The efficacy of corrective feedback (CF) on writing for second language (L2) development has been much studied in applied linguistics since Truscott’s (1996) polemic against written CF. However, no clear picture of its effectiveness has emerged yet as empirical studies have reported conflicting findings. The majority of these studies are short-term studies focusing on the role of teacher-centered written CF from the cognitive perspective, and therefore the long-term developmental process, oral CF, and the role of the learner and learner affect in the feedback process have been under-explored. In addition, previous research has focused on English learners, and little is known about the impact of CF in writing on learners of non-European languages. In an attempt to address these research gaps, the present study, using sociocultural theory as its theoretical framework, investigated the long-term impact of Vygotskyan dialogic CF, an operationalization of CF as mediation in the learner’s zone of proximal development (Aljaafreh & Lantolf, 1994), on L2 Japanese writers’ linguistic and affective outcomes. To carry out this investigation, a year-long mixed-methods case study was conducted. Participants were two American undergraduate Japanese as a foreign language learners who were asked to produce personal writing and then participate in a face-to-face writing conference to receive dialogic CF from the researcher. Data included the two learners’ writing samples, interviews, audio-recordings of the writing conferences, and researcher field notes. Learners’ linguistic outcome was analyzed quantitatively using accuracy rates in writing and also qualitatively using genetic method (Vygotsky, 1978) to trace changes in the learner’s responsiveness to dialogic CF. Learners’ affective outcome was qualitatively analyzed using the interview data. The findings with respect to linguistic outcomes obtained from longitudinal data revealed the ‘wave-like’ characteristic of the nature of the L2 developmental process, which questions the common data interpretation equating the lack of short-term accuracy improvement with inefficacy of CF. The findings from the interview analysis showed that positive emotions were frequently engendered and the two learners frequently exercised their agency during dialogic CF writing conferences, which suggests that feedback process in L2 writing is not only a cognitive process but also an affective process.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / The study examines three emerging salient themes. Firstly, it highlights the current perception of informal learning in the workplace which has multiple definitions and descriptions. The second theme draws attention to the sociocultural structures and the impact on individual engagement in workplace learning. The last theme illustrates the potential of informal learning and how individuals and their learning environment at work cannot function independently. Employees no longer have time for the inefficiencies of the past, old-style training they want to be co-participants in learning not simply receivers (Cross, 2007).By diagnosing the current status of informal workplace learning, the research examines the employee engagement, the perceived factors that affect learning engagement and explores the links between informal workplace learning and the performance of the organisation. Against the background of informal learning in the workplace, a learning organisation has been characterised, as an organisation that has development in place that supports learning and recognises the value of learning and extends itself towards the enhancement of employee’s proficiency and transfer of learning to others (Berg & Chyung, 2008).

Common themes growing out of current research on community gardens center on issues in large urban areas including community-based responses to more healthful food options, local sustainability efforts, and combating urban crime. One area of research that is lacking is how sociocultural capital is generated in smaller metropolitan communities though community gardening. This thesis addresses this void as a means to begin understanding of how the sociocultural networks between community organizations and community gardeners form a symbiotic relationship of interconnected capital production within cities found in historically agrarian regions. This research includes a specific set of methods for investigating Fargo-Moorhead community gardens as places utilized for building sociocultural capital by providing gathering spaces, learning centers, food security, and social interactions. It sheds a new perspective on the intricate connections community gardening plays in the role of building sociocultural capital to aid in sustainability, particularly for, historically agrarian communities.

Languaging and translanguaging are very important concepts in science classrooms when considering their role as mediational tools for supporting emergent bilingual students' needs. Languaging, including translanguaging, has to do with how people perceive, connect, and understand the activities and utterances around them through verbal and non-verbal communication in any language. This study positions languaging and translanguaging as mediational tools that can be used for supporting the use of science terms and overcoming second language challenges with them. Emergent bilingual students can benefit from the implementation of languaging characteristics that promote classroom discourse spaces where all their repertoire for responding, and learning can occur. Using a sociocultural-ecological theoretical perspective and mediational analysis, this qualitative study provides descriptive evidence identifying important concepts and characteristics that emerged during languaging and translanguaging moments during naturally occurring classroom discourse among students and teacher. Findings demonstrated that when participants changed their participation and identity roles, extended their talk to negotiate meaning, used background knowledge, and applied language play with the scientific terms (i.e., biology vocabulary), it supported the participants in understanding and using those terms during biology lessons. This study discusses how the above language characteristics, as mediational means during languaging and translanguaging discourse, provided important paths for making meaning of scientific terms. Conclusions and implications include how lessons should provide spaces that welcome such characteristics for their meaningful roles in supporting emergent bilingual students.

