Barn och unga på landsbygden tenderar att bli mer stillasittande än barn som växer upp i staden. Landsbygden besitter särskilda utmaningar som gör det svårt att få barn och unga att öka sina aktivitetsnivåer. I denna studie används intervjuer och dokumentanalys för att undersöka hur Uppsala kommun arbetar med att öka den fysiska aktiviteten bland barn och unga som växer upp på landsbygden. Utifrån den socio-ekologiska modellen skapas en förståelse för hur påverkansfaktorer för fysiska aktivitetsnivåer hänger samman med synen kring hur utmaningarna ska hanteras. Resultatet från studien visar att Uppsala kommun tar itu med utmaningarna på ett holistiskt sätt, med en övergripande syn på hela kommunen. Landsbygdens utmaningar tenderar således att hamna mellan stolarna där ansvaret att hantera dem förs över mellan olika aktörer. / Children and adolescents in rural areas tend to be more sedentary than children who grow up in the city. Rural areas have specific challenges that make it difficult to get children and adolescents to increase their physical activity. In this study, interviews and document analysis are used to investigate how the municipality of Uppsala works to increase physical activity among children and adolescents who grow up in rural areas. Based on the socio-ecological model, an understanding is created of how influencing factors for physical activity levels are connected with the view of how challenges should be handled. The results from the study show that the municipality of Uppsala works with the challenges from a municipal perspective, which creates problems when the countryside has its own challenges. The challenges of the countryside thus tend to fall through the cracks where the responsibility for handling them is shifted between different actors.

This thesis reflects on how to develop an African leadership that can contribute to the effective transformation of the African continent. After analysing the concept of leadership and categorising it for better understanding, the mission of the church as a developer of leaders par excellence has been examined and its potentials and limits assessed. Then, the thesis studied the specific extent of poor African leadership and its dire socio-political consequences in a sub-Saharan African country; so, the context of DR Congo was analysed. After that the contribution of the notion of African Renaissance to the whole debate of leadership development in Africa was assessed and the social, economic and political climate of the continent analysed. The poor and deficient African leadership has been identified as the main cause of rampant conflicts and wars, a slow economic development and lack of transformation in the continent. Given that church leadership seemed so poor and inefficient, the thesis has recommended that the African church needed primarily to transform its own leadership to be able to effectively develop transformational political leadership. The analysis of African institutions already involved in the development of an African leadership for socio-political transformation has shown that Christianising African leadership and socio-political institutions alone was not enough. So, the thesis has proposed a comprehensive socio-political discipleship for the transformation of both individuals and their communities. In a nutshell, the discipleship includes a socio-political intercession1, a four-dimensional discipleship, a socio-political psychotherapy and a church involvement project for socio-political transformation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology, with specialisation in Urban Ministry)

This thesis reflects on how to develop an African leadership that can contribute to the effective transformation of the African continent. After analysing the concept of leadership and categorising it for better understanding, the mission of the church as a developer of leaders par excellence has been examined and its potentials and limits assessed. Then, the thesis studied the specific extent of poor African leadership and its dire socio-political consequences in a sub-Saharan African country; so, the context of DR Congo was analysed. After that the contribution of the notion of African Renaissance to the whole debate of leadership development in Africa was assessed and the social, economic and political climate of the continent analysed. The poor and deficient African leadership has been identified as the main cause of rampant conflicts and wars, a slow economic development and lack of transformation in the continent. Given that church leadership seemed so poor and inefficient, the thesis has recommended that the African church needed primarily to transform its own leadership to be able to effectively develop transformational political leadership. The analysis of African institutions already involved in the development of an African leadership for socio-political transformation has shown that Christianising African leadership and socio-political institutions alone was not enough. So, the thesis has proposed a comprehensive socio-political discipleship for the transformation of both individuals and their communities. In a nutshell, the discipleship includes a socio-political intercession1, a four-dimensional discipleship, a socio-political psychotherapy and a church involvement project for socio-political transformation. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology, with specialisation in Urban Ministry)

