Les problèmes d’environnement et leur gestion suscitent un ensemble de faits sociaux qui interrogent les relations sociétés/environnement. Le risque d’inondation et plus généralement la gestion de l’eau sont de bons exemples pour analyser ce phénomène. Les tenions générées par les évènements socio-naturels définis par le risque conduisent à identifier des territoires dits « sensibles ». Comment émerge cette sensibilité ? Comment peut-elle s’identifier et comment s’exprime-t-elle ? Cette thèse interroge la notion de sensibilité du point de vue sociologique pour en retenir une définition socio-spatiale. La démarche mise en place a nécessité le recours à la géographie pour mieux considérer la dimension environnementale de l’objet d’étude. La pertinence de la proposition est testée sur le bassin de la Sarthe amont à travers l’analyse de situations générées par le risque d’inondation et le déploiement de sa gestion. Les réactions autour de deux projets d’aménagement de retenue sèche, pour la régulation dynamique des crues, sont plus particulièrement étudiées. En nous appuyant sur le cadre d’analyse des régimes d’engagement (Thévenot, 2006) et particulièrement celui de la justification, nous montrons comment les réactions d’acteurs riverains des cours d’eau se concentrent autour de revendications d’enjeux qui varient selon les secteurs de vallées : demande de protection face au risque dans les secteurs vulnérables ; protection des paysages et maintient des dynamiques locales dans les secteurs amonts. L’analyse des entretiens menés met en évidence que les enjeux se hiérarchisent différemment selon les secteurs. Les revendications antagonistes des acteurs sont sources de tensions et parfois de conflits, qui sont résolues ou non au cours du temps. La mise en relation de la dimension spatiale et de la dimension temporelle, des évènements analysés, permet d’identifier des trajectoires de la sensibilité socio-spatiale. Au final, ce travail montre les difficultés de la mise en partage des territoires de l’eau pour le cas de la gestion du risque d’inondation. / Environmental issues and their managements set off a range of social facts questioning societies/environment relations. Flooding risks, and more generally, water management are relevant examples in order to analyse this phenomenon. Some areas are categorised as sensitive and so because of tensions resulting from socio-natural events which are defined by this risk. Where does this sensibility come from? How can it be identified and how is it expressed? This thesis questions this notion of sensibility from a sociological point of view to eventually take on a socio-spatial definition. This approach required the resort of geography, for a better consideration of the environmental dimension considering the object under study. Through the analysis of situations generated by flooding risk and its management in the Sarthe Bassin is tested the proposal relevance. Main focus will be on the reactions arousing from the development projects of two dry flood barriers- keeping a dynamic control of spates. Considering the analytical frame of the commitment policies (Thévenot, 2006), and more precisely the policy of justification, we point out the way riverside locals' reactions focus on varying claims, according to the different valley areas: request for protection to face flooding risks in vulnerable sectors, protection of the landscapes and finally, that local dynamics are maintained in upstream sectors. The analysis of interviews highlights a different hierarchy among the issues at stakes and so according to the sectors in question. Local actors' antagonistic claims trigger new issues and sometimes conflicts that are not always resolved over time. It leads to an inter-relationship between the spatial and temporal dimensions that enables to identify some trajectories of the socio-spatial sensibility. To conclude, this work illustrates the difficulties concerning the sharing of water territories when the flooding risk management is at stake.

