Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-02T15:22:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jaqueline Evangelista Costa Bezerra - 2015.pdf: 7466332 bytes, checksum: edc3cbe3c99471a17023acf2ede3160b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T13:04:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jaqueline Evangelista Costa Bezerra - 2015.pdf: 7466332 bytes, checksum: edc3cbe3c99471a17023acf2ede3160b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T13:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jaqueline Evangelista Costa Bezerra - 2015.pdf: 7466332 bytes, checksum: edc3cbe3c99471a17023acf2ede3160b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-09 / Although the literature evidence the importance of using heated solution to clean injuries while doing a curative, there is not a safe and accessible procedure to heat solutions for this purpose yet. Objective: Test the efficiency of equipment produced to heat saline solution applied to treat injuries at ambulatory of curative; identify the time to cold the heated saline solution when exposed to the environmental temperature. Objective: Test the efficiency of equipment produced to heat saline solution applied to treat injuries at ambulatory of curative; identify the time to cold the heated saline solution when exposed to the environmental temperature. Method: Experimental study of technological innovation accomplished in three stages: the prototype development; efficiency test of heating saline solution flacons; instruction of the using time of the heated solutions. Result: It was developed three prototypes: one of heating by means of Peltier cells, other one of heating by resistance and another one by electromagnetic irradiation, with different results regarding the efficiency.The time of cooling varied from 3 to 35 minutes, depending on the inicial heating,the size of the flacon and the type of wrapper Conclusion: The prototype that best complied with the purpose of safe heating of the solutions was the adapted microwave by reverse engineering, from parameters of standardization created at this research. The prototype was efficient to heat flacons except the 100-ml -tough wrapper flacon which did not reach the expected temperature, however it does not derail its use at wounds treatment. The heated solutions presented time of use differed in relation to the volume of the flacons. At clinical practice can be recommended the use of the flacons of 100 ml to 250 ml per 10 minutes ( except the 100- ml- tough flacon, which is 3 minutes) and of 20 minutes for larger flacons. / Embora a literatura evidencie a importância de usar solução aquecida para a limpeza de feridas durante a realização de curativo, ainda não existe um procedimento seguro e acessível para o aquecimento de soluções com essa finalidade. Objetivos: Testar a eficácia de equipamentos produzidos para aquecer soro fisiológico destinado ao tratamento de feridas em ambulatório de curativos; identificar o tempo para o resfriamento do soro fisiológico aquecido, quando exposto à temperatura ambiente. Método: Estudo experimental de inovação tecnológica realizado em três etapas: desenvolvimento de protótipo; teste de eficácia para aquecimento de frascos de soro fisiológico; determinação do tempo de usabilidade das soluções aquecidas. Resultado: Desenvolveram-se três protótipos: um de aquecimento mediante células de Peltier, outro de aquecimento por resistência e outro por radiação eletromagnética, com diferentes resultados em relação à eficácia. O tempo de resfriamento variou de 3 a 35 minutos, dependendo do aquecimento inicial e do tamanho do frasco e tipo de invólucro. Conclusão: O protótipo que melhor atendeu à finalidade de aquecimento seguro das soluções foi o micro-ondas adaptado por engenharia reversa, a partir de parâmetros de normatização criados nesta pesquisa. O protótipo foi eficaz para aquecer frascos exceto o de 100 ml de embalagem rígida, que não alcançou a temperatura desejada, porém isso não inviabiliza a sua utilização no tratamento de feridas. As soluções aquecidas apresentaram tempo de usabilidade diferenciado em relação ao volume dos frascos. Na prática clínica pode-se recomendar a usabilidade dos frascos de 100 a 250 ml por 10 minutos (exceto para a embalagem rígida de 100 ml, que é 3 minutos) e de 20 minutos para os frascos maiores.