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comparer les jurys criminels français et italien à travers une étude socio-anthropologique de la pratique judiciaire observable dans les cours d’assises. Il s’agit de rendre compte des différents aspects de l’expérience vécue par les jurés en étudiant minutieusement le rituel judiciaire ainsi que les interactions et relations qui se jouent entre les profanes et les professionnels de la justice le temps d’une session. Quels sont les résultats principaux qui émergent de la comparaison des jurys populaires français et italien ? Ils sont essentiellement de trois ordres. Premièrement, l’observation du « droit en mouvement » révèle que, malgré les similitudes des deux systèmes étudiés sur le plan théorique, la mise en œuvre pratique de la participation des citoyens au jugement des crimes est différente entre la France et l’Italie. Il est alors possible d’en détailler les mécanismes de fonctionnement au regard de la culture juridique de chacun des pays étudiés et en retour, les caractéristiques de chacun des jurys nous apportent des informations sur les mœurs démocratiques française et italienne. Deuxièmement, le jury populaire apparaît comme une « institution de sociabilité » pour les individus appelés à siéger temporairement à la cour d’assises. Cette dimension socialisante influence de manière décisive l’« expérience authentique » vécue par les jurés, et en fait une « expérience directe » de la souffrance d’autrui et du fonctionnement de la démocratie. Troisièmement, la comparaison des jurys criminels français et italien permet de rappeler la modernité et les enjeux actuels liés à la présence des profanes au sein de l’institution judiciaire. Le jury populaire peut être considéré comme une « institution bonne » capable à la fois de redonner de la crédibilité à l’institution judiciaire, de fournir aux acteurs professionnels la possibilité de « ré enchanter » leur quotidien, et enfin d’orchestrer une prise de conscience individuelle pour les jurés sur l’importance de leur participation pour le maintien du lien social. / The purpose of the research is to compare French and Italian juries through a socio-anthropological study of judicial practice in criminal courts. It reports on the different experiences of jurors by carefully studying court procedure, as well as the interactions and relations between laymen and legal professionals within a session.What are the main findings that emerge from comparing French and Italian juries? They can broadly be divided into three parts. Firstly, observation of "the law in motion" reveals that, despite the theoretical similarities between the two systems, the practicalities of involving citizens in judging crimes are different in France and Italy. It is then possible to examine the mechanics in view of the legal culture in both countries and, in return, the characteristics of their juries give us an insight into France and Italy’s democratic values. Secondly, juries appear to be a "socializing institution" for individuals who are required to attend court. This element of socialization has a decisive influence on the "authentic experience" of jurors, making it a "direct experience" of the suffering of others and the functioning of democracy. Thirdly, comparing French and Italian juries provides an opportunity to reflect on modern times and the current issues surrounding the presence of laymen within the judiciary. Juries may be seen as a "worthy" institution able to restore the credibility of the judicial system, stimulate legal professionals and raise individual awareness amongst jurors of the importance of their participation in maintaining social cohesion. / L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è di mettere a confronto la giuria popolare francese con quella italiana sviluppando uno studio socio-antropologico basato sulla pratica giudiziaria osservabile nelle corte d’assise. Si è cercato di mostrare le differenze nel modo di vivere l’esperienza di giurato osservando accuratamente, per ciascuno dei due contesti, il rituale giudiziario, le interazioni e le relazioni tra componenti laici e togati presenti durante una sessione. Quali sono i principali risultati che emergono del paragone delle giurie popolari francesi e italiane? Ne emergono soprattutto tre. Primo, sebbene ci siano delle somiglianze dell’impianto teorico su cui si fondano i due sistemi della giuria popolare, l’osservazione del “diritto in movimento” rivela quanto il loro funzionamento pratico sia diverso. Si descrivono nei dettagli i meccanismi del funzionamento della giuria popolare mettendoli in rapporto con la cultura giuridica di ogni paese mostrandoci, allo specchio, le caratteristiche dei loro costumi democratici. Secondo, la giuria popolare appare come un’“istituzione di sociabilità” per chi vi prende parte. La dimensione sociale influisce sull’“esperienza autentica” vissuta dai giurati agendo direttamente sul modo di percepire la sofferenza altrui e del funzionamento dei processi democratici. Terzo, il confronto tra giuria francese e italiana ci permette di porre l’accento sull’attuale modernità di questa istituzione e sulle sue implicazioni nella procedura penale. La giuria popolare può essere considerata come un’”istituzione buona” in grado di contribuire all’attendibilità del procedimento giuridico, di conferire autorevolezza alla pratica quotidiana dei magistrati togati e di indurre la consapevolezza, in ogni giudice popolare, dell’importanza della sua partecipazione attiva per il mantenimento del legame sociale.