L’originalité de cette thèse, qui s’ancre en Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication (SIC), repose sur le croisement de plusieurs thématiques de recherche et qui pourraient sembler à priori distantes. Cette thèse se positionne sur un terrain précurseur puisque très peu d’études se sont intéressées précisément à l’influence d’une série télévisée à la fois sur l’attractivité touristique d’une région (Bryon-Portet, 2011 ; Mille, 2011 ; Mongin, 2008), et sur des facteurs sociologiques et économiques directement liés à sa diffusion télévisuelle ou cinématographiques. L’étude des effets de réception d’une série télévisée est appréhendée dans ce travail de recherche à la fois du point de vue de la sociologie de la télévision (Macé, 2001 ; 2009), de l’analyse structurelle des médias sociaux (Boyd, et Ellison, 2007 ; Cardon, 2008 ; Burke et al. 2011 ; Cavazza, 2015), de la psychologie sociale de la diaspora maghrébine (Ennaji, 2010 ; Mattelart, 2009) et du tourisme durable (Marcotte, Bourdeau, Doyon, 2006 ; Berriane et Abderghal, 2012) plaçant les acteurs locaux au cœur de l’activité touristique et culturelle dans un contexte d’empowerment (Scheyvens, 1999). Ce travail de recherche propose une approche sociale de ces différentes thématiques ayant pour vocation de nourrir la réflexion scientifique. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif d’étudier le phénomène du succès d’une série télévisée particulière ayant entraîné des comportements sociaux directement liés à cette production audiovisuelle et aux lieux de tournage transformés en destination touristique (Grenier, 2011). Ainsi, dans ce travail de recherche, les interdépendances, les comparaisons et les distinctions entre la télévision et Internet permettent d’appréhender la réception télévisuelle selon une perspective de continuum multi écrans (télévision, appareils mobiles, tablettes, ordinateurs…).Cette thèse analyse les effets de réception télévisuelle d’un feuilleton marocain Bnat Lalla Mennana. Diffusée en arabe dialectal marocain, sur la chaîne 2M (deuxième chaîne nationale marocaine) sur deux saisons, en 2012 et 2013, cette série télévisée a atteint une audience estimée à 5,8 millions de téléspectateurs en 2013. Illustrant ainsi son succès auprès des marocains et de la diaspora maghrébine à travers le monde, cette série télévisée est spécifique car son tournage a eu lieu dans une petite ville pittoresque, rurale et touristique du Nord du Maroc : Chefchaouen. Outre le lieu, la série télévisée, pourtant inspirée d’une pièce de théâtre espagnole de Garcia Lorca (La casa de Bernarda alba, 1936), reprend les us et coutumes traditionnalistes de cette région. La mise en scène folklorique des espaces réalistes de Chefchaouen contraste avec les productions audiovisuelles habituelles sur les chaînes maghrébines (lieu de tournage, dialecte, décor…). La mise en avant de la régionalisation dans un programme télévisuel de divertissement pose la question des rapports entre localismes et globalisation au prisme d’une réception transnationale. La télévision d’une part et Internet d’autre part, avec notamment les réseaux socionumériques (Stenger, Coutant et al, 2011) sont devenus des canaux multimodaux de diffusion et de réception de l’information culturelle. Marqués par l’instantanéité et la rapidité, les flux médiatiques sont désormais transnationaux (Appadurai, 2001 ; 1996). L’objet de ce travail de thèse est de caractériser l’influence des pratiques médiatiques des individus sur la perception des territoires, des imaginaires culturels et des trajectoires identitaires à travers des publics à caractéristiques variées. / At the heart of migration issues, we find concepts of trajectory and mobility in a particular relationship between globalization and localization (Appadurai 1996). These two interrelated processes lead to every movement’s form (human, material, immaterial, financial and cultural). In the 1990s, the term diaspora evolved (Mattelart, 2009) and it was based on the "cosmopolitan vision" (Beck, 2006) and the transnational process. Transnationalism is based on social exchanges across the borders that are possible thanks to Information-Communication-Technology (ICT). This paradigm of communication has allowed the beefing-up of the model of "migrant connected" (Diminescu, 2005). The identity of people from the diaspora is defined on "more than one nation-state" (Glick-Schiller et al., 1994).This thesis focuses first, on the questions of collective identity and media representations in the reception of the television. Widely, we treat sociological impacts, called in our research, externalities. The process of these symbolic representations can be compared to a mirror effect (Cefaï and Pasquier, 2003) between the televised world and reality. These informations’ flows contribute to the symbolic mediation through television and Internet. For the Maghreb Diaspora, the identity process is influenced by the host country and the origin country.Second, we treat the importance of the audiovisual productions in the identity’s construction of the Moroccan Diaspora (Malonga, 2008; Diminescu et al., 2010) and local population of the North Moroccan countryside. It highlights the role of Internet and the satellite channels or the digital broadcasting satellite (DBS) as a vehicle of the Maghreb Diasporas' culture in the world. The Social Network Systems (SNS) (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) offer large web-based services that allow individuals to share content between fans of television. The role of the diaspora in national programs (Nedelcu, 2010) is taken into consideration by the policies of origin countries, that are often developing countries. It is the case of Morocco, which integrates its diaspora population in strategic national area (Daghmi, 2011).This television reception study aims to understand the negative behavior of a specific public after the broadcast of a Moroccan television series Bnat Lalla Mennana, filmed in a rural and touristic locality in the North of Morocco, Chefchaouen. In this work, we present the results of a qualitative survey conducted toward the inhabitants of Chefchaouen.