O trabalho, realizado na FZEA/USP/Pirassununga, visou avaliar doses de NaCl e de N, em idades de corte, em coastcross (Cynodon dactylon), em relação à sua composição bromatológica e química e digestibilidade "in vitro". O delineamento foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados, num fatorial de 4x2x2 (doses NaCl x doses N x idades de cortes), em canteiros de 3x3m, com 4 repetições, cortados a 5cm, de 30 e 60d para primavera, verão e outono e 45 e 90d para o inverno. A adubação foi: 0, 20, 40 e 60 Kg NaCl/ha/corte e 20 e 40 Kg N/ha/corte (uréia). Realizaram-se análises de MS, FDN, FDA, PB, DIVMS, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na e de fertilidade do solo inicial e final (0-20 e 20-40cm). Sem considerar as interações, o sal não foi significativo para as variáveis MS, FDN, FDA e PB, porém observou-se uma melhor atuação de jan/maio/2002, para todas as variáveis consideradas. Foi observada uma pequena redução nos teores de Ca e Mg, de acordo com o aumento nos tratamentos com NaCl, de set-dez/2001. A utilização do sal variou em função da época de corte para o Mg (jan/maio/2002), para o P (jul/2002) e para a DIVMS (inverno/2001, verão 2001/02 e outono/2002), e variou em função do N apenas no inverno/2002, para a DIVMS. A época de corte influenciou quase todas as variáveis, em todos os períodos. As doses de N foram significativas em função da PB (set-dez/2001). Foi observada interação tripla para a MS, FDA e DIVMS (nov/2001-maio/2002). Concluiu-se que: as doses de Na e N não influenciaram a produção e a composição química e bromatológica, influenciando a DIVMS. A planta não apresentou evidências de ter sido afetada pela utilização do Na. / The trial was developed in FZEA/USP/Pirassununga, to evaluate levels of NaCl and N, in two cutting ages, coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon), to observe the response in bromatologic composition and "in vitro" digestibility. As design, was used casualizated blocks applied in fatorial 4x2x2 (levels NaCl x level N x cutting ages), in seedbeds of 3x3 m, with 4 repetitions. The cutting were conducted, in 5 cm, in 30 and 60 days during the times of the spring, summer and autumn, and in 45 and 90 days for winter. Analyses from DM, NDF, ADF, CP, IVDDM, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na were conducted. Analyze from the soil fertility in the beginning and final of the project (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm), to evaluate if had accumulative effect of the salt. Without the interaction, the salt didn’t show significant statistical for variables as DM, NDF, ADF and CP. But was observed a better situation in the jan-may/2002. A little reduction in the levels of Ca and Mg , with the increase from the levels of the NaCl, was observed in Sep-Dec/2001. In the case of Mg (jan-may/2002), P (jul/2002) and IVDDM (winter/2001) showed variation in the different cutting ages correlated with the levels of NaCl. Different levels of N related some variations for IVDDM in winter 2002. The cutting time influenced almost every variable in all times. The levels of N were significated for levels of CP (set-dec/2001). For the variables DM, ADF and IVDDM, during nov/2001-may/2002 these were observed a triple interaction. Data collected the following conclusions: level of Na and N didn’t influence the production and chemical composition, but influenced IVDDM. The plant didn’t show evidence that was affected by Na treatment.