Peer learning is a learning strategy that enables learners to interact with others and become active participants in their learning. To design peer learning activities, a model of peer learning is necessary to provide peers with guidance. However, previous models related to peer learning have not contained systematic strategies from diagnosis to evaluation. Scaffolding is an appropriate tactic for peer learning as it includes diagnosis, specific learning strategies, and assessment procedures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a model of peer learning that incorporates scaffolding strategies in order to provide a structure for designing and implementing effective peer learning, and to enhance peers' teaching skills and learners' capability to gain new knowledge. This study drew from design and development research, including model development and model revision. This process was arranged in four phases. The first phase comprised of an intensive literature review to identify related theories, the conceptualization of scaffolding, and the operationalization of scaffolding. In the second phase, the model of peer learning was developed based on the results of the literature review. The model was synthesized using the data from the literature review, which included the main elements and characteristics of scaffolding suitable for peer learning. An online education program was also developed to teach the steps in the model to peer tutors participating in a peer tutoring program, which is one type of peer learning, for the purposes of model validation. In the third phase, model validation through internal (expert review) and external (external validation interview for field evaluation) validation was implemented. Based on the outcomes of these model validation processes, in the fourth phase, guidelines for revisions were developed to improve the proposed model. This model exhibits a synthesis of scaffolding strategies that enhance peer learning, including related theories, the conceptualization of scaffolding, and the operationalization of scaffolding. This model consists of four steps: (a) knowing each other, (b) learning together, (c) checking what you learned, and (d) finalizing peer learning. According to the results of model validation using an online education program designed for peer tutors participating in a peer tutoring program, which is one type of peer learning, this model of peer learning was useful for peers in providing structure and guidance for the design of their peer learning activities and the selection of appropriate peer learning strategies for learners who had different backgrounds and skills. This model is also applicable to various subjects and fields. / Doctor of Philosophy / Peer learning is a learning strategy that enables learners to interact with others and become active participants in their learning. To design effective peer learning activities, a model of peer learning is necessary to provide peers with guidance. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a model of peer learning that incorporates scaffolding strategies in order to provide guidance for designing and implementing effective peer learning, and to enhance peers' teaching skills and learners' ability to gain new knowledge. This study was conducted through model development and model validation. For model development, previous research and books were reviewed to identify main elements of scaffolding such as related theories, the conceptualization of scaffolding, and the operationalization of scaffolding. Based on identified elements of scaffolding, the model of peer learning was developed. This model consists of four steps: (1) knowing each other, (2) learning together, (3) checking what you learned, and (4) finalizing peer learning. According to the results of model validation using an online education program designed for peer tutors participating in a peer tutoring program, which is one type of peer learning, this model of peer learning was useful for peers in providing guidance for the design of their peer learning activities and the selection of appropriate peer learning strategies for learners who had different backgrounds and skills. This model is also applicable to various subjects and fields.

The rising costs of attending college have students, families, and other stakeholders calling for evidence of gains that result from earning a degree (Burrows, 1999; Jongbloed, Enders and Salerno, 2008; Julian, 2012). They expect that graduates to achieve cognitive gains in communication, critical thinking, and the ability to work independently and in teams (SHEEO, 2005). Additionally, the global marketplace has created the need for graduates to achieve sociocultural gains; they need to understand different cultures and successfully interact with diverse peoples (Gurin, 1999; Leville, 2006). Research has shown that different experiences influence cognitive and sociocultural gains including student faculty interaction (SFI) and intergroup contact (IGC) (Cole, 2007; Kuh and Hu, 2001; Thompson, 2001; Umbach and Porter, 2002). However, cognitive and sociocultural gains have typically been explored independently. Moreover, researchers have not examined the demographic factors that, combined with SFI and IGC, promote such gains. The purpose of this study was to determine if SFI, IGC, and demographic factors (gender, race or academic major) explain variance in cognitive and sociocultural gains among college seniors. The sample included seniors who completed the College Student Experiences Questionnaire (CSEQ) Fourth edition. The results of the hierarchical linear regression revealed that SFI and IGC have a significant influence on both cognitive and sociocultural gains. However, the impact of these predictors is not experienced by every student uniformly; a student's sex, race and academic major matters. / Ph. D.