The researcher aimed to answer the following question: What are the perceptions of preadolescent children and educators with regard to the phenomenon of acting-out behaviour? The goal of the study was to explore the perceptions of educators and pre-adolescent children on the phenomenon of acting-out behaviour. Pre-adolescence and socio-economic problems were discussed and behavioural theories, behavioural difficulties and acting-out behaviour were explored. The population consisted of educators and grade 5 to grade 7 learners in the two participating schools. Ten educators and twenty learners in each grade were selected by means of stratified random sampling, to participate in the study. The survey design was utilised, as the researcher wished to explore perceptions of educators and pre-adolescent learners on the phenomenon of acting-out behaviour. The researcher formulated two questionnaires that were reader-friendly to both educators and learners respectively. The questionnaires focused on aspects of acting-out behaviour observed in the developmental level which is of concern to the study. Research results have indicated that acting-out behaviour is an ever-increasing phenomenon, even though the term “acting-out” is relatively unknown. The educators and learner respondents had very similar views on acting-out behaviour and the reasons for this negative behaviour displayed by children. It can therefore be concluded that acting-out behaviour is perceived as being very real in the lives of today’s children and is very often regarded as problematic behaviour and only addressed as such. Characteristics of actingout behaviour include lying, swearing, aggressiveness, hitting and kicking, badmouthing others, poor school marks, bullying and seeking attention. Parental conflict is the highest cause of emotional problems and consequently behavioural problems in children. The family system is also the most important system in the pre-adolescent’s life. Consequently it is recommended that families need to be considered as a key system in the development of acting-out behaviour, but most importantly also, as a key factor in dealing with such behaviour. Further research on, especially, intervention methods with regard to acting-out behaviour and socio-economic factors are recommended and emphasised. Copyright / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

A aba de navegação é um universo de enunciação e constituição discursiva, cenário do agir e estar do sujeito em distintos espaços sociais no mundo digital. A territorialização nas abas constitui o universo das relações éticas e políticas emergentes das interações sociais. Partindo desta propositura, trazemos um estudo que tem como meta investigar os processos de enunciação que se estabelecem no mundo digital, visando analisar as formas como educadores enunciam e assumem posições sócio-enunciativas nas abas que territorializam. Metodologicamente, embora, essencialmente, centre-se no dialogismo como posição filosófica-enunciativa, esta pesquisa faz, durante seu percurso, certas aproximações dos pressupostos da área de estudos da Comunicação Mediada pelo Computador; de pressupostos da ciência das redes e da ARS (Análise de Redes Sociais). Os dados analisados são resultantes dos enunciados emergentes do discurso de educadores, advindos de comunidades virtuais no site de rede social Facebook. Os enunciados são considerados relacionados às suas conexões responsivas com outros enunciados que os antecedem e /ou os seguem, e na correlação com os espaços onde se produzem. Como forma de constituir a rede representativa destas relações, e analisá-las a partir do seu grau de conexão, adotou-se o software Pajek - software de código aberto - que possibilita visualização e análise de grandes redes, e como métrica analisou-se a centralidade dos constituintes da rede enunciativa A rede enunciativa formada foi analisada em duas perspectivas: da ARS, e de pressupostos bakhtinianos. Em nosso trajetar as principais descobertas nos levaram a perceber que o processo discursivo, em sua configuração, ou seja, na materialização por meio de enunciados, sofre efeitos da interface, assim como também lhe causa impacto. Que o enunciado produzido pelos educadores tem caráter autobiográfico acentuado e as relações dialógicas se estabelecem e circulam por distintos espaços, sendo seu encadeamento decorrente das ações de comentar e curtir. No âmbito das posições sócio-enunciativas, identificou-se que são múltiplas e não se apresentam de modo alternado, tampouco se configuram como partes isoladas e independentes de um todo. As posições sócio-enunciativas, neste caso, vão instituindo acabamentos provisórios ao si discursivo. Este estudo compreende que pode trazer contribuições ao campo das pesquisas em ciências humanas, e aos estudos dos processos de enunciação no contexto digital; contemplando um dos direcionamentos da linha de pesquisa Interfaces Digitais em Educação, Arte, Linguagem e Cognição do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática na Educação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) que tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos das interfaces digitais em diferentes campos empíricos. / The navigation tab is a universe of enunciation and discursive constitution, scenery of the subject's acting and being in different social spaces in the digital world. Territorialisation in the tabs constitutes the universe of ethical and political relations emerging from social interactions. Starting from this proposition, we present a study that aims to