Cette étude présente les résultats de la recherche la formation initiale d'enseignants dans une méthodologie à distance en Colombie à partir des changements dans les pratiques pédagogiques, et les médiations pédagogiques pendant les quinze dernières années de transition du siècle. L’étude est encadrée dans l’approche socio-historique de Lev Vygotsky, qui analyse le développement des processus psychologiques supérieurs qui favorisent l’apprentissage à partir de l’internalisation des pratiques sociales. Cette recherche de type qualitative et l’étude de cas multiple génèrent des résultats avec lesquels se caractérise ce qui serait un dispositif pédagogique pour l’amélioration de la qualité des programmes de formation initiale d'enseignants avec une méthodologie à distance. L’objectif principal est d’analyser la manière comme ils répondent à l’actuelle exigence socio-historique. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, il a été tenu compte l’expérience des institutions, des enseignants et des étudiants d’un échantillon de trois université qui ont une ample expérience, trajectoire, reconnaissance et couverture nationale dans la formation des enseignants en méthodologie à distance en Colombie.Nous avons trouvé que les ruptures viennent principalement des médiations de l’action tutorielle, le matériel didactique et l’évaluation de l’apprentissage. Par rapport à la caractérisation du dispositif trois dimensions se sont établies: 1) Macro: elle a une relation avec la politique publique éducative nationale; 2) Méso: implique directement les universités et son articulation académique et administrative; et, 3)Micro: elle concerne aux programmes de formation. / This study presents the finding of the research teachers' initial training formation in distance methodology in Colombia from the changes in the educational practices, and the educational mediations during the last fifteen years of transition of the century. The study is framedin the socio-historic approach of Lev Vygotsky, which analyzes the development of the superior psychological processes which favor learning from the insourcing of the social practices. This qualitative research, was developed under the approach of multiple case study to generate results in order to characterize what would be an educational device for the improvement of the quality of the programs of teachers' initial training in distance methodology.Its main objective is to analyze the way as they answer the current socio-historic requirement. To reach this goal, it was taken into account the experience of institutions, teachers and students of a sample of three universities who have wide experience, trajectory, national coverage and goodwill in the training of undergraduate teachers in distance methodology in Colombia.It was found that the breaks come mainly from mediations of the teaching and learning practices, the educational material, and the evaluation of the learning. With regard to the characterization of the device three dimensions were established: 1) Macro: it has a relation with the national educational public politics; 2) Meso: it has to do directly with universities and its academic and administrative organization; and 3) Micro: it concerns to the academic undergraduate programs. / Este estudio presenta los resultados de la investigación formación inicial de docentes en una metodología a distancia en Colombia a partir de los cambios en las prácticas pedagógicas, y las mediaciones pedagógicas durante los quince últimos años de transición del siglo. El estudio se enmarca en el enfoquesocio-histórico de Lev Vygotsky, que analiza el desarrollo de los procesos psicológicos superiores que favorecen el aprendizaje a partir del internalización de las prácticas sociales. Esta investigación cualitativa de estudio de caso múltiple genera hallazgos con los cuales se caracteriza lo que sería un dispositivo pedagógico para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los programas de formación inicial de profesores en metodología a distancia.El objetivo principal es analizar la manera la manera como responden a las exigencias del actual momento socio-histórico. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo, se tuvo en cuenta la experiencia de instituciones, profesores y estudiantes de una muestra de tres universidades que tienen amplia experiencia, trayectoria, reconocimiento y cobertura nacional en la formación de profesores en metodología a distancia en Colombia.Se encuentra que las rupturas principalmente han tenido lugar en las mediaciones, la acción tutorial, el material didáctico y la evaluación del aprendizaje. Con relación a la caracterización del dispositivo tres dimensiones se establecieron: 1) Macro: tiene relación con la política pública educativa nacional; 2) Méso: involucra directamente a las universidades y su articulación académica y administrativa; y, 3) Micro: concierne a los programas de formación.