With over 1.5 million adults incarcerated each day in the United States, the development of successful criminal rehabilitation has now become imperative (Public Safety Performance Project, 2010). Higher education has emerged as a potential ‘solution’, with many undergraduate programmes for prisoners boasting lower rates of recidivism than any other rehabilitative programming available. This doctoral research is a mixed methods investigation of Hudson Link for Higher Education in Prison, an undergraduate degree programme operating at a maximum-security correctional facility in the New York State. While most work in the field of prison education asks whether or not participation reduces recidivism, my research set out to discover how students engage with the processes of education – how they use the tools offered by membership in the social world of the prison college to reframe their understanding of their own experiences, what it means for their identities to be college students in the larger context of the prison, and how education changes their day-to-day lives and their plans for the future. My understanding is informed primarily by student writing data, generated through the facilitation of autobiographical writing workshops with two groups of men from the programme. Over the course of two ten-week sessions, students in these workshops constructed narratives describing their experiences in education both before and during their prison terms. These narratives define education as experiences of learning – allowing for inclusion of those lessons taught by the family unit and/or “in the street” – rather than just those activities involving school. The workshop process allowed me to build and maintain a significant degree of participant trust, as well as to ask for more clarification and detail as necessary in order to build a rich and thorough understanding of their stories and experiences. This understanding was also supported by six months’ worth of ethnographic and participant observation data, and a quantitative profile of every student Hudson Link has served during its twelve years in operation. Data analysis using a cultural-historical framework reveals that these students make sense of their lives using tools offered to them by the figured world of the prison college. Reinterpreting past experiences allows them to come to terms with their lives before prison. Identity reconstruction is achieved through guided authoring of personal change narratives, incorporation of education into the sense of self, and discoursal practices of academic English. These constructions of identity are used to reclaim the sense of agency that prison is designed to take away, which in turn influences student and graduate behaviour.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto do curso de formacao para educadores sociais, tambem conhecido por Acoes Multiplicadoras: o museu e a inclusao sociocultural, uma das frentes de trabalho da Pinacoteca do Estado de Sao Paulo. A investigacao tem a intencao de esclarecer como as acoes educativas da Pinacoteca podem contribuir com o trabalho dos educadores sociais. Quais sao os ganhos e limites de sua intervencao? Elas auxiliam na inclusao e expansao do publico em vulnerabilidade social? Qual e a percepcao do educador social? Ao promover o encontro entre o publico em vulnerabilidade social e as obras de arte, acredita-se estar reduzindo a desigualdade do acesso aos bens e servicos culturais. Todavia, alguns autores criticam esse pensamento afirmando nao ser possivel criar um vinculo profundo e duradouro. A principal abordagem metodologica utilizada na pesquisa foi a qualitativa e para coletar os dados selecionamos os participantes do curso nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Nessa ocasiao, consideramos a observacao participativa, a aplicacao de questionario e a entrevista com a coordenadora do Programa de Inclusao Sociocultural - PISC. Atraves da observacao participante, verificou-se que o sentido do curso e ressignificado segundo a realidade e o esforco criativo do educador social, a quem ele contribui ampliando sua atuacao profissional. Ficou evidente tambem que o seu intuito e difundir as potencialidades do museu e acessibilizar instrumentos e recursos que podem ser usados em projetos socioeducativos. Mas no que tange ao desejo da instituicao por formar novos publicos, nao se pode contar nem com a consolidacao da parceria, e nem com a modificacao significativa do publico, ja que este tem pouca capacidade de criar habitos culturais duradouros / The aim of this work is to analyse the impact of the course for social educator formation, also known as Acoes Multiplicadoras; o museu e a inclusao sociocultural, one of the initiatives of the Sao Paulo State Pinacotheca. The investigation intents to understand how educational initiatives by the Pinacotheca may be an aid to the work of social educators. What are the gains and the limits of their intervention? Do these initiatives help in including and expanding the public under social vulnerability? What are the perceptions of the social educator? When trying to promote an encounter between the public under social vulnerability