investigate the processes of enunciation that are established in the digital world, aiming to analyze the ways in which educators enunciate and assume socio-enunciative positions in the tabs that territorialize. Methodologically, while essentially focusing on dialogism as a philosophical-enunciative position, this research makes, during its course, certain approximations of the assumptions of the area of study of Computer-Mediated Communication; of assumptions of the science of the networks and of the SNA (Social Networks Analysis). The data analyzed are the result of the emergent statements of the educators' discourse, coming from virtual communities on the social networking site Facebook. The statements are considered to be related to their responsive connections with other statements that precede and / or follow them, and in the correlation with the spaces where they are produced. As a way to form the representative network of these relations, and to analyze them from their degree of connection, Pajek software - open source software that allows visualization and analysis of large networks - was adopted, and, as a metric, centrality of the constituents of the enunciative network was analyzed The enunciative network formed was analyzed in two perspectives: SNA, and Bakhtinian assumptions. In our trajectory the main discoveries led us to realize that the discursive process, in its configuration, that is, in materialization through statements, has effects of the interface, as well as its impact. That the statement produced by the educators has an accentuated autobiographical character and the dialogic relations are established and circulate through different spaces and its linkage derives from the actions of comment and enjoyment. In the context of socio-enunciative positions, it has been identified that they are multiple and do not present themselves in an alternate way, nor do they form as isolated and independent parts of a whole. The socio-enunciative positions, in this case, are instituting provisional finishes for the yourself discursive. This study understands that it can contribute to the field of research in human sciences, and to the study of the processes of enunciation in the digital context, contemplating one of the directives of the research line Digital Interfaces in Education, Art, Language and Cognition of the Graduate Program in Computer Science in Education of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), whose objective is to investigate the effects of digital interfaces in different empirical fields. / La solapa de navegación es un universo de enunciación y constitución discursiva, escenario del actuar y estar del sujeto en distintos espacios sociales en el mundo digital. La territorialización en las alas constituye el universo de las relaciones éticas y políticas emergentes de las interacciones sociales. A partir de esta proposición, traemos un estudio que tiene como meta investigar los procesos de enunciación que se establecen en el mundo digital, buscando analizar las formas como educadores enuncian y asumen posiciones socio-enunciativas en las abas que territorializan. Metodológicamente, aunque, esencialmente, se centra en el dialogismo como posición filosófica-enunciativa, esta investigación hace, durante su recorrido, ciertas aproximaciones de los presupuestos del área de estudios de la Comunicación Mediada por el Ordenador; de los supuestos de la ciencia de las redes y de la ARS (Análisis de Redes Sociales). Los datos analizados son resultado de los enunciados emergentes del discurso de educadores, provenientes de comunidades virtuales en el sitio de la red social Facebook. Los enunciados se consideran relacionados con sus conexiones responsivas con otros enunciados que los anteceden y / o los siguen, y en la correlación con los espacios donde se producen. Como forma de constituir la red representativa de estas relaciones, y analizarlas a partir de su grado de conexión, se adoptó el software Pajek - software de código abierto - que posibilita visualización y análisis de grandes redes, y cómo métrica se analizó centralidad de los constituyentes de la red enunciativa La red enunciativa formada fue analizada en dos perspectivas: de la ARS, y de supuestos bakhtinianos. En nuestro trayecto los principales descubrimientos nos llevaron a percibir que el proceso discursivo, en su configuración, o sea, en la materialización por medio de enunciados, sufre efectos de la interfaz, así como también le causa impacto. Que el enunciado producido por los educadores tiene carácter autobiográfico acentuado y las relaciones dialógicas se establecen y circulan por distintos espacios, siendo su encadenamiento resultante de las acciones de comentar y de disfrutar. En el ámbito de las posiciones socio-enunciativas, se identificó que son múltiples y no se presentan de modo alternado, tampoco se configuran como partes aisladas e independientes de un todo. Las posiciones socio-enunciativas, en este caso, van instituyendo acabados provisionales al mismo discursivo. Este estudio comprende que puede aportar contribuciones al campo de las investigaciones en ciencias humanas, ya los estudios de los procesos de enunciación en el contexto digital; que contempla uno de los direccionamientos de la línea de investigación Interfaces Digitales en Educación, Arte, Lenguaje y Cognición del Programa de Postgrado en Informática en la Educación de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) que tiene como objetivo investigar los efectos de las interfaces digitales en diferentes campos empíricos.