Le tourisme durable, et les principes qui lui sont généralement associés, devient une préoccupation majeure non seulement au niveau mondial et national mais aussi local comme le montre le cas de Nha Trang, une destination balnéaire centenaire au Vietnam. Considéré comme un des centres touristiques majeurs du pays, Nha Trang connaît aujourd'hui des problèmes de durabilité touristique, en particulier d'un point de vue socioculturel : exode des îliens, manque de personnel compétent dans le tourisme, implication insuffisante des acteurs privés dans les politiques de développement touristique à Nha Trang, surexploitation de la baie de Nha Trang et diminution du nombre de touristes internationaux. Face à ces constatations, la question capitale pour nous est celle-ci : Peut-on considérer le développement touristique actuel à Nha Trang comme durable sous l'angle d'indicateurs socioculturels ? Autrement dit, est-ce qu'il permet de satisfaire les touristes, de préserver les ressources touristiques locales, de faire bénéficier du tourisme l'ensemble de la population locale et de faire participer tous les acteurs au processus de décision. L'objectif de ce travail est double. Il s'agit tout d'abord d'analyser le tourisme à Nha Trang sous l'angle d'indicateurs socioculturels. À l'issue de ce bilan, des propositions sont soumises afin de concilier deux dynamiques à priori contradictoires : le développement touristique d'une part, et la préservation du patrimoine culturel local, d'autre part. Afin de mener à bien ce travail, 901 questionnaires ont été menés auprès de résidents et de touristes à Nha Trang ainsi que 15 entrevues semi-dirigées auprès des autorités locales. Les résultats de ces enquêtes ont été complétés par une recherche ayant permis de contacter 137 entreprises touristiques à Nha Trang. Fort de ce travail, les résultats obtenus montrent d'abord que certains principes associés au tourisme durable d'un point de vue socioculturel ne sont pas suffisamment respectés à Nha Trang. Parmi eux, la préservation des ressources touristiques et culturelles est particulièrement préoccupante pour l'avenir. La stabilité des offres d'emplois et la répartition équitable des bénéfices issus de l'activité touristique constituent également un motif d'inquiétude, au même titre que le degré de participation des acteurs privés aux politiques touristiques. Enfin, malgré une relative satisfaction de touristes concernant le personnel travaillant dans le tourisme et la qualité de services offerte, le secteur touristique nécessite davantage de formations. Afin de rendre le tourisme de Nha Trang plus durable d'un point de vue socioculturel, notre proposition prioritaire réside en la mise en œuvre d'un plan d'aménagement touristique de Nha Trang, en équilibrant entre la terre et la mer, qui permettrait de diversifier les pratiques touristiques, de mettre en tourisme les ressources touristiques en arrière-pays, de faire participer davantage les résidents aux projets touristiques. Cette mise en œuvre est accompagnée par une gouvernance réellement opérationnelle entre résidents, acteurs privés et acteurs publics impliqués dans la sphère touristique. Cette solution viserait à accroître la participation des acteurs privés et à promulguer des politiques touristiques conciliant réellement développement touristique et préservation des ressources. / Sustainable tourism, and the principles with which it is generally associated, has become a major concern not only at global and national but also at local levels as in the case of Nha Trang, an age-old sea-swimming destination in Vietnam. Regarded as one of the leading tourist centers of the country, Nha Trang is now facing with problems of tourism sustainability, particularly from a socio-cultural viewpoint: the exodus of islanders, the shortage of competent personnel in tourism, insufficient involvement of private sectors in the policies for tourism development in Nha Trang, overexploitation of Nha Trang Bay and the decrease in the amount of international tourists. With this awareness, the main question for us would be: Can we consider the actual tourism development in Nha Trang as sustainable from a viewpoint of socio-cultural indicators? In other words, is it possible to satisfy tourists, preserve local tourist resources, help the local community benefit from tourism and get all the factors to participate in the decision-making process? This research presents a double objective. First of all, it is important to analyze tourism in from a point of view based on socio-cultural indicators. At the conclusion of this research, proposals are forwarded so as to compromise two apparently contradictory dynamics: tourism development on the one hand and the preservation of local cultural heritage on the other. With an aim at performing this task well, 901 questionnaires have been handed