and the works of art, one believes that the inequality of the access to cultural assets and services is reduced. However, some authors criticise this point of view, by stating that it is not possible to create deep and lasting links. The present research used mainly a qualitative approach. In order to collect the data, I selected the participants of the course in the years 2012 and 2013. In this occasion, I engaged in a participative observation and applied forms. I also interviewed the coordinator of the Sociocultural Inclusion Program. Through participative observation, I verified that the meaning of the course is resignified according to the reality and the creative efforts of the social educator, who has in this way his or her professional activity enlarged. It became evident too that its goal is to take to the public the possibilities of the museum and to grant access to the instruments and resources that can be used in socioeducational projects. Yet, as regards the ambition of the institution to form new publics, it is not possible to assert either that the cooperation is consolidated or that the public has been substantially modified, once that the public does not have the capacity to create lasting habits

Esta pesquisa se fundamenta, principalmente, na pragmática sociocultural. Nessa perspectiva, a interpretação da cortesia e da descortesia deve ser realizada a partir de relações entre o linguístico e o sociocultural. Em consonância com essa perspectiva, esta tese objetiva verificar, de modo contrastivo, em corpus do espanhol argentino e do português brasileiro, como está formulado linguisticamente o ato de fala da crítica, quais as possibilidades de respostas a esse ato e quais os efeitos de (des)cortesia presentes nos intercâmbios analisados. Por fim, visa comparar, de modo breve, algumas análises com as percepções dos juízes (informantes) obtidas a partir do método de consulta (BRAVO, 2009). Nosso corpus argentino é formado por 15 cenas do filme FRANCIA (2009) e nosso corpus brasileiro é formado por 14 cenas do filme LINHA DE PASSE (2008). Nesses corpora, selecionamos o ato de fala da crítica em cenas ocorridas em dois âmbitos: o privado e o público. Nossa proposta metodológica é composta, basicamente, por quatro etapas. A primeira e a segunda consistem em analisar linguisticamente em cada corpus o ato de fala da crítica e suas reações a partir do cotexto e do contexto explicitados durante a análise, e a partir dessas trocas interpretar o efeito de (des)cortesia. A terceira etapa consiste em comparar nossa interpretação com a percepção de juízes (informantes) de cada língua, a partir de resultados do método de consulta. A última etapa consiste em tecer comparações entre o âmbito privado e público de cada idioma, para por fim, comentar diferenças e semelhanças entre os dois idiomas. Os resultados da comparação entre os âmbitos em cada idioma demonstram que não há diferenças significativas entre os âmbitos. Quanto aos tipos de críticas, percebemos que, mais do que a influência dos âmbitos, fatores como o grau de compromisso afetivo, a simetria ou assimetria na relação entre os interlocutores, o grau de problematicidade temática da interação, ou seja, da conflituosidade da interação e questões culturais são determinantes nas escolhas linguísticas dos falantes fictícios ao criticar. Acerca das reações, tanto no âmbito privado como no público, predominam as Defesas, dada a natureza ameaçadora do ato de fala da crítica. No que se refere à FRANCIA EA em comparação com LINHA DE PASSE PB, os resultados da análise linguística e sociocultural sinalizam que não há muitas diferenças no modo como argentinos e brasileiros formulam linguisticamente a crítica, mas há diferenças importantes no modo como ambas as nacionalidades reagem a esse ato de fala, diferenças essas, de modo geral, relacionadas às premissas culturais de cada comunidade de fala. / This research is mainly based upon sociocultural pragmatics. In this perspective, the interpretation of politeness and impoliteness has to be done from the relations between linguistic and socialcultural contexts. According to this view, this thesis aims at showing, in a contrastive way, in an Argentinian Spanish corpus and in a Brazilian Portuguese corpus, how speech acts about criticism are linguistically formulated, what the possible responses to these acts are and what (im)politeness effects are present in the analysed exchanges. At last, it focuses on briefly comparing some analyses with judges (informants) perceptions gotten by the consulting method (BRAVO, 2009). Our Argentinian corpus is composed by 15 scenes of the film FRANCIA (2009) and our Brazilian corpus consists of 14 scenes of the film LINHA DE PASSE. In these corpora we have selected speech acts about criticism in scenes that happened in two situations: privately and publicly. Our methodological proposal is basically composed by four phases. The first and the second ones consist of linguistically analysing in each corpus the speech acts about criticism and their reactions established in the co-text and set in the context during the analysis, and interpreting the effect of (im)politeness in these turn