Los Angeles has historically been subjected to droughts and water shortages. This has led the city to acquire distant water resources, allowing the city to grow extensively. Today, the city is dependent on large water infrastructure to supply water over distances of hundreds of kilometres. This thesis explores how water demand in Los Angeles has been impacted by drought, focusing on drought years 2007-2010 and 2012-2019. The study compares hydrological, conservation and water demand data and places it into context by connecting it to policy changes. By looking at streamflow and precipitation data it is visible that the latter drought was drier than the former. Water demand has decreased in all consumer categories. Meanwhile, conservation has increased. Drought events have led the city to apply policy changes and conservation measures which in turn, has resulted in a reduction in water demand during both droughts. / I Los Angeles har det historiskt sett förekommit både torka och vattenbrist. Detta har lett till att vattenresurser anskaffats från avlägsna platser, som i sin tur har möjliggjort stadens tillväxt. I dagsläget är staden beroende av storskalig vatteninfrastruktur som försörjer invånarna med vatten från hundratals kilometer bort. I kandidatarbetet utforskas torkans inverka på vattenefterfrågan i Los Angeles. Torkan som rådde mellan åren 2007–2010 och 2012–2019 undersöks genom att studera data om hydrologi, vattenefterfråga och vattenbevaring, samt genom att koppla dessa till den politiska diskursen. Det framkommer att den senare torkan var torrare än den andra. Efterfrågan har minskat i alla konsument- klasser, medan bevarandet av vatten har ökat. Torka har lett till att staden implementerat politiska förändringar och bevarandeåtgärder som i sin tur lett till en minskad vattenefterfrågan.

Depuis les années 1950, le rock perdure en se diversifiant. Courant musical mais aussi mouvement culturel à part entière, il est hétérogène et complexe. On ne saurait le réduire à un objet culturel exclusivement anglo-saxon. En effet, les scènes rock locales et nationales se multiplient. Le succès international que connaissent certaines d’entre elles nous amène à émettre deux constats : 1) La langue anglaise et la culture anglo-saxonne ne sont plus forcément les références esthétiques du rock, qui intègre ainsi de nouvelles influences. Ces dernières sont ainsi issues des nouvelles identités nationales qui s’affichent sur la scène musicale mondiale. 2) Néanmoins, l’esthétique centrale du rock reste toujours identifiable au sein de l’oeuvre de ces groupes et artistes.La présente étude se propose d’analyser l’articulation entre esthétique rock et culture nationale dans l’iconographie des scènes nationales Allemande et Finlandaise qui connaissent un succès mondial inédit. Pour cela, nous nous inscrivons dans une démarche méthodologique d’ordre socio-sémiotique. Cette articulation s’observe dans les représentations mais aussi la construction musicale. Elle trouve son origine dans un contexte socio-culturel et dans l’évolution d’une industrie musicale en pleine mutation. C’est ce que nous proposons également d’analyser. À l’issue de ce travail, nous aboutissons aux conclusions suivantes : 1) Les évolutions de la culture mondialisée et des industries culturelles vers le multiculturalisme ont favorisé l’émergence et la visibilité des scènes locales et régionales (Appadurai, 2001. Macé, 2005) . La structuration de l’industrie musicale,marquée par la notion d’authenticité (Moore, 2002) et l’existence des marchés de niche (Currien et Moreau, 2006) tiennent aussi un rôle dans ce phénomène. Par ailleurs, la constitution de la scène rock britannique montre que ce phénomène n’est pas récent, et qu’il est même essentiel dans l’histoire du rock. 2) L’évolution et la diversification de l’esthétique rock (Metal, musiques extrêmes), fruit de l’acculturation, créent un climat propice à la construction de nouvelles identités au sein du genre. