity of open-source. The migration to open-source requires efficient research of options available and thorough analysis of the migratory process through all levels of the organization. Initial independent cost analysis has not been conclusive, with unreliable, skewed results and below average performance due to poor implementation. The focus of this study is whether open-source software is a suitable alternative to current proprietary software packages utilized by the government sector.

Submitted by MARIA JULIA VEIGA DA SILVA null (mjvsilva2000@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-19T11:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JÚLIA VEIGA DA SILVA-TESE DE DOUTORADO-PPGG-UNESP-RC.pdf: 15575279 bytes, checksum: 77eb4a4cbe4653dbee52a032d720b3a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-19T16:31:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mjv_dr_rlca.pdf: 15317209 bytes, checksum: a961a56cf77dd4200c95f93ac0dbfe39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T16:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mjv_dr_rlca.pdf: 15317209 bytes, checksum: a961a56cf77dd4200c95f93ac0dbfe39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A urbanização desigual tem resultado na ocupação de áreas, muitas vezes inadequadas a habitabilidade e/ou negligenciadas pelas ações do poder público, gerando vulnerabilidades de várias ordens e dimensões. Assim, a presente tese de doutorado apresenta o resultado de uma análise que relaciona a vulnerabilidade socioambiental da população ocupante de áreas, da cidade de Santarém no estado do Pará, atingidas pelas inundações, a produção do espaço urbano estruturalmente segregado. Desse modo, esse trabalho, tem o objetivo de analisar a vulnerabilidade socioambiental nas áreas sujeitas a inundações no contexto da produção do espaço na cidade de Santarém-PA, considerando seus diferentes níveis de segregação socioespacial urbana. Adotou-se como método de análise o materialismo histórico e dialético que possibilita a construção de um quadro de referência que permite relacionar as variáveis segregação socioespacial e vulnerabilidade socioambiental, contemplando tanto aspectos quantitativos quanto qualitativos relacionados às mesmas. Compõe a pesquisa empírica coleta de dados secundários e primários que foram organizados na forma de tabelas, gráficos, quadros, mapas e ilustrações. Assim, coleta de dados secundários se deu junto a Coordenadoria de Defesa Civil de Santarém que informou sobre as áreas que inundaram nos anos de 2008, 2009 e 2012; junto plataforma oficial do IBGE, visando situar algumas características socioeconômicas e socioambientais de Santarém no contexto brasileiro e paraense, assim como, para identificar essas mesmas características no contexto da cidade e dos bairros analisados; levantamentos junto ao jornal semanal Gazeta de Santarém, onde se identificou as principais obras de infraestrutura, saneamento e regularização fundiária executadas pelo poder público na cidade de Santarém, durante os anos supracitados; análise da legislação urbana e ambiental municipal, especificamente o plano diretor municipal, o código ambiental e a lei da parcelamento uso e ocupação do solo com o intuito de conhecer como as áreas de risco são tratadas nessas leis. A coleta de dados primários se deu através da aplicação de questionários junto a população dos bairros selecionados para aprofundamento da investigação, assim como, por meio da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas junto as principais lideranças dos bairros e de ator social ligado a COMDEC-Santarém. A menor ou maior integração ao núcleo central de infraestrutura e serviços, oferecidos na cidade, foi o critério adotado para selecionar os bairros Mapiri e Pérola do Maicá para aprofundamento da investigação. Concluiu-se, assim, que as vulnerabilidades socioambientais dos bairros Mapiri e Pérola do Maicá são fortemente influenciados pela localização desses bairros em relação ao posicionamento distributivo dos equipamentos e serviços urbanos. As mais recentes intervenções urbanas, orientadas para a diminuição dos efeitos danosos das inundações, têm se concentrado em determinadas áreas da cidade, reforçando, ainda mais as diferentes características das vulnerabilidades socioambientais identificadas na cidade de Santarém-PA. Tal conclusão revela a importância de se analisar a vulnerabilidade socioambiental no contexto da estrutura urbana, identificando as diferentes características que assumem e as variáveis que são agregadas aos indicadores da vulnerabilidade socioambiental, ligado a um evento natural, à medida que a urbanização desigual avança pelo espaço da cidade. / The unequal urbanization has resulted in the occupation of areas, often inappropriate to inhabit and/or neglected by the actions of the public power, generating vulnerabilities of various orders and dimensions. Thus, this doctoral thesis presents the results of an analysis that relates the socio-environmental vulnerability of the occupied population of the areas in the city of Santarém in the state of Pará affected by floods to the production of structurally segregated urban space. Thus, this work has the aim of analyzing