Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe analisar a seguinte questão: saber em que medida o habitus mostra ser um conceito relevante para as principais teorias sobre o conhecimento científico e tentar detectar quais são os fatores prováveis de sua omissão nas pesquisas em filosofia da ciência. No intuito de estudar a concepção de habitus científico e seus desdobramentos na história da filosofia, selecionei cinco pensadores consagrados que tratam do tema: Inicio com Aristóteles e sua teoria da hexis demonstrativa, passo ao estudo da negação do habitus científico na filosofia de Descartes; estudo a seguir, a posição de Hume que atribuía ao hábito à possibilidade de justificação do conhecimento científico; passo então pelas críticas de Kant à teoria humeana do hábito e, por fim, analiso as teorias contemporâneas sobre o conceito de habitus na sociologia da ciência de Pierre Bourdieu. / This master dissertation proposes to analyzes the following question: In what measure the concept of habitus is relevant the main theories of scientific knowledge and try to detect which are probable factors involved in its omission from philosophy of science´s researches. In order to study the conception of scientific habitus and its developments in the history of philosophy, I selected five philosophers which treat: I begin with Aristotle and its theorie of demonstrative hexis; I pass to the study of Descartes denial of a scientific habitus; I study Hume position, that attributed to habitus the possibility of justifying scientific knowledge; I pass through Kant´s critiques Hume´s of habit and finally I analyse the contemporary theories about the concept of habitus in Pierre Bourdieu\'s sociology of science.

Nesta dissertação analisamos as posturas epistemológicas de Mário Schenberg em duas obras de juventude, no artigo Princípios de mecânica publicado em 1934 pela Revista Polytechnica, e sua tese de cátedra, também intitulada Princípios de mecânica, defendida em 1944. Tais obras, por tratarem do mesmo tema e possuírem partes homólogas, permitiram caracterizar a movimentação da postura epistemológica do jovem Schenberg já na primeira década de sua vida como estudante e pesquisador. A análise das obras nos permitiu caracterizar uma mudança na postura epistemológica de Schenberg, indo de uma postura epistemológicas predominantemente indutivista a uma postura epistemológica predominantemente construtivista. Estabelecemos, também, as conexões entre os elementos epistemológicos que aparecem nas obras analisadas e os elementos epistemológicos que aparecem nas obras de outros autores que Schenberg utiliza como referência em seus trabalhos, de modo a estabelecer pontos de referência em relação aos quais indicamos como se transformou sua ideia de teoria física, se afastando das ideias epistemológicas de Pierre Duhem e se aproximando das ideias epistemológicas de Heinrich Hertz. Para além da análise mais interna das obras, utilizamos aspectos da sociologia da ciência de Pierre Bourdieu para procurar compreender como os discursos epistemológicos se relacionam com os contextos científicos para os quais as obras se dirigem e nos quais as ideias se formam, agem e se modificam. Concluímos que a visão de Schenberg a respeito da teoria física se modifica à medida que se modifica o contexto científico no qual Schenberg está inserido, contexto esse em que a hegemonia do regime utilitário de produção e circulação de conhecimento físico, representado pelas escolas politécnicas brasileiras do início do século XX, é colocada em xeque pelo regime disciplinar de produção e circulação de conhecimento físico, representado pelas seções de Física das universidades criadas nos anos 1930. / In this dissertation, we analyze Mario Schenberg\'s epistemological stances in two of his early works - in the article Principles of Mechanics, published in 1934 in Revista Polytechnica, and in his thesis, also entitled Principles of Mechanics, written in 1944. The fact that these works deal with the same subject, and have homologous parts, made it possible to characterize the movements in Mario Schenberg\'s early epistemological stances in the first decade of his life as a student and researcher. The analysis of these works allowed us to characterize a shift in Schenberg\'s epistemological stance, departing from a predominantly inductivist stance towards a predominantly constructivist one. Furthermore, we have established the connections between the epistemological elements that appear in the works of other authors whom Schenberg uses as reference in his own works, so as to establish landmarks in relation to which we show how Schenberg\'s idea of physics theory changed, distancing himself from the epistemological ideas of Pierre Duhem, while moving closer to the ideas of Heinrich Hertz. Besides an internal analysis of the works, we make use of aspects of Pierre Bourdieu\'s sociology of science in order to try to understand how these epistemological discourses are related to the scientific contexts towards which these works are directed, and in which ideas are formed, operate, and are modified. We conclude that Schenberg\'s take on physics theory changes as the scientific context in which he is immerse, a context in which the hegemony of the utilitarian regime of production and circulation of knowledge in physics, represented by the Brazilian polytechnical schools of the early 20th century, is challenged by the disciplinary regimen of production and circulation of knowledge in physics represented by the departments of physics of the universities created in the 1930\'s.