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence l’existence de stratégies identitaire permettant l’expression du national : ancrage dans le local, innovation esthétique, ou spécialisation dans un sous-genre du rock. / Since the 1950’s, rock importantly diversified itself. It became a complex and heterogeneous cultural object. It is now hard to typify the genre as a strictly American or English production. Local and national scenes are effectively developping. Some of them even know international success and bring me to point two facts : 1) English language and culture are no longer the exclusive cultural references of rock production. New national identities now integrate it. 2) Nonetheless, rock aesthetic is still highly recognizable.The aim of this study is to analyse the articulation between rock aesthetic and national culture in the iconography of Finnish and German bands. I adopt a socio-semiotic methodology for analysis. This articulation is remarkable in imagery but also in music. It find its origins in a global social and cultural context, and also in the mutations of the musical industry.After this work, we can produce the following conclusions : 1) Firstly we can conclude that the evolutions of cultural industries and globalised culture toward multiculturalism favoured the developpment and the visibility of national rock scenes. Structuration of the musical economy played also an importantpart. Moroever, the phenomenon is not new. Effectively, the British rock scene is an early example of it since the 1960’s. 2) Then, the evolution and the diversification of rock aesthetic as a result of acculturation create good conditions for the emergence of new identities in rock music. We notice the use of different strategies to express the national in music, such as specialisation into a genre, musical innovation or inscription of music in the local cultural environment.

Parmi les désignations qui fleurissent dans la presse économique sous l’appellation attractive de « new business models », deux ont pour point commun de s’appuyer sur une logique de partage de biens : l’ « économie de (la) fonctionnalité » et l’ « économie collaborative ». Elles articulent l’exploitation d’innovations technologiques récentes avec l’évolution de pratiques sociales. Ces approches entendent tirer profit d’une transformation contemporaine des modes de consommation, caractérisée par une désacralisation du rôle accordé aux biens matériels.Notre axe de recherche questionne la construction et la signification de plusieurs modèles socio-économiques a priori tournés vers un développement durable. Bien que la multiplication des désignations sème le trouble dans leurs définitions, chacune d’entre elles peut être reliée à des réseaux d’acteurs distincts. Si les expressions « économie de fonctionnalité » et « économie de la fonctionnalité » ne se distinguent que par un déterminant, elles renvoient à deux approches en tension. De même, alors que le terme « économie collaborative » évoque au moment de son émergence la bannière « peer-to-peer », il se diffuse rapidement pour qualifier une forme de capitalisme connexionniste.Le déploiement des modèles étudiés permet de capter certaines transformations des représentations contemporaines. Le relatif succès des modèles est fonction de la correspondance des idéaux qui y sont attachés avec les faits socio-économiques éprouvés par les acteurs. Évolution des formes de travail, modification des contours de / Among the designations that flourish in the economic press through the attractive name of « new business models » (in English in the text), two of them are specifically based on property sharing : « functional economy » and « sharing economy ». They both connect technological innovations with the evolution of social practices. These approaches intend to take advantage of a contemporary transformation of consumption patterns, characterized by a desecration of the role given to material goods.Our research focuses on the construction and meaning of several socio-economic models, in principle aiming to foster sustainable development. Although the multiplication of designations muddles the definitions of the models, each of them is connected to its own network of actors. Even if the French translations for « functional economy », « économie de fonctionnalité » and « économie de la fonctionnalité », are distinguished only by a definite article, they refer to two contradictory approaches. Similarly, while the term « sharing economy » firstly evokes the « peer-to-peer » (in English in the text) banner, it rapidly spreads to describe a form of connexionist capitalism.The deployment of the studied models makes it possible to capture certain transformations of contemporary representations. The relative success of the models depends on the correspondence of the ideals attached to each of them and the socio-economic facts experienced by actors. Evolution of work, changes in the outlines of property or distrust towards the political class are revealed by the analysis of discourses related to our topics.