exchanges. The third phase consists of comparing our interpretation with judges (informants) perceptions in each language, considering the results from the consulting methods. The last phase consists of making comparisons between the private and the public contexts in each language in order to, at last, comment on differences and similarities between the two languages. The results in the comparison between the contexts in each language show that there are not significant differences in the contexts. As far as the types of criticism are concerned, we see that, more than the influence of the contexts, elements like the degree of affective commitment, the symmetry or asymmetry in the relation among speakers, the degree of theme problems in the interaction, that is, the conflicts in the interaction and the cultural issues are crucial in the linguistic choices the fictional speakers make when criticizing. About reactions, both in the private and in the public contexts, Defenses predominate, due to the threatening nature of the speech act of criticism. Particularly for FRANCIA EA (argentinian spanish) in comparison with LINHA DE PASSE PB (brasilian portuguese), the results of the linguistic and sociocultural analyses show that there are not many differences in the way Argentinians and Brazilians express criticism linguistically, but there are important differences in the way these peoples respond to this type of speech act, which, in general, are concerned with cultural premises specific to each speaking community.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto do curso de formacao para educadores sociais, tambem conhecido por Acoes Multiplicadoras: o museu e a inclusao sociocultural, uma das frentes de trabalho da Pinacoteca do Estado de Sao Paulo. A investigacao tem a intencao de esclarecer como as acoes educativas da Pinacoteca podem contribuir com o trabalho dos educadores sociais. Quais sao os ganhos e limites de sua intervencao? Elas auxiliam na inclusao e expansao do publico em vulnerabilidade social? Qual e a percepcao do educador social? Ao promover o encontro entre o publico em vulnerabilidade social e as obras de arte, acredita-se estar reduzindo a desigualdade do acesso aos bens e servicos culturais. Todavia, alguns autores criticam esse pensamento afirmando nao ser possivel criar um vinculo profundo e duradouro. A principal abordagem metodologica utilizada na pesquisa foi a qualitativa e para coletar os dados selecionamos os participantes do curso nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Nessa ocasiao, consideramos a observacao participativa, a aplicacao de questionario e a entrevista com a coordenadora do Programa de Inclusao Sociocultural - PISC. Atraves da observacao participante, verificou-se que o sentido do curso e ressignificado segundo a realidade e o esforco criativo do educador social, a quem ele contribui ampliando sua atuacao profissional. Ficou evidente tambem que o seu intuito e difundir as potencialidades do museu e acessibilizar instrumentos e recursos que podem ser usados em projetos socioeducativos. Mas no que tange ao desejo da instituicao por formar novos publicos, nao se pode contar nem com a consolidacao da parceria, e nem com a modificacao significativa do publico, ja que este tem pouca capacidade de criar habitos culturais duradouros / The aim of this work is to analyse the impact of the course for social educator formation, also known as Acoes Multiplicadoras; o museu e a inclusao sociocultural, one of the initiatives of the Sao Paulo State Pinacotheca. The investigation intents to understand how educational initiatives by the Pinacotheca may be an aid to the work of social educators. What are the gains and the limits of their intervention? Do these initiatives help in including and expanding the public under social vulnerability? What are the perceptions of the social educator? When trying to promote an encounter between the public under social vulnerability and the works of art, one believes that the inequality of the access to cultural assets and services is reduced. However, some authors criticise this point of view, by stating that it is not possible to create deep and lasting links. The present research used mainly a qualitative approach. In order to collect the data, I selected the participants of the course in the years 2012 and 2013. In this occasion, I engaged in a participative observation and applied forms. I also interviewed the coordinator of the Sociocultural Inclusion Program. Through participative observation, I verified that the meaning of the course is resignified according to the reality and the creative efforts of the social educator, who has in this way his or her professional activity enlarged. It became evident too that its goal is to take to the public the possibilities of the museum and to grant access to the instruments and resources that can be used in socioeducational projects. Yet, as regards the ambition of the institution to form new publics, it is not possible to assert either that the cooperation is consolidated or that the public has been substantially modified, once that the public does not have the capacity to create lasting habits