Introdução: A sensibilidade ao sal possui implicações clínicas e prognósticas, porém seu diagnóstico não é habitualmente feito na prática clínica, tendo em vista que o teste de referência é longo e de difícil execução, envolvendo ciclos de dietas hipossódica e hipersódica. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar a acurácia do teste da fludrocortisona, quando comparado ao teste de referência. O objetivo secundário foi estudar o teste de referência, avaliando em quanto tempo é possível ser realizado o diagnóstico. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo randomizado e crossover com homens e mulheres hipertensos, sem outras comorbidades, de 40 a 65 anos de idade. Após quatro semanas de washout os pacientes foram randomizados para iniciar pelo teste dos ciclos de dietas ou pelo teste da fludrocortisona. O primeiro consistiu na administração de 7 dias de dieta hipossódica (40 mEq/dia) seguidos por 7 dias de dieta hipersódica (200 mEq/dia), sendo considerados sensíveis os indivíduos com variação da pressão arterial média (PAM) superior a 5 mmHg. O segundo consistiu na administração de 0,4 mg / dia do acetato de fludrocortisona por 7 dias, durante ingestão alimentar habitual, sendo avaliada a variação da PAS ou PAM no quarto e sétimo dias do medicamento. O ponto de corte para esta variação foi estudado pela curva ROC, não sendo assumido arbitrariamente. A acurácia do teste foi medida pela área sob a curva ROC. Em relação ao objetivo secundário, foi estudado o comportamento diário da pressão arterial ao longo dos ciclos de dieta, através da MRPA. Resultados: Foram estudados trinta voluntários hipertensos (53,7 ± 7,6 anos; 72 ± 10,6 Kg; 26% negros, 10% pardos e amarelos), sendo 53% classificados como sensíveis pelo teste de referência. No quarto dia de fludrocortisona, as áreas sob a curva ROC (ASROC) foram de 0,761 ± 0,06 (p < 0,001) para a PAS, de 0,646 ± 0,072 (p < 0,05) para a PAM e de 0,554 ± 0,075 (p=0,469) para a Pressão arterial diastólica (PAD). No sétimo dia de fludrocortisona as ASROC foram 0,849 ± 0,05 (p < 0,001); 0,732 ± 0,06 (p=0,002); e 0,63 ± 0,07 (p=0,079) para respectivamente PAS, PAM e PAD. A maior acurácia foi obtida, portanto, no sétimo dia de fludrocortisona, utilizando a PAS como variável. Neste ponto, com o ponto de corte encontrado de 3 mmHg, o teste tem 83% de sensibilidade e 63% de especificidade. Em relação ao estudo do teste de referência, observou-se que não há diferença significante da variação pressórica obtida entre o quarto e sexto dias de dieta. Conclusões: A administração do acetato de Fludrocortisona na dose 0,4 mg/dia durante 7 dias - Teste da Fludrocortisona - pode ser utilizado para diagnóstico de sensibilidade ao sal em indivíduos hipertensos de 40 a 65 anos, não obesos e sem outras comorbidades. Em relação ao teste de referência para sensibilidade ao sal, é possível fazer o diagnóstico com duração de 8 dias, não sendo necessário prolongá-lo / Introduction: The salt sensitivity has clinical and prognostic implications; however, its diagnosis is not done in clinical practice, having in mind that the reference test is long and difficult to perform, involving cycles of hyposodic and high salt diets. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of fludrocortisone test, when compared to the reference test. The secondary objective was to study the reference test, evaluating the necessary time for diagnosis to be carried out. Methods: It was perfomed a randomized and crossover study was conducted, with hypertensives, with no other comorbidities, 40-65 years old. After four weeks of washout patients were randomized to start, the test cycles diets, or the test of fludrocortisone. The first consisted of the administration of 7 days of low sodium diet (40 mEq / day) followed by seven days of high salt diet (200 mEq / day), being considered sensitive individuals when mean arterial pressure variation (MAP) was greater than 5 mmHg. The second consisted in administration of 0.4 mg / day of fludrocortisone acetate for 7 days, during usual dietary intake, being assessed the variation of the systolic (SBP) or MAP in the fourth and seventh days of drug administration. The cutoff point for this variation was studied by the ROC curve, not being taken arbitrarily. The test accuracy was measured by area under the ROC curve. Regarding the secondary