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo entender as diferentes dinâmicas estabelecidas entre contracultura, economia e ciência a partir da noção de matriz de entrelaçamento. A empresa Google Inc e o objeto que melhor permite analisar as zonas fronteiriças que entrelaçam esses três elementos, preservando seus referentes e suas fronteiras.Assim este e um trabalho que tenta explorar por meio de quais processos as praticas e valores da contracultura e da produção de conhecimento científico que, ao mesmo tempo em que não eram frontalmente anti-mercado, mas que inicialmente não estavam subordinadas à produção capitalista, acabam muitas vezes se impondo aos objetivos de mercado, à forma de produção de conhecimento do capitalismo flexível, por provarem sua eficiência tecnica e sucesso comercial. Irei me referir a esses três elementos dentro de uma perspectiva dos regimes, que estabelece que cada regime tem sua base histórica, possui sua própria divisão de trabalho, seus próprios modos de produção cognitiva e de artefatos e tem audiências específicas. / This research aims to understand the different dynamics between established counterculture, economics and science from the notion of entanglement matrix. The company Google Inc. is therefore the best subject for an analysis of edge cases that intertwine these three elements, preserving their referents and their boundaries. In this manner, this research attempts to explore which processes the practices and values of counterculture and the production of scientific knowledge that, while they were not outright anti-market, but initially were not subordinated to capitalist production, often end up imposing marketing objectives, influencing the production of knowledge in a flexible capitalism for proving its technical efficiency and \"commercial\" success. I will refer to these three elements within a perspective of the regimes, which states that each regime has its historical basis, has its own division of labor, their own modes of cognitive production and has specific audiences.

This research investigates the complexities of artistic authorship under the production conditions of the web. It is driven by a fascination with the possibilities of expanding the authorial sphere of the artwork to include the productive capacities of other subjectivities, entities and processes. I offer the neologism ‘extra-subjectivity’ to reflect on this emerging form of production, in which the ultimate manifestation of the artwork often exceeds the author’s intentions. As well as the written thesis, it comprises seven artworks that represent a distinctive approach characterized by playfulness, humour and the use of generative computational processes. Several early works explore my authorial agency in relation to algorithmically generated variations of texts, including William Blake’s poem The Fly and the song Puff the Magic Dragon. Later, algorithmic generation is combined with the appropriation of content shared on social media, as in Infinite Violets, which displays variations of a Shakespearean verse along with images from Flickr. I draw on digital sociological methods to create a hybrid approach in which the web is understood as an evolving medium made up of digital objects and devices that can be repurposed for art practice. This approach underpins 'Flickr Nude or Noodle Descending a Staircase', which uses images programmatically accessed through Flickr’s application programming interface to remake a Marcel Duchamp painting for the web. 'Selfie Portrait' displays Instagram photographs tagged with ‘Selfie’ alongside users’ biographical information, which drives the ‘Copyright Episode’, an extended account of the legal contexts surrounding web-based art practices. Here, I demonstrate how such practices are entangled socially, ethically and legally with the distinct production conditions of the web. I argue that authorship is a question of responsibility as well as ‘ownership’, which is why ethics are as important as the law.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo entender as diferentes dinâmicas estabelecidas entre contracultura, economia e ciência a partir da noção de matriz de entrelaçamento. A empresa Google Inc e o objeto que melhor permite analisar as zonas fronteiriças que entrelaçam esses três elementos, preservando seus referentes e suas fronteiras.Assim este e um trabalho que tenta explorar por meio de quais processos as praticas e valores da contracultura e da produção de conhecimento científico que, ao mesmo tempo em que não eram frontalmente anti-mercado, mas que inicialmente não estavam subordinadas à produção capitalista, acabam muitas vezes se impondo aos objetivos de mercado, à forma de produção de conhecimento do capitalismo flexível, por provarem sua eficiência tecnica e sucesso comercial. Irei me referir a esses três elementos dentro de uma perspectiva dos regimes, que estabelece que cada regime tem sua base histórica, possui sua própria divisão de trabalho, seus próprios modos de produção cognitiva e de artefatos e tem audiências específicas. / This research aims to understand the different dynamics between established counterculture, economics and science from the notion of entanglement matrix. The company Google Inc. is therefore the best subject for an analysis of edge cases that intertwine these three elements, preserving their referents and their boundaries. In this manner, this research attempts to explore which processes the practices and values of counterculture and the production of scientific knowledge that, while they were not outright anti-market, but initially were not subordinated to capitalist production, often end up imposing marketing objectives, influencing the production of knowledge in a flexible capitalism for proving its technical efficiency and \"commercial\" success. I will refer to these three elements within a perspective of the regimes, which states that each regime has its historical basis, has its own division of labor, their own modes of cognitive production and has specific audiences.