out to the residents and tourists in Nha Trang, as well as 15 interviews that have been carried out with local authorities. The results of these surveys have been obtained through a research allowed to contact 137 tourist enterprises in Nha Trang. Thanks to this, the results obtained show in the first place that some principles associated to sustainable tourism from a socio-cultural viewpoint are not sufficiently observed in Nha Trang. Among these, the preservation of tourist and cultural resources particularly present lots of concern for the future. All the same, recruitment stability and equitable distribution of benefits arising from tourist operations constitute a basis for worries, similarly to the degree of participation of private sectors in tourism policies. In sum, despite tourists' relative satisfaction concerning the staff now working in tourism and the quality of services offered, the tourism sector demands further training. In order to make Nha Trang's tourism more sustainable from a socio-cultural viewpoint, our prerequisite proposal is to put into operation a plan of renovating Nha Trang’s tourism, by bringing about a well-balanced relationship between the land and the sea, which will hopefully pave the way for diversifying tourist practices, making advantage of inland tourist resources in tourism, assisting the residents to participate further in tourism projects. This performance is accompanied with an operational governance among residents, private factors and public figures involved in the tourism sphere. This solution would aim at increasing the participation of the private sector and promulgating tourism policies, virtually compromising tourism development and preservation of resources.

[pt] Habilidades socioemocionais são compreendidas como habilidades referentes à regulação de pensamentos, emoções e comportamentos, dizendo respeito a como indivíduos gerenciam suas emoções, percebem-se e se relacionam com outros, influenciando assim uma ampla gama de aspectos pessoais e sociais ao longo da vida. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi construir uma escala de heterorrelato para avaliar habilidades socioemocionais em crianças entre 6 e 12 anos de idade, destinada aos pais, mães ou responsáveis. Como objetivo específico, foram investigadas evidências iniciais de validade baseada no conteúdo. Os itens do questionário foram desenvolvidos com base nas categorias de definições operacionais de sentimentos e comportamentos encontrados na literatura a respeito do construto, organizados a partir da taxonomia do modelo Big five. A escala de respostas é do tipo likert de sete pontos (concordância). Após sua construção, os itens foram avaliados por três pesquisadores com expertise com a estrutura trabalhada. Foram utilizados o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo para avaliar a qualidade e representatividade dos itens e o índice Kappa para avaliar a concordância entre os especialistas sobre os fatores dos itens. Além disso, foi realizada ainda a análise semântica dos itens com o público-alvo (dois pais, uma mãe e uma avó). Os resultados apontam uma adequada compreensão dos itens, indicando evidências de validade de conteúdo. Novos estudos deverão ser conduzidos para avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento com o objetivo de obter evidências de validade robustas. / [en] Socio-emotional skills are known as skills related to the regulation of thoughts, emotions and behaviors, concerning how individuals manage their emotions, perceive themselves and relate to others, thus influencing a wide range of personal and social aspects throughout a person s life. The objective of this study was to build a hetero-report scale to assess social-emotional skills in children aged from 6 to 12 years, aimed at fathers, mothers or guardians. As a specific objective, initial evidence of content-based validity was investigated. The questionnaire items were developed based on the categories of operational definitions of feelings and behaviors found in the literature regarding the construct, organized from the taxonomy of the Big five model. The response scale is a seven-point Likert scale (agreement). After its construction, the items were evaluated by three researchers who were familiar with the structure being worked on. The Content Validity Index was used to assess the quality and representativeness of the items and the Kappa index to assess the agreement between experts on the items factors. In addition, a semantic analysis of the items with the target audience (2 parents, 1 mother and 1 grandmother) was performed. The results point to an adequate under-standing of the items, indicating evidence of content validity. Further studies should be conducted to assess the instrument s psychometric properties in order to obtain robust validity evidence.