the socio-environmental vulnerability in areas subject to flooding in the context of the space production in the city of Santarém-PA by considering its different levels of urban social-spatial segregation. The historical and dialectical materialism has been adopted as a method of analysis, making it possible to construct a reference framework that allows to relate the variables – social-spatial segregation and the socio-environmental vulnerability –, covering both quantitative and qualitative aspects related to them. The empirical research comprises of secondary and primary data collection that has been arranged in graphs, charts, maps, illustration and tabular form. Thus, the secondary data collection was obtained with the COMDEC (Civil Defense Coordination) of Santarém, which reported on the flooded areas in the years 2008, 2009 and 2012; also with the official platform of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), aiming to situate some socioeconomic and socio-environmental characteristics of Santarém in the Brazilian and paraense context, as well as to identify those same characteristics in the context of the city and the neighborhoods analyzed; surveys with the Gazeta de Santarém weekly newspaper, where the main infrastructure, sanitation and land regularization works carried out by the public authorities in the city of Santarém during the abovementioned years; analysis of municipal urban and environmental legislation, specifically the municipal master plan, the environmental code and the law of parceling, use and occupation of the soil in order to know how the risk areas are dealt with in these laws. The primary data collection was obtained through the application of questionnaires to the population of the selected neighborhoods to deepen the research, and also with the application of semi-structured interviews with the main neighborhood leaders and social actors linked to COMDEC-Santarém. The greater or lesser integration into the central core of infrastructure and services provided by the city was the criterion adopted to select Mapiri and Pérola do Maicá neighborhoods to deepen the research. It was concluded that the socio-environmental vulnerabilities of the Mapiri and Pérola do Maicá neighborhoods are strongly influenced by their location in relation to the distributive positioning of the urban equipment and services. The most recent urban interventions, aimed at reducing the harmful effects of the floods, have been concentrated in certain areas of the city, further reinforcing the different characteristics of the socio-environmental vulnerabilities identified in the city of Santarém-PA. This conclusion reveals the importance of analyzing the socio-environmental vulnerability in the context of urban structure, identifying the different characteristics that are assumed and the variables that are added to the indicators of the socio-environmental vulnerability linked to a natural event, as the unequal urbanization advances through the city space.

Rooted and centered within a Bourdieu-inspired understanding of how the habitus and social class of parents affects childrens’ sports choices, this paper contributes to a greater appreciation of how social capital and social background impact a family’s ability to practice the sport of ice-hockey. Historically, there has been a significant amount of research investigating the reasons for- and rates of- dropout from sports participation, but few attempts has been undertaken to study athletes who begin and continue to actively play a certain sport. Through the creation of an index which measures different variables, this paper introduces the concept of an ice-hockey habitus. This habitus was used to compare the education, occupations, economic wealth and other demographic parameters of parents of ice-hockey-playing children. With that in mind, the aim of this paper was to investigate what characterizes ice-hockey playing childrens’ parents. The results were found through looking at the above-mentioned demographics in relation to previous research, and, briefly, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Additionally, a further aim is to document the demographics of the parents of continual-participation among young ice-hockey players. To do so, a quantitative research method was utilized, through which a web-based questionnaire was formed and used as foundation for the gathering of the empirical data. The total amount of responses amounted to n=576, from four disparate cities within a geographical distribution from south to north. The findings showed that there was a correlation between families with ice-hockey playing children and highly educated parents (in some areas more than double the Swedish average) and economic wealth (as more than four out of five families earns equal to- or higher than the Swedish average). The findings also showed that for the ice-hockey habitus, level of education did not affect mothers’ index level. For the fathers’ index, the amount of highly educated fathers decreased as the ice-hockey habitus increased. A further correlation found was that as ice-hockey habitus increased, so did the amount of families with higher economic wealth.