Thesis (Ph.D.(Curriculum Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Community education has driven change in societies for time immemorial. The successes of educational services in influencing socio-economic issues in societies across the globe are captured through empirical studies. There are community education services conducted in the Gravelotte community, but they seem not to address socio-economic needs. The level of illiteracy and joblessness is not abated. The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which community education services in the Gravelotte community influences socio-economic issues. Qualitative study approach was employed in the study to investigate the subject. The research paradigm engaged was Interpretive within a case study. I used three methods to collect data which were in-depth individual interviews, document analysis and participant observation. Ten participants were interviewed individually using open-ended interview guides. Minutes, journals and related documents were analysed for data triangulation. I participated and observed public meetings and stakeholders’ gatherings within the area under study. The study was conducted in the small semi-urban area of Gravelotte community in Ba-Phalaborwa municipality with a population of about 500 residents of mixed races. The sampling was done purposively as the participants were requested to respond to a matter relative within the community. The generated data was thematically analysed. I interpreted the data generated from informants to make conclusions on answering the main research question. The study brought forth the following findings. There is no secondary school in the Gravelotte community which is detrimental for socio economic development in the area. Community education programmes offered in Gravelotte have significant successes. Several graduates from the TVET college can find employment and some of them start their businesses. The ABET centre in Gravelotte Primary assists mine workers to earn better salaries. There is evidence of success in the education programmes provided in the Gravelotte community. However, the study discovered that the programmes were offered amidst challenges. Planning, participation and partnership were identified as obstacles to proper implementation of education programmes. The use of common planning to deal with educational goals is most required to enhance the success of educational programmes. There is an increased appreciation by the local community to participate in educational matters. Partnerships are being forged between the local community, the municipality and the mines to address the successful implementation of educational programmes. The study recommends that one primary school in the area be empowered to proceed to include a secondary school or provide education up to grade 9. Additionally, that more research is directed into the gap between provision and demand in the future such that the challenges can be extensively investigated. Likewise, that further researches be encouraged to investigate the ability of TVET colleges to collaborate with local communities with intent to find solutions on educational challenges. In conclusion, the study clearly outlines the effects that education has on the socio-economic issues within the Gravelotte community. There are diverse opinions that support each other in areas that are very important for socio-economic development

De nos jours, la durabilité des activités humaines devient une préoccupation majeure dans le monde entier. Il s’agit d’évaluer ces activités non seulement en matière d’efficacité et de productivité, mais aussi en ce qui concerne leurs durabilités économique, sociale, environnementale, etc. Pour cela, les experts de ces différents domaines doivent travailler en collaboration. Dans ce contexte, les sociétés humaines sont confrontées à plusieurs défis majeurs qui sont les suivants : (1) traiter de grandes quantités d’informations (« big data »), (2) évoluer dans un monde réel dynamique et imparfait, (3) prévoir et évaluer les états futurs de ses activités.Les recherches que nous avons menées dans cette thèse contribuent plus particulièrement au domaine de l’ingénierie des systèmes de décision en univers incertain. Nous prenons comme objet d'étude général le domaine des systèmes socio-environnementaux, et plus particulièrement le domaine pluridisciplinaire de l’agriculture. Nous proposons une approche systémique pour l’optimisation durable des systèmes socio-environnementaux : (1) la méta-modélisation des systèmes socio-environnementaux, (2) la représentation générique de l’imperfection des informations qui circulent dans ces systèmes, associée à un modèle de décision en contexte incertain et enfin (3) la simulation et l’évaluation de ces systèmes en environnement dynamique en vue de prises de décisions par des experts, que nous avons illustrée par un modèle d’architecture orientée services ainsi que des études de cas appliquées au domaine de l’agriculture. / Nowadays, the sustainability of human activities is a major worldwide concern. The challenge is to evaluate such activities not only in terms of efficiency and productivity, but also in terms of their economic, social, environmental, etc. durability. For this, the experts of these areas need to work collaboratively. In this context, human societies are facing several major challenges such as: (1) process a large amount of information whose volume increases exponentially (“big data”), (2) live in a both dynamic and imperfect real world, (3) predict and assess future states of its activities.The researches we have conducted in this thesis contribute in particular to the domain of decision systems engineering under uncertainty. We have chosen the field of general socio-environmental systems as subject of study, particularly the multidisciplinary field of agriculture. We propose a systemic approach for the sustainable optimization of socio-environmental systems: (1) the meta-modeling of socio-environmental systems, (2) the generic representation of data imperfection flowing in such systems, associated to a decision model in uncertain environment and finally (3) the simulation and the assessment of such systems in dynamic environment for the purpose of decision making by experts which we have illustrated by both a service-oriented architecture model and case studies applied to the agriculture domain.