objective, the daily blood pressure behavior pattern along the diet cycles was studied, through HBPM. Results: Thirty hypertensives were studied (53.7 ± 7.6 years; 72 ± 10.6 kg; 26% black, 10% brown and 14% asian), with 53% classified as sensitive by the reference test. On the fourth day of fludrocortisone, the areas under the ROC curve (ASROC) were of 0.761 ± 0.06 (p < 0.001) for SBP, of 0.646 ± 0.072 (p < 0.05) for the MAP and of 0.554 ± 0.075 (p = 0.469) for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). On the seventh day of fludrocortisone, the ASROC was 0.849 ± 0.05 (p < 0.001); 0.732 ± 0.06 (p = 0.002); and 0.63 ± 0.07 (p = 0.079) respectively for SBP, MBP and DBP. Therefore, the highest accuracy occurred on the seventh day of fludrocortisone, using SBP as a variable. At this point, with the cutoff point of 3 mmHg found, the test showed 83% sensitivity and 63% specificity. Regarding the study of the reference test, it was observed no significant difference of pressure variation obtained between the fourth and sixth days of diet. Conclusions: The administration of fludrocortisone acetate at a dose 0.4 mg / day over 7 days - Fludrocortisone\'s Test - can be used for identification of salt sensitivity in hypertensives 40 65 years old, non-obese and with no other comorbidities. Regarding the reference test for salt sensitivity, it is possible to make the diagnosis with duration of 8 days, not being necessary to extend it

Orientadores: Maria Cecília Bueno Jayme Gallani, Roberta Cunha Matheus Rodrigues / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T22:21:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cornelio_MariliaEstevam_D.pdf: 2981763 bytes, checksum: 18b06269df1c2d1cbb811915a48e52a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A redução do consumo de sal constitui importante intervenção não farmacológica para a prevenção e controle da hipertensão arterial. Entretanto, estudo prévio realizado junto a hipertensos constatou consumo elevado de sal, principalmente do sal adicionado no preparo dos alimentos por mulheres hipertensas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de intervenção motivacional baseada em teoria (Programa SALdável) para redução do consumo de sal (uso de 4 gramas ou menos de sal no preparo das refeições) entre mulheres portadoras de hipertensão arterial, especificamente voltada para aumentar a percepção de auto-eficácia e modificar o hábito. Tratou-se de um estudo experimental, longitudinal com seis etapas em seguimento de três meses. Em T0 foram coletadas as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas, mensuradas as variáveis psicossociais (intenção, auto-eficácia e hábito) e o comportamento (medida subjetiva do comportamento, consumo de sal per capita e consumo de temperos prontos e excreção urinária de sódio de 24h), e realizada a randomização dos sujeitos em dois grupos: Intervenção (GI, n=43) e Controle (GC, n=49). Um (T1) e dois (T3) meses após T0, foram implementadas a primeira e segunda etapa da intervenção para o GI, respectivamente. Quinze dias após T1 (T2) e T3 (T4), foram realizados reforços das intervenções por contato telefônico. O GC foi submetido aos cuidados usuais do serviço de saúde. Três meses após T0 (T5), foram mensuradas as variáveis psicossociais e o comportamento em ambos os grupos. Os dados foram avaliados por meio de análise descritiva e de comparação. Análises de regressão linear foram realizadas para avaliar o efeito da intervenção sobre as medidas do comportamento e das variáveis psicossociais e para identificar os mediadores do efeito da intervenção. Por fim, foi calculado o tamanho do efeito da intervenção (effect size). Os resultados mostraram redução significativa do consumo de sal no GI e que a intervenção explicou a variabilidade de todas as medidas do comportamento de consumo de sal, exceto a excreção urinária de sódio de 24h. A intervenção ainda explicou 42,5% da variabilidade da intenção, 20,7% da variabilidade da auto-eficácia e 33,0% da variabilidade do hábito. Hábito foi identificado como mediador do efeito da intervenção sobre a medida subjetiva do comportamento de consumo de sal e auto-eficácia como mediadora do efeito da intervenção sobre a intenção. A intervenção baseada em teoria visando o aumento da percepção de auto-eficácia e modificação do hábito mostrou ser útil e efetiva para motivar as mulheres hipertensas a reduzirem o consumo de sal por meio da redução da adição de sal no preparo dos alimentos / Abstract: Salt intake reduction is the most important non-pharmacological intervention to prevent and control high blood pressure. However, previous study among individuals with hypertension evidenced elevated salt consumption, mainly the salt addition during cooking. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a theory-based motivational intervention (SALdável Program) to reduce salt intake (use of less than 4g of salt/day during cooking meals) among women with hypertension, with particular focus on improving self-efficacy perception and changing the habit. It was an experimental study with six steps in three-month follow-up. At baseline (T0), demographic, clinical, psychosocial (intention, self-efficacy and habit) and salt intake behavioral variables (behavioral question, discretionary salt, consumption of seasoned salt/bouillons and 24-h urinary sodium excretion) were measured, and women were randomized to the intervention (IG, n=43) or the control group (CG, n=49). Intervention sessions were performed one (T1) and two (T3) months after the baseline, for IG. Fifteen days after T1 (T2) and T3 (T4) participants received reinforcement phone calls. Three months after baseline (T5), psychosocial and behavioral variables were measured in both groups. Data were assessed by means of descriptive and comparison analyses. Regression analyses were conducted to verify the effect of the intervention and to identify the mediators of intervention. Finally, effect size was calculated. Results demonstrated that salt intake decreased significantly in IG and that the intervention explained the variance of all salt intake variables, except for 24-h urinary sodium. Intervention also explained the variance of intention (42.5%), self-efficacy (20.7%) and habit (33.0%). Multiple mediation analyses demonstrated that habit remained the only significant mediator of the relation between intervention and the behavioral question of salt intake whereas self-efficacy mediated the effect of the intervention on intention. The theory-based intervention aimed at improving self-efficacy perception and changing habit is feasible and effective to motivate women to reduce salt intake by means of reducing salt addition during cooking / Doutorado / Doutor em Enfermagem

Renal function of fresh water acclimated Glaucous-winged Gulls, Larus qlaucescens, was studied during infusion of hypotonic and hypertonic NaCl. Two experimental protocols were followed. In one, the closed urine collection system (CCS), ureteral urine was collected using catheters glued over ureteral openings of a supine, previously anesthetized gull. In the other, the open urine collection system (OCS), ureteral urine was collected through a funnel placed in the urodeum of a standing, unanesthetized bird. In both protocols, there was continuous saline infusion of hypotonic (hydration) and hypertonic (LOAD) saline at 0.286 ml⋅min⁻¹. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), ml(kg⋅min) ⁻¹, were determined by ¹⁴C-polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ³H-para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearances. Plasma vasotocin (PAVT, pg⋅ml⁻¹) was measured. At the end of 4 h hydration with 0.02 M NaCl, urine flow was high but matched infusion rate only in CCS birds (CCS, 0.29 ± 0.05; OCS, 0.17 ± 0.03 ml⋅min⁻¹), GFR (CCS, 5.56 ± 0.85; OCS, 5.36 ± 0.77) and ERPF (CCS, 15.80 ± 1.60; OCS, 14.35 ± 1.65) were high; urine sodium (UNa+) concentration was low (CCS, 15.0 ± 7.3; OCS, 36.4 ± 6.0 mEq⋅1⁻¹), UNa+ excretion was low (CCS, 6.38 ± 4.2; OCS, 5.19 uEq⋅min⁻¹) ; urine/plasma PEG ratio (U/PPEG) was high (CCS, 22.4 ± 4.4, OCS, 39.6 ± 8.5); free water clearance (CH₂O) was positive (CCS, 0.143 ± 0.011; OCS, 0.052 ± 0.019 ml⋅min⁻¹) , and PAVT was low (ccs,14.7 ± 7.4; OCS, 16.1 ± 2.4) in both groups. Immediately following infusion of 5 M NaCl, GFR, ERPF and urine flow increased for about 10 mins. Fifteen minutes later, the GFR of CCS gulls fell to 70% of pre-load values (P < 0.05) and in OCS gulls, GFR and ERPF fell to 64% (P < 0.01) and 61% (P < 0.05). Eighty mins after infusion of 5 M NaCl, the GFR and ERPF of CCS gulls returned to pre-LOAD levels, but remained low in OCS gulls. Twenty-five minutes after salt load, urine