Ƥlus d'un demi-siècle après les indépendances, l'école gabonaise en général, et secondaire en l'occurrence, a encore du mal à produire un curriculum d'enseignement contextualisé, en dépit des nombreuses réformes pédagogiques et structurelles effectuées à ce jour par les autorités gabonaises. On note une fracture entre l'enseignement/apprentissage du/et en français et l'ensemble des paramètres socioculturels et linguistiques qui caractérisent le contexte culturel local. Or, comment parvenir à une scolarisation efficiente, sans prendre en compte le potentiel d'apprentissage des élèves, dans le cadre englobant de leur socialisation au sein du milieu scolaire et familial ? Soulignant le poids des valeurs sociétales dans l'élaboration d'une politique linguistique éducative, élément clé dont se nourrit le curriculum d'enseignement, afin de permettre à une communauté donnée de faire des choix cohérents en matière d'éducation et de formation, cette thèse tente de proposer des pistes pour une didactique constructive du français. Plus largement, en prenant appui sur les facteurs scolaires et extra-scolaires, elle montre tout l'intérêt de promouvoir une scolarisation en français au second cycle gabonais, qui tienne compte du point de vue anthropologique, culturel et, partant, sociétal. / Ąlthough so many pedagogic and structural reforms carried out of so far by the Gabonese authorities, more than a half-century after the independences, the school of Gabon generally, and the High School in this instance, still has some difficulties to produce a contextualized curriculum of teaching. We notice a breaking-off betwen the teaching/learning of the French and the whole social, cultural and linguistic parameters that are characteristic of the local cultural context. And yet, how can we achieve an efficient schooling without bearing in mind the pupils' capacity of learning in the including surroudings of their socialization within the educaional and family environment ?By stressing on the weight of the social values in development of an educational linguistic policy, element key that the curriculum of teaching feeds on, in order to enable a given community to make a consistent choice as far as education and training are concerned, this thesis tries to suggest some leads for a constructive didactic of French. More widely, leaning on educational and extra-educational factors, it reveals all the interest to promote in the Gabonese High School, a schooling in French which bears in mind the anthropological, cultural and consequently, social viewpoint.

This thesis scrutinises how regular mathematics teachers are expected to deal with empowerment in mathematics classroom practice. Inspired by a socio-political perspective, the aim of the study is to problematise how to empower mathematics students in inclusive classroom practice, as implicitly understood in a nationwide professional development programme, i.e., the Boost for Mathematics, in Sweden. The aim is addressed by the following research question: What types of empowering ideas are conveyed in the Boost for Mathematics? The data of the study were collected from supporting materials for teachers, published within the Boost for Mathematics. Data processing consists of two steps. Step 1 is a thematic analysis of how to promote student empowerment as discerned in the data of the study. In a nutshell, Step 1 clarifies that the data give prominence to ways of empowering students from a cognitive point-of-view while social difference is disregarded. Step 2 undertakes a critical approach and discusses an alternative way of treating empowerment; this alternative way is restricted to the design of participatory activities in inclusive classroom practice.