Today, sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 75% of the world population without access to electricity which corresponds to over 500 million people. One strategy to reduce this number and provide access to electricity for more people, is to install mini-grids. The installment of those is currently in progress in Kenya, and this study put focus on the socio-economic benefits families’ experiences when connecting to a mini-grid. By using a literature review to get a socio-technical perspective, and a case study to investigate the situation in the rural communities of Kenya, several findings were discovered. Some benefits identified are that people felt more included in the society by getting access to information (with radio or TV), a possibility to raise the household income (by starting a business using electricity), and a more favorable study environment at home (thanks to electric lights). This, (among other findings), were visualized using personas, to represent the inhabitants in the counties of interest. Lastly, a discussion about sustainable development is included to explain what it means on a bigger scale if households are electrified. / Idag lever 75 % av världens befolkning utan tillgång till elektricitet is subsahariska Afrika, vilket motsvarar över 500 miljoner människor. En strategi för att ge fler tillgång till elektricitet är att installera så kallade mini-grids. Flera projekt där sådana installeras finns i Kenya och denna studie har som mål att undersöka de socio-ekonomiska effekter som uppkommer när familjer ute på landsbygden börjar använda dessa småskaliga energidistribueringsstationer. En litteraturstudie gjordes för att få ett socio-tekniskt perspektiv på dessa system och efter det gjordes en fallstudie för att få en uppfattning om hur situationen med elektrifiering på landsbygden ser ut just nu. Resultatet blev att vissa av de familjer som valde att ansluta sig till ett fristående elnät kände sig mer inkluderade i samhället, eftersom de nu kan få information genom radio eller TV. Dessutom har de bättre möjligheter att höja sin inkomst genom att starta ett mikro-företag tack vare elektriciteten. En ytterligare upptäckt var att de som behöver studera hemifrån får lättare att göra just det tack vare elektrisk belysning inomhus. Dessa fördelar (bland andra) visualiserades med hjälp av personas, vilket är en grupp fiktiva karaktärer som representerar invånarna i de kommuner som var inkluderade i studien. Slutligen diskuterades relationen mellan de socio-ekonomiska fördelarna och en hållbar utveckling för att sätta fingret på hur samhällen kan bli mer hållbara, om tillgång till pålitlig eldistribution finns för invånarna.

Les stratégies de conservation de la nature évoluent de la protection stricte d'espaces isolés et dépourvus d'activités humaines, à l'intégration des enjeux de biodiversité dans le développement territorial. Ce changement de perspective, des aires protégées à la territorialisation de l'environnement, suppose de gérer la complexité et d'appréhender la nature collectivement et met l'accent sur les relations entre science, politique et société. Cette thèse, fondée sur une approche pluridisciplinaire, a eu pour objectif l'élaboration de recommandations pour répondre aux enjeux d'une conservation intégrée de la biodiversité. S'inscrivant dans le contexte de l'avènement des stratégies de réseau écologique en France, notre recherche porte à la fois sur les méthodes spatiales et sur les dispositifs socio-techniques en charge de planifier la conservation intégrée de la biodiversité. Chacune de ces parties a mené à des résultats et conclusions qui leur sont propres et a contribué à une réflexion plus globale sur le rôle de l'expertise technique pour répondre à ces nouveaux enjeux. Nous montrons comment une approche trop technique, centrée notamment sur la spatialisation du réseau écologique, tend non seulement à limiter le partage au sein du collectif et donc l'adhésion des acteurs mais aussi à fournir une vision réductrice et partielle des enjeux de conservation. A l'inverse, un positionnement de l'expertise en accompagnement du dialogue territorial favorise l'apprentissage social et aboutit à un cadre d'action publique qui intègre davantage les incertitudes et la complexité du vivant. Le processus participatif doit donc permettre d'opérer un glissement de l'expertise technique comme fondement de l'action publique à l'expertise collective qui assure l'intégration des savoirs et savoirs-faire de tous. Ainsi l'enjeu n'est pas celui du compromis entre science, technique et débat social mais plutôt celui de la gestion de leur interaction et de leur complémentarité. / Nature conservation strategies evolve from the strict protection of