[pt] Com uma crescente preocupação mundial com as emissões de gases de efeito estufa ( e seus impactos na saúde humana e no meio ambiente, o transporte passa a ser um tema central sendo responsável por 14 porcento das emissões humanas de GEE. A fim de construir resistência às mudanças climáticas os serviços de transporte devem não só se adaptar ao cenário atual, mas também agir rapidamente para evitar mudanças futuras. Mudanças profundamente enraizadas nos sistemas socio técnicos serão necessárias para alcançar uma redução significativa de CO 2 e garantir o bem estar das gerações futuras. Os objetivos deste estudo são ( alcançar uma visão abrangente do estado atual da mitigação de carbono no setor de transporte e ( contribuir para o cenário de sustentabilidade atual, aumentando a conscientização entre acadêmicos e profissionais. Isso é feito através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, com base nas teorias de transições socio técnicas e contingência, e por meio do desenvolvimento de uma calculadora de CO 2 Vinte e um artigos de revisão são selecionados para leitura de texto completo na área de emissões de carbono em transporte. Habilitadores, barreiras, benefícios, desvantagens e métricas sobre o tópico são identificados e um framework é construído Os resultados fornecem uma visão do cenário atual de sustentabilidade em transportes e permitem um melhor entendimento dos fatores que influenciam a redução de emissões de carbono retratados na literatura existente. Um aplicativo móvel iOS é desenvolvido para estimar as emissões de CO2. O aplicativo está disponível para download na App Store com o nome de Calculadora de Emissões de Carbono. Uma simulação de planejamento de cenário é oferecida, mostrando os usos potenciais do produto tecnológico. O software também será submetido a registro no instituto brasileiro do INPI. / [en] With a worldwide growing concern for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their impact on human health and the environment, transportation becomes a central theme in mitigation, being responsible for 14 percent of human GHG emissions. In order to build endurance to climate change, transportation services must not only adapt to the current scenario, but also act quickly to avert future changes. Deeply rooted changes in socio-technical systems will be necessary to achieve significant CO2 reduction and secure the wellbeing of future generations. The objectives of this study are to (1) achieve a comprehensive view of the current state of carbon mitigation in the transportation sector and (2) contribute to the current sustainability scenario by raising awareness among scholars and practitioners. This is done thorough a systematic literature review, engrained in the socio-technical transition theory and in the structural theory of contingency, and through the development of a CO2 calculator. Twenty-one review papers are selected for full-text examination in the area of carbon emissions in transportation. Enablers, barriers, benefits, disadvantages and metrics in carbon emissions reduction are identified and a comprehensive framework is built. Results provide a view of the current scenario of sustainability in transportation and allow a better understanding of the factors influencing carbon emission initiatives in transportation, as well as its outcomes. A mobile iOS app is developed to estimate CO2 emissions. The app is available for download at the App Store under the name of LogCO2: Carbon Emissions Calculator. A scenario planning simulation is offered, showing potential uses of the technological product. The software will also be submitted for registration at the Brazilian INPI institute.