A aba de navegação é um universo de enunciação e constituição discursiva, cenário do agir e estar do sujeito em distintos espaços sociais no mundo digital. A territorialização nas abas constitui o universo das relações éticas e políticas emergentes das interações sociais. Partindo desta propositura, trazemos um estudo que tem como meta investigar os processos de enunciação que se estabelecem no mundo digital, visando analisar as formas como educadores enunciam e assumem posições sócio-enunciativas nas abas que territorializam. Metodologicamente, embora, essencialmente, centre-se no dialogismo como posição filosófica-enunciativa, esta pesquisa faz, durante seu percurso, certas aproximações dos pressupostos da área de estudos da Comunicação Mediada pelo Computador; de pressupostos da ciência das redes e da ARS (Análise de Redes Sociais). Os dados analisados são resultantes dos enunciados emergentes do discurso de educadores, advindos de comunidades virtuais no site de rede social Facebook. Os enunciados são considerados relacionados às suas conexões responsivas com outros enunciados que os antecedem e /ou os seguem, e na correlação com os espaços onde se produzem. Como forma de constituir a rede representativa destas relações, e analisá-las a partir do seu grau de conexão, adotou-se o software Pajek - software de código aberto - que possibilita visualização e análise de grandes redes, e como métrica analisou-se a centralidade dos constituintes da rede enunciativa A rede enunciativa formada foi analisada em duas perspectivas: da ARS, e de pressupostos bakhtinianos. Em nosso trajetar as principais descobertas nos levaram a perceber que o processo discursivo, em sua configuração, ou seja, na materialização por meio de enunciados, sofre efeitos da interface, assim como também lhe causa impacto. Que o enunciado produzido pelos educadores tem caráter autobiográfico acentuado e as relações dialógicas se estabelecem e circulam por distintos espaços, sendo seu encadeamento decorrente das ações de comentar e curtir. No âmbito das posições sócio-enunciativas, identificou-se que são múltiplas e não se apresentam de modo alternado, tampouco se configuram como partes isoladas e independentes de um todo. As posições sócio-enunciativas, neste caso, vão instituindo acabamentos provisórios ao si discursivo. Este estudo compreende que pode trazer contribuições ao campo das pesquisas em ciências humanas, e aos estudos dos processos de enunciação no contexto digital; contemplando um dos direcionamentos da linha de pesquisa Interfaces Digitais em Educação, Arte, Linguagem e Cognição do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática na Educação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) que tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos das interfaces digitais em diferentes campos empíricos. / The navigation tab is a universe of enunciation and discursive constitution, scenery of the subject's acting and being in different social spaces in the digital world. Territorialisation in the tabs constitutes the universe of ethical and political relations emerging from social interactions. Starting from this proposition, we present a study that aims to investigate the processes of enunciation that are established in the digital world, aiming to analyze the ways in which educators enunciate and assume socio-enunciative positions in the tabs that territorialize. Methodologically, while essentially focusing on dialogism as a philosophical-enunciative position, this research makes, during its course, certain approximations of the assumptions of the area of study of Computer-Mediated Communication; of assumptions of the science of the networks and of the SNA (Social Networks Analysis). The data analyzed are the result of the emergent statements of the educators' discourse, coming from virtual communities on the social networking site Facebook. The statements are considered to be related to their responsive connections with other statements that precede and / or follow them, and in the correlation with the spaces where they are produced. As a way to form the representative network of these relations, and to analyze them from their degree of connection, Pajek software - open source software that allows visualization and analysis of large networks - was adopted, and, as a metric, centrality of the constituents of the enunciative network was analyzed The enunciative network formed was analyzed in two perspectives: SNA, and Bakhtinian assumptions. In our trajectory the main discoveries led us to realize that the discursive process, in its configuration, that is, in materialization through statements, has effects of the interface, as well as its impact. That the statement produced by the educators has an accentuated autobiographical character and the dialogic relations are established and circulate through different spaces and its linkage derives from the actions of comment and enjoyment. In the context of socio-enunciative positions, it has been identified that they are multiple and do not present themselves in an alternate way, nor do they form as isolated and independent parts of a whole. The socio-enunciative positions, in this case, are instituting provisional finishes for the yourself discursive. This study understands that it can contribute to the field of research in human sciences, and to the study of the processes of enunciation in the digital context, contemplating one of the directives of the research line Digital Interfaces in Education, Art, Language and Cognition of the Graduate Program in Computer Science in Education of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), whose objective is to investigate the effects of digital interfaces in different empirical fields. / La solapa de navegación es un universo de enunciación y constitución discursiva, escenario