Nesta dissertação analisamos as posturas epistemológicas de Mário Schenberg em duas obras de juventude, no artigo Princípios de mecânica publicado em 1934 pela Revista Polytechnica, e sua tese de cátedra, também intitulada Princípios de mecânica, defendida em 1944. Tais obras, por tratarem do mesmo tema e possuírem partes homólogas, permitiram caracterizar a movimentação da postura epistemológica do jovem Schenberg já na primeira década de sua vida como estudante e pesquisador. A análise das obras nos permitiu caracterizar uma mudança na postura epistemológica de Schenberg, indo de uma postura epistemológicas predominantemente indutivista a uma postura epistemológica predominantemente construtivista. Estabelecemos, também, as conexões entre os elementos epistemológicos que aparecem nas obras analisadas e os elementos epistemológicos que aparecem nas obras de outros autores que Schenberg utiliza como referência em seus trabalhos, de modo a estabelecer pontos de referência em relação aos quais indicamos como se transformou sua ideia de teoria física, se afastando das ideias epistemológicas de Pierre Duhem e se aproximando das ideias epistemológicas de Heinrich Hertz. Para além da análise mais interna das obras, utilizamos aspectos da sociologia da ciência de Pierre Bourdieu para procurar compreender como os discursos epistemológicos se relacionam com os contextos científicos para os quais as obras se dirigem e nos quais as ideias se formam, agem e se modificam. Concluímos que a visão de Schenberg a respeito da teoria física se modifica à medida que se modifica o contexto científico no qual Schenberg está inserido, contexto esse em que a hegemonia do regime utilitário de produção e circulação de conhecimento físico, representado pelas escolas politécnicas brasileiras do início do século XX, é colocada em xeque pelo regime disciplinar de produção e circulação de conhecimento físico, representado pelas seções de Física das universidades criadas nos anos 1930. / In this dissertation, we analyze Mario Schenberg\'s epistemological stances in two of his early works - in the article Principles of Mechanics, published in 1934 in Revista Polytechnica, and in his thesis, also entitled Principles of Mechanics, written in 1944. The fact that these works deal with the same subject, and have homologous parts, made it possible to characterize the movements in Mario Schenberg\'s early epistemological stances in the first decade of his life as a student and researcher. The analysis of these works allowed us to characterize a shift in Schenberg\'s epistemological stance, departing from a predominantly inductivist stance towards a predominantly constructivist one. Furthermore, we have established the connections between the epistemological elements that appear in the works of other authors whom Schenberg uses as reference in his own works, so as to establish landmarks in relation to which we show how Schenberg\'s idea of physics theory changed, distancing himself from the epistemological ideas of Pierre Duhem, while moving closer to the ideas of Heinrich Hertz. Besides an internal analysis of the works, we make use of aspects of Pierre Bourdieu\'s sociology of science in order to try to understand how these epistemological discourses are related to the scientific contexts towards which these works are directed, and in which ideas are formed, operate, and are modified. We conclude that Schenberg\'s take on physics theory changes as the scientific context in which he is immerse, a context in which the hegemony of the utilitarian regime of production and circulation of knowledge in physics, represented by the Brazilian polytechnical schools of the early 20th century, is challenged by the disciplinary regimen of production and circulation of knowledge in physics represented by the departments of physics of the universities created in the 1930\'s.