flow had fallen to 49% (P < 0.05) and remained low. In OCS gulls, urine flow had fallen to 13% (P < 0.001) after 185 mins. In both CCS and OCS gulls, UNa+ concentration and excretion increased significantly. Sixty minutes after salt load, UNa+ excretion returned to pre-LOAD levels but UNa+ concentration remained high in CCS (111.7 ± 57.5) and OCS (132.8 ± 12.5) gulls. U/PPEG attained 134.3 ± 26.5 in CCS and 181.2 ± 32.4 in OCS gulls. CH₂O fell significantly (P < 0.05) in CCS gulls but remained unchanged in OCS gulls. Mean PAVT increased to 122.5 ± 5.5 in CCS and 96.0 ± 12.6 in OCS gulls. In both CCS and OCS gulls, salt gland secretion was initiated but ceased 60 mins after 5M NaCl infusion, although 60% of the load was retained in the gull. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Orientadores: Maria Cecília Bueno Jayme Gallani, Karina de Lemos Sampaio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:46:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Piovesana_PauladeMoura_M.pdf: 2223692 bytes, checksum: ebfdcd591157ef660b39154a725711dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a sensibilidade gustativa ao sal bem como sua relação com o consumo dietético de sal entre hipertensos e testar as relações entre sensibilidade gustativa, perfil clínico e sociodemográfico. Participaram do estudo 54 sujeitos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica, com idade entre 30 e 65 anos e um grupo de voluntários com 54 normotensos com idade entre 30 e 65 anos. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos foram obtidos por meio de uma entrevista; o consumo de sal foi avaliado por meio de métodos de auto-relato (sal per capita, Questionário de Frequência Alimentar de Sódio - QFASó e recordatório alimentar de 24h) e da excreção urinária de sódio.Os limiares gustativos de detecção e de reconhecimento do sal foram avaliados por meio de soluções com cloreto de sódio em concentrações ascendentes pareadas com água destilada. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e a seguir submetidos às análises inferenciais: chi-quadrado para verificação de associações de variáveis categóricas, como sociodemográficas e clínicas, Mann-Whitney para comparação entre grupos de variáveis de contínuas, coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para avaliar a correlação entre os métodos de avaliação de consumo de sal e os limiares e a regressão linear para identificar variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas que explicariam a variabilidade dos limiares. O limiar de detecção médio foi de 0,011 ± 0,016 mol/L e o de reconhecimento foi de 0,020 ± 0,031 mol/L, ambos maiores entre os homens. Hipertensos apresentaram maiores limiares que os normotensos. Os limiares apresentaram correlação positiva com a idade e inversa com a renda e escolaridade na amostra total. O consumo de sódio estimado pelos diferentes métodos foi excessivo para hipertensos e normotensos, e ocorreu principalmente devido uso do sal no domicílio. Na amostra total, o limiar de reconhecimento correlacionou-se com o consumo de sódio avaliado pelo sal per capita (r=0,21, p=0,03) e com o consumo total (r=0,23, p=0,017). Entre os normotensos, houve correlação do limiar de reconhecimento com o QFASó (r=0,28, p=0,0432). O consumo de sódio avaliado por meio do sal per capita e do QFASó foi positivamente correlacionado aos limiares. Os valores médios da pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, o índice de massa corpórea e a cintura abdominal foram maiores entre hipertensos; na amostra como um todo, estas variáveis foram associadas significativamente com aumentos de ambos os limiares. O sexo e a medida da cintura abdominal foram preditores independentes dos limiares. O uso de métodos de auto-relato para estimar o consumo de sódio e avaliação dos limiares podem colaborar no delienamento de intervenções direcionadas para a educação em saúde. Campanhas e intervenções direcionadas para redução no consumo de sal, devem considerar o além do comportamento alimentar, as alterações no paladar, na população em geral, priorizando hipertensos, e os indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate salt taste sensitivity and its relationship with salt consumption among hypertensive subjects and to test the relation between taste sensitivity and sociodemographic & clinical profiles. This