del actuar y estar del sujeto en distintos espacios sociales en el mundo digital. La territorialización en las alas constituye el universo de las relaciones éticas y políticas emergentes de las interacciones sociales. A partir de esta proposición, traemos un estudio que tiene como meta investigar los procesos de enunciación que se establecen en el mundo digital, buscando analizar las formas como educadores enuncian y asumen posiciones socio-enunciativas en las abas que territorializan. Metodológicamente, aunque, esencialmente, se centra en el dialogismo como posición filosófica-enunciativa, esta investigación hace, durante su recorrido, ciertas aproximaciones de los presupuestos del área de estudios de la Comunicación Mediada por el Ordenador; de los supuestos de la ciencia de las redes y de la ARS (Análisis de Redes Sociales). Los datos analizados son resultado de los enunciados emergentes del discurso de educadores, provenientes de comunidades virtuales en el sitio de la red social Facebook. Los enunciados se consideran relacionados con sus conexiones responsivas con otros enunciados que los anteceden y / o los siguen, y en la correlación con los espacios donde se producen. Como forma de constituir la red representativa de estas relaciones, y analizarlas a partir de su grado de conexión, se adoptó el software Pajek - software de código abierto - que posibilita visualización y análisis de grandes redes, y cómo métrica se analizó centralidad de los constituyentes de la red enunciativa La red enunciativa formada fue analizada en dos perspectivas: de la ARS, y de supuestos bakhtinianos. En nuestro trayecto los principales descubrimientos nos llevaron a percibir que el proceso discursivo, en su configuración, o sea, en la materialización por medio de enunciados, sufre efectos de la interfaz, así como también le causa impacto. Que el enunciado producido por los educadores tiene carácter autobiográfico acentuado y las relaciones dialógicas se establecen y circulan por distintos espacios, siendo su encadenamiento resultante de las acciones de comentar y de disfrutar. En el ámbito de las posiciones socio-enunciativas, se identificó que son múltiples y no se presentan de modo alternado, tampoco se configuran como partes aisladas e independientes de un todo. Las posiciones socio-enunciativas, en este caso, van instituyendo acabados provisionales al mismo discursivo. Este estudio comprende que puede aportar contribuciones al campo de las investigaciones en ciencias humanas, ya los estudios de los procesos de enunciación en el contexto digital; que contempla uno de los direccionamientos de la línea de investigación Interfaces Digitales en Educación, Arte, Lenguaje y Cognición del Programa de Postgrado en Informática en la Educación de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) que tiene como objetivo investigar los efectos de las interfaces digitales en diferentes campos empíricos.

O rápido crescimento urbano verificado durante as duas últimas décadas no distrito de Águas Claras, no município de Viamão/RS, pertencente à Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA), caracterizou-se pela produção de formas urbanas vinculadas às tendências atuais de conformação periurbana. O objeto de estudo é a configuração socioespacial de espaços periurbanos, tendo como estudo de caso o distrito de Águas Claras. O crescimento urbano, suas formas, os processos que o moldam e os agentes que o promovem são os elementos selecionados para a análise da configuração socioespacial, no contexto onde a fragmentação e a segregação socioespacial são processos que dificultam o desenvolvimento local. O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a configuração socioespacial de Águas Claras visando à proposição de diretrizes de planejamento para mitigar entraves ao desenvolvimento, auxiliando na superação das desigualdades socioespaciais. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada perpassou cinco etapas estruturantes do ponto de vista operacional: resgate da formação histórica local; estudo documental e por imagens da evolução da ocupação urbana; avaliação da estrutura do espaço urbano, seus agentes promotores e os processos associados; definição de tendências populacionais e de expansão urbana; contextualização dos processos dominantes e de entraves ao desenvolvimento, propondo-se ações de mitigação dos efeitos destes processos. Sempre que possível, foram realizadas atividades de campo, cujos dados obtidos foram agregados aos dados secundários. Diversos mapas temáticos foram elaborados, para subsidiar a análise e também como produtos cartográficos de síntese dos tópicos desenvolvidos. Os resultados mais relevantes da pesquisa indicaram que a forma urbana fragmentada, implantada desde o início da ocupação, é complementada por um processo de segregação socioespacial observável somente na microescala. Neste contexto, alguns agentes promotores do uso do solo têm maior efetividade, destacando-se o Estado, com atuação indireta e ampla, mas determinante. O reforço do Estado à estruturação urbana e seu distanciamento quanto aos processos em curso permitem reafirmar a importância do resgate efetivo da atividade de planejamento, associada à regulação, à participação popular e ao estímulo à autonomia local. / The rapid urban growth registered during the last two decades in the district of Águas Claras, in the municipality of Viamão/RS, in the Porto Alegre Metropolitan Region was characterized by the production of urban forms linked to the current trends of periurban conformation. The object of study is the socio-spatial configuration of periurban spaces, having as case study the district of Águas Claras. Urban growth, its forms, the processes that forge it and the agents that promote it are the elements selected for the analysis of socio-spatial configuration, in the context