<p>This thesis is an exploration into the socialization of researchers as it takes place in various research practices. Using a lifeworld-perspective, a qualitative interview-study with doctoral students from different academic milieus is conducted. The organizational context of the study is the academic department as it is experienced, apprehended and constructed by the doctoral student.</p><p>The “societal” context is described and discussed in a brief analytical exposé of Swedish science policy in the last decade of the twentieth century. Questioning the political reliance on a systems-perspective, and the shortcomings of system theory for the understanding of research practices in different academic milieus, a lifeworld-theoretical turn is suggested.</p><p>A lifeworld-perspective is formulated in a meta-theoretical discussion focusing on the concepts of <i>practice</i>, <i>time</i> and <i>language</i>. Jürgen Habermas’ critique of phenomenological lifeworld-perspectives is the point of departure and theoretical inputs are derived from the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of scientific knowledge and phenomenological sociology. The solution is found in an integrative model of socialization as continual synchronization of subjective systems of coordinates and socio-cultural networks. Mediating between subjective consciousness and inter-subjective knowledge is language, and this is manifested in concrete practices observed in “real-time”.</p><p>The empirical study reveals some influences of the system on the lifeworld. “Inside” the lifeworld, however, the interviewees mostly use their departments as frames of reference in their descriptions and discussions. A more elaborate exploration of the life-world results in an understanding of socialization in terms of <i>positioning</i>. This concept denotes the ways in which the interviewees describe themselves, their socio-cultural surroundings and themselves in relation to these milieus. At any given moment, positioning can be understood as a “co-construction” of subjective position and socio-cultural milieu. Positioning is thereby the empirical correlate to synchronization, and socialization can be “read off” from the ways in which doctoral students position themselves “here and now”. Problematic, though, is that “doctoral student”, and especially “female doctoral student”, are found to be vague and vulnerable categories with no clear meanings for the socialised nor for the socio-cultural environment. In a more speculative manner, these difficulties of positioning are put in relation to “scientist” as a vague category. If “scientist” cannot be defined, how then can we know what “scientists in the making” are?</p><p>This thesis offers an insight into the plural “realities” of doctoral students in different academic milieus. It offers a lifeworld-perspective on socialization and is thereby relevant for discussions of post-graduate education among scholars as well as among policy makers.</p>

<p>The background of the project is partly found in a long tradition within library and information science (LIS) of meta-analyses on the field, partly in a science studies discussion on research fields and their contextual relation to wider academia, fields of professional</p><p>practices and professionalization processes. The general purpose of the project is to analyze the social and intellectual development and organization of LIS; and to investigate the impact of the close relation to the practice field, as well as the relation to the academic world in general. Based on the general purpose of the project and results and interpretations of the four articles attached to the thesis, three questions were stated for discussion in the thesis proper, concerning: the effects of a dual origin and LIS as a discipline, a field of research and a field of practice, the purpose of meta-studies and implications in terms of identity and perception of LIS; and competition and cooperation with other fields of research. Because of the heterogeneous nature of LIS, a variety of methods and materials was used in the different articles; and methodological issues on limits and bias in bibliographic databases – and the implications on the perception of research areas with varying publication and citation behaviour – were discussed. The analyses were performed against a theoretical framework, providing key organizational characteristics of scientific fields, relating to social, intellectual and contextual aspects, in combination with theories on scientific and disciplinary development, professionalization and interdisciplinarity; but also, for analytical contrast: alternate theories on the development of the sciences since 1945. LIS shows two distinct paths of development: research areas developing out of other fields of research; and a disciplinary development originating out of the field of practice and institutions for educating practitioners. Analyzing meta-studies of LIS, the picture of a field with a vague identity and a diverse self-understanding, even in terms of core characteristics, emerges. The relation to the wider academic community is characterized by diffuse boundaries towards, and competition from, other fields of research. In general, LIS is a fragmented field with a multitude of wildly varying research areas; and with large variations in terms of organizational setting; which together with a vague identity and diffuse boundaries, as well as the close connections to the field of practice, might contribute towards explaining problems LIS have been experiencing, establishing itself in academia. However, there are also signs towards an integration of a number of LIS research areas, as well as an increase in interdisciplinary cooperation, contradicting theories suggesting a further fragmentation; and supporting ideas on the sciences developing towards e.g. interdisciplinarity and applicability of results.</p>