isolated and devoid of human activity spaces, to the integration of biodiversity issues in territory development. This change in perspective requires the development of a collective management of complexity and a collective conception of nature and highlights the developing relationship between science, policy and society.Based on a multidisciplinary approach, the objective of this thesis was the elaboration of recommendations for integrated conservation. In the context of the advent of ecological network strategies in France, our research concerns both the spatial methods and the socio-technical process which are in charge of the conservation planning. The analysis of these two issues has produced results pertinent to each theme and more general reflection concerning the role of technical expertise in the development of such new issues. We show how an overly technical approach, which notably aims to spatially identify the network, tends to limit the collective sharing of major issues and thus the adherence of the stakeholders to conservation goals, and also provide a reductive and partial vision of conservation issues. In contrast, a position of expertise which accompanies the dialogue on territory favors social learning and leads to a framework for public action which more fully integrates both the uncertainty and complexity of the natural world. The participative process could thus allow tfor a transition from technical to collective expertise as the foundation of public action, which ensures the inclusion of general knowledge and know-how. In this way, the issue is not of a compromise between science, technique and social debate, but of the way that they can complement each other through interaction and how this interaction may be conducted.

Den ojämlika dödligheten är en studie av främst hjärt–kärldödlighet avseende perioden 1950–2010 i tvillingstäderna Linköping och Norrköping och konsekvenserna av ojämlikhet. Skillnaderna mellan städerna i dödlighet är stora. Under 1970-talet, då jämlikheten stod i focus, minskade dessa. Efterhand som ekonomisk politik och samhällsvärderingar mera anpassades till en global monetaristisk politik ökade också den ojämlika dödligheten mellan städerna. Stora förändringar ägde rum inom respektive stad när det gäller hjärtdödligheten. Miljonprogramområdena i de båda städerna blev relativt sett fattigare och präglades allt mer av flyktinginvandring, samtidigt som städernas centra gentrifierades, inte minst i Linköping. Skillnaderna i dödlighet mellan ytterområdena och centrum ökade under 1990- och 2000-talen. Detta gäller i större utsträckning i Linköping än i Norrköping. Avhandlingen består av tre delar. I licentiatuppsatsen analyseras städernas utveckling från 1950-talet till 2006. Studien gör också ett försök att spåra orsaker till ohälsoskillnader och för tidig död. Artikel 1 handlar om vad som hände med folkhälsan på vägen från ett högindustriellt till ett postindustriellt samhälle. Ett särskilt focus har varit att studera skillnader i hjärtsjuklighet mellan olika stadsdelar i de bägge tvillingstäderna. I artikel 2 analyseras skillnader i hjärt–kärldödlighet på stadsdelsnivå under perioden 1976 till 2010. / Unequal Mortality is primarily a study of coronary heart disease mortality and its consequences during the period 1950–2010 in the twin cities Linköping and Norrköping. The difference in mortality between the two cities was great. During the 1970s, when there was a focus on equality, these differences declined. As economic policies and social values were adapted to a global monetary policy, inequality in mortality between the two cities increased. Large changes took place in the respective cities as far as mortality in coronary heart disease was concerned. In both cities the low cost housing projects became poorer and were increasingly influenced by the influx of refugees, at the same time that the city centres became gentrified, not least in Linköping. The differences in mortality between the out-lying areas and the city centres increased during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century. This is true to a greater extent in Linköping than in Norrköping. The dissertation consists of three parts. The licentiate thesis analyses the development of the cities from the 1950s until 2006. The study also attempts to trace the reasons for the differences in health and premature death. Article 1 deals with what happened on the way from a highly industrial to a post-industrial society. It has especially focused on studying the differences in coronary heart disease morbidity among various neighbourhoods in both the twin cities. Article 2 analyses differences in coronary heart disease mortality during the period from 1976 to 2010.