where fragmentation and socio-spatial segregation are processes that hinder local development. The research objective was to analyze the socio-spatial configuration of Águas Claras aiming at the proposition of directives for planning to mitigate barriers to development, helping in overcoming the socio-spatial inequalities. Therefore, the adopted methodology went on through five structuring stages of an operational standpoint: recovery of local historical formation; documental and per image study of the evolution of urban occupation; evaluation of the structure of urban space, its promoting agents and the associated processes; definition of population and urban expansion tendencies; contextualization of the dominant processes and barriers to development, proposing actions to mitigate the effects of these processes trends. Whenever possible, field activities were conducted, whose obtained data were aggregated to the secondary data. Several thematic maps were elaborated, to support the analysis and also as synthesis, in the form of cartographic products of the topics developed. The most relevant research results indicated that the fragmented urban form, implanted since the beginning of the occupation, is complemented by a process of socio-spatial segregation observable only at the microscale. In this context, some promoting agents of land use have greater effectiveness, highlighting the State, which has indirect and broad, but determinant acting. State actions that reinforce the urban structuring as observed, and its detachment about the ongoing processes, allow reaffirm the importance of the effective rescue of planning activity, associated with regulation, public participation and encouraging local autonomy.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A presente dissertação, apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, teve como proposta pesquisar a municipalização das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de retratar como esse processo estrutura-se no estado do Rio de Janeiro, especificamente no município de Niterói. A fim de compreender a dimensão estrutural da municipalização, foi realizada pesquisa de campo junto ao Departamento Geral de Ações Socioeducativas (DEGASE), órgão de referência estadual, e junto ao Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (CREAS) do município de Niterói. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com representante da Assessoria às Medidas Socioeducativas e ao Egresso, vinculada ao DEGASE, e com o coordenador e os profissionais da equipe de referência socioeducativa do CREAS/Niterói. A categorização e análise dos dados foram empreendidas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo das entrevistas e das anotações feitas em diário de campo. Os resultados da pesquisa forneceram subsídios para uma reflexão acerca da execução das medidas socioeducativas de Liberdade Assistida e de Prestação de Serviço à Comunidade no processo de municipalização, além de um panorama a respeito da assessoria prestada aos municípios. Constatou-se, no estudo, a fragilidade do processo de municipalização, em especial pela precarização das condições de trabalho neste campo. Ao mesmo tempo, foi evidenciado que a escassez de um trabalho em rede com as instituições municipais e com o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da criança e do adolescente dificulta que se siga o que dispõem o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, o Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo e a Tipificação Nacional de Serviços Socioassistenciais no que diz respeito à execução das medidas em meio aberto. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o caráter social e educativo das medidas em meio aberto ainda está por ser assegurado aos adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas. / This dissertation, presented to the Postgraduate Program in Social Psychology of the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, intended to study the municipalization of socio-educative measures in open environment. The objective of this research was to portray how this process is structured in the state of Rio de Janeiro, specifically at the city of Niterói. In order to understand the structural dimension of municipalization, field research was conducted at the General Department of Socio-Educational Actions (DEGASE), reference institution in the state, and at the Reference Specialized Center of Social Assistance (CREAS) of the city of Niterói. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a representative of Advice to Socio-Educative Measures and to the Egress, linked to DEGASE, and with the coordinator and professionals of the socio-educative reference team of CREAS/Niterói. The categorization and analysis of data were undertaken through Content Analysis of interviews and notes made in the field diary. The research results provided subsides for a reflection about the execution of socio-educative measures of Assisted Freedom and Community Services in the process of municipalization, as well as an overview about the advisement given to the cities. In the study, it was found the fragility of the process of municipalization, specially due to the precariousness of the working conditions in this field. At the same time, the study led to the evidence that the scarcity of network with municipal institutions and the Child and Adolescents Rights Guarantee System makes it difficult to follow the dispositions of the Child and Adolescent Statute, the National System of Socio-Educative Attendance and the National Typification of Social Assistance Services, regarding the execution of measures in open environment. The research results indicate that the social and educational character of the measures in open environment is yet to be assured to adolescents in compliance of measures.