This thesis is an exploration into the socialization of researchers as it takes place in various research practices. Using a lifeworld-perspective, a qualitative interview-study with doctoral students from different academic milieus is conducted. The organizational context of the study is the academic department as it is experienced, apprehended and constructed by the doctoral student. The “societal” context is described and discussed in a brief analytical exposé of Swedish science policy in the last decade of the twentieth century. Questioning the political reliance on a systems-perspective, and the shortcomings of system theory for the understanding of research practices in different academic milieus, a lifeworld-theoretical turn is suggested. A lifeworld-perspective is formulated in a meta-theoretical discussion focusing on the concepts of practice, time and language. Jürgen Habermas’ critique of phenomenological lifeworld-perspectives is the point of departure and theoretical inputs are derived from the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of scientific knowledge and phenomenological sociology. The solution is found in an integrative model of socialization as continual synchronization of subjective systems of coordinates and socio-cultural networks. Mediating between subjective consciousness and inter-subjective knowledge is language, and this is manifested in concrete practices observed in “real-time”. The empirical study reveals some influences of the system on the lifeworld. “Inside” the lifeworld, however, the interviewees mostly use their departments as frames of reference in their descriptions and discussions. A more elaborate exploration of the life-world results in an understanding of socialization in terms of positioning. This concept denotes the ways in which the interviewees describe themselves, their socio-cultural surroundings and themselves in relation to these milieus. At any given moment, positioning can be understood as a “co-construction” of subjective position and socio-cultural milieu. Positioning is thereby the empirical correlate to synchronization, and socialization can be “read off” from the ways in which doctoral students position themselves “here and now”. Problematic, though, is that “doctoral student”, and especially “female doctoral student”, are found to be vague and vulnerable categories with no clear meanings for the socialised nor for the socio-cultural environment. In a more speculative manner, these difficulties of positioning are put in relation to “scientist” as a vague category. If “scientist” cannot be defined, how then can we know what “scientists in the making” are? This thesis offers an insight into the plural “realities” of doctoral students in different academic milieus. It offers a lifeworld-perspective on socialization and is thereby relevant for discussions of post-graduate education among scholars as well as among policy makers.

The background of the project is partly found in a long tradition within library and information science (LIS) of meta-analyses on the field, partly in a science studies discussion on research fields and their contextual relation to wider academia, fields of professional practices and professionalization processes. The general purpose of the project is to analyze the social and intellectual development and organization of LIS; and to investigate the impact of the close relation to the practice field, as well as the relation to the academic world in general. Based on the general purpose of the project and results and interpretations of the four articles attached to the thesis, three questions were stated for discussion in the thesis proper, concerning: the effects of a dual origin and LIS as a discipline, a field of research and a field of practice, the purpose of meta-studies and implications in terms of identity and perception of LIS; and competition and cooperation with other fields of research. Because of the heterogeneous nature of LIS, a variety of methods and materials was used in the different articles; and methodological issues on limits and bias in bibliographic databases – and the implications on the perception of research areas with varying publication and citation behaviour – were discussed. The analyses were performed against a theoretical framework, providing key organizational characteristics of scientific fields, relating to social, intellectual and contextual aspects, in combination with theories on scientific and disciplinary development, professionalization and interdisciplinarity; but also, for analytical contrast: alternate theories on the development of the sciences since 1945. LIS shows two distinct paths of development: research areas developing out of other fields of research; and a disciplinary development originating out of the field of practice and institutions for educating practitioners. Analyzing meta-studies of LIS, the picture of a field with a vague identity and a diverse self-understanding, even in terms of core characteristics, emerges. The relation to the wider academic community is characterized by diffuse boundaries towards, and competition from, other fields of research. In general, LIS is a fragmented field with a multitude of wildly varying research areas; and with large variations in terms of organizational setting; which together with a vague identity and diffuse boundaries, as well as the close connections to the field of practice, might contribute towards explaining problems LIS have been experiencing, establishing itself in academia. However, there are also signs towards an integration of a number of LIS research areas, as well as an increase in interdisciplinary cooperation, contradicting theories suggesting a further fragmentation; and supporting ideas on the sciences developing towards e.g. interdisciplinarity and applicability of results.