Depuis des millénaires, l’éléphant d’Asie joue un rôle important dans la culture, l’économie et la construction des pays asiatiques. Près d’un quart de la population de cette espèce emblématique et menacée est constituée d’éléphants dits captifs. Toutefois, les législations nationales comme les programmes de conservation ont tendance à traiter séparément les populations captives et sauvages. Au Laos et au Myanmar, la tradition d’élevage par les villageois et les interactions entre éléphants sauvages et éléphants de villages perdurent.L’objectif de cette thèse est de qualifier et quantifier ces interactions afin de mieux comprendre leurs dynamiques et leurs rôles dans la survie de l’espèce. Je me suis attaché à décrire les facteurs déterminant le système socio-écologique humain - éléphant de village - éléphant sauvage et sa résilience à travers une approche interdisciplinaire et intégrative.Une étude ethnoécologique a permis d’analyser l’évolution récente du système socio-écologique homme-éléphant au Laos et ses conséquences sur les relations humain-éléphant, les pratiques d’élevage et la perception de l’espèce chez les propriétaires d’éléphants. L'émergence depuis les années 2000 de la marchandisation de la nature et de la restriction de l'accès aux forêts a conduit, d’une part, à la ségrégation entre éléphants sauvages et éléphants de villages, et d’autre part, à l’intensification de l'élevage de ces derniers. Or, la tolérance des communautés à la présence des éléphants sauvages semble liée au principe de réciprocité. Ainsi, les propriétaires ayant accès aux mâles sauvages pour féconder leurs femelles acceptent leur présence contrairement aux cornacs engagés dans le débardage du bois.J’ai ensuite construit un modèle bio-économique pour quantifier les effets des stratégies socio-économiques sur la viabilité à long terme de la population d’éléphants de villages du Laos. J’ai montré que la fécondité est impactée en premier lieu par la dynamique de la population sauvage à travers la reproduction entre femelles de villages et mâles sauvages. En second lieu, le taux de fécondité dépend de l’intérêt financier des propriétaires à faire de la reproduction. Ainsi la viabilité de la population est fortement dépendante des conditions socio-économiques sur le court terme et de l’efficience de la conservation des populations sauvages sur le long terme.Une étude de génétique des populations a montré que la diversité génétique des populations sauvages et de villages était élevée et que ces populations constituaient un ensemble homogène au Laos et au Myanmar. L’isolement des populations sauvages et la ségrégation croissante des populations de villages engendreront un appauvrissement génétique sur le long terme qu’il est possible de limiter par des mesures de gestion favorisant le flux de gènes au niveau régional et entre les deux populations, notamment en les considérant comme une unité de gestion commune.Ces deux études illustrent que la résilience du système socio-écologique est la résultante de multiples facteurs agissant à différents niveaux ou échelles, dont les effets sont parfois opposés.Cette thèse permet enfin de discuter des conditions de la résilience et de la viabilité à long terme du système socio-écologique humain-éléphant et d’explorer différents scénarios futurs en s’interrogeant également sur le possible processus de domestication de l’espèce. / For thousands of years, the Asian elephant has played an important role in the culture, economy and construction of Asian nations. Almost a quarter of the population of this emblematic and threatened species consists of so-called captive elephants. However, both national legislation and conservation programmes tend to treat captive and wild populations separately. In Laos and Myanmar, the tradition of elephant handling by villagers and the interactions between wild and village elephants still persist.The objective of this thesis is to qualify and quantify these interactions to better understand their dynamics and roles in the survival of the species. I described the factors driving the socio-ecological system between humans, village and wild elephants and its resilience through an interdisciplinary and integrative approach.Based on an ethnoecological study, I analyzed the recent evolution of the human-elephant socio-ecological system in Laos and its consequences on human-elephant relations, husbandry practices and the perception of the species among elephant owners. The emergence since 2000 of the commodification of nature and the restriction of access to forests has led, on the one hand, to the segregation between wild and village elephants and, on the other hand, to the transition from a traditional to an intensive keeping system of village elephants. Community perception and tolerance towards wild elephants is linked to the principle of reciprocity. Owners having access to wild males to sire their females accept the presence of wild elephants contrary to mahouts engaged in logging activities.I then built a bio-economic model to quantify the effects of socio-economic strategies on the long-term viability of village elephant population in Laos. I demonstrated that fecundity is impacted primarily by the dynamics of the wild population through reproduction between village females and wild males. Second, the fecundity is impacted by the financial incentive of elephant owners tobreed their animals instead of working. Thus population viability is highly dependent on socio-economic conditions in the short term and the efficiency of wild elephant conservation in the long term.A population genetics study showed that the genetic diversity of wild and village elephant was high and differentiation was weak between Laos and Myanmar. The isolation of wild populations and the increasing segregation of village elephants will lead to genetic loss and inbreeding that can be managed by promoting gene flows at the regional level and between the two populations. The study suggests considering both populations from the two countries as a unique management unit. These two studies illustrate that resilience of the socio-ecological system is the result of multiple factors acting at different levels or scales, sometimes in opposite ways.Finally, this thesis allows to discuss the conditions of resilience and long-term viability of the human-elephant socio-ecological system and to explore potential scenarios including the on-going domestication process of the species.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A presente dissertação, apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, teve como proposta pesquisar a municipalização das medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de retratar como esse processo estrutura-se no estado do Rio de Janeiro, especificamente no município de Niterói. A fim de compreender a dimensão estrutural da municipalização, foi realizada pesquisa de campo junto ao Departamento Geral de Ações Socioeducativas (DEGASE), órgão de referência estadual, e junto ao Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (CREAS) do município de Niterói. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com representante da Assessoria às Medidas Socioeducativas e ao Egresso, vinculada ao DEGASE, e com o coordenador e os profissionais da equipe de referência socioeducativa do CREAS/Niterói. A categorização e análise dos dados foram empreendidas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo das entrevistas e das anotações feitas em diário de campo. Os resultados da pesquisa forneceram subsídios para uma reflexão acerca da execução das medidas socioeducativas de Liberdade Assistida e de Prestação de Serviço à Comunidade no processo de municipalização, além de um panorama a respeito da assessoria prestada aos municípios. Constatou-se, no estudo, a fragilidade do processo de municipalização, em especial pela precarização das condições de trabalho neste campo. Ao mesmo tempo, foi evidenciado que a escassez de um trabalho em rede com as instituições municipais e com o Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da criança e do adolescente dificulta que se siga o que dispõem o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, o Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo e a Tipificação Nacional de Serviços Socioassistenciais no que diz respeito à execução das medidas em meio aberto. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o caráter social e educativo das medidas em meio aberto ainda está por ser assegurado aos adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas. / This dissertation, presented to the Postgraduate Program in Social Psychology of the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, intended to study the municipalization of socio-educative measures in open environment. The objective of this research was to portray how this process is structured in the state of Rio de Janeiro, specifically at the city of Niterói. In order to understand the structural dimension of municipalization, field research was conducted at the General Department of Socio-Educational Actions (DEGASE), reference institution in the state, and at the Reference Specialized Center of Social Assistance (CREAS) of the city of Niterói. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a representative of Advice to Socio-Educative Measures and to the Egress, linked to DEGASE, and with the coordinator and professionals of the socio-educative reference team of CREAS/Niterói. The categorization and analysis of data were undertaken through Content Analysis of interviews and notes made in the field diary. The research results provided subsides for a reflection about the execution of socio-educative measures of Assisted Freedom and Community Services in the process of municipalization, as well as an overview about the advisement given to the cities. In the study, it was found the fragility of the process of municipalization, specially due to the precariousness of the working conditions in this field. At the same time, the study led to the evidence that the scarcity of network with municipal institutions and the Child and Adolescents Rights Guarantee System makes it difficult to follow the dispositions of the Child and Adolescent Statute, the National System of Socio-Educative Attendance and the National Typification of Social Assistance Services, regarding the execution of measures in open environment. The research results indicate that the social and educational character of the measures in open environment is yet to be assured to adolescents in compliance of measures.