study enrolled hypertensive (n=54) and normotensive subjects (n=54), aged between 30 and 65 years. Sociodemographic data were obtained through interview and salt intake was evaluated with self-reported measures (discretionary salt, FFQ, and 24-hour recall) and through 24-hour urinary sodium.. Detection and recognition thresholds were assessed using solutions containing sodium chloride concentrations in ascending test paired with distilled water. Descriptive and inferential analysis were applied: chi-square test for verification of associations of categorical variables, Mann-Whitney test for comparison of continuous variables between groups, Spearman correlation test to assess the correlation between methods of salt intake and thresholds, and linear regression to identify sociodemographic and clinical variables that could explain the variability of the thresholds. The detection threshold was 0.011 ± 0.016 mol/L and the recognition threshold was 0.020 ± 0.031 mol/L, both were greater among men. Hypertensive presented higher thresholds than the normotensives. The thresholds were positively correlated with age and inversely with individual and family incomes and schooling in the total sample. Sodium intake estimated by different methods was excessive for hypertensive and normotensive, and it was given primarily because of salt use at home. In the total sample, the recognition threshold was correlated with sodium intake assessed by the discretionary salt (r=0.21, p=0.03) and total consumption (r=0.23, p=0.017). Among normotensive, there was a correlation between recognition threshold and FFQ (r=0.28, p=0.0432). Sodium intake given by discretionary salt and FFQ were positively correlated with the thresholds. The average values of systolic blood pressure, diastolic and mean, body mass index and waist circumference were higher among hypertensives, and in the sample as a whole, these variables were positively associated with increases in both thresholds. Sex and waist circumference were independent predictors of both thresholds. The use of self-report methods for estimating sodium intake and assessment thresholds can collaborate for the design of interventions in health education. Campaigns and targeted interventions to reduce salt intake, should consider the addition of nutritional behavior related to salt intake, changes in taste, in the general population, specially for hypertensive individuals, and those presenting overweight or obesity / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

Hypertension affects one in two adults in the United States and contributes to more than 10% of deaths worldwide. The salt sensitivity of blood pressure, a clinical phenomenon present in one half of hypertensive patients and one quarter of normotensive individuals, predicts the development of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension rises with age, and age-related increases in salt sensitivity and sympathetic nervous system activity, which promotes renal sodium reabsorption and plays a pathophysiological role in salt sensitivity and hypertension, have been documented. Increased mechanistic insight into the integrated renal and neural mechanisms influencing sodium homeostasis and blood pressure, particularly in aging, could yield valuable information for the phenotypically targeted treatment of hypertension. The renal nerves, comprised of the sensory afferent renal nerves (ARN) and the efferent renal sympathetic nerves, influence sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. The ARN, which include mechanosensitive and chemosensitive fibers, mediate a sympathoinhibitory reno-renal reflex that suppresses renal sympathetic nerve activity. The renal sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine, which can promote salt-sensitive hypertension in part by activating the sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC). In this thesis, Sprague Dawley rats were used as a model of normal aging to demonstrate that 1) the ARN are critical to the sympathoinhibitory and natriuretic responses to alterations in sodium homeostasis and protect against salt sensitivity of blood pressure, 2) the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus may be a site of central integration of the mechanosensitive sympathoinhibitory reno-renal reflex, 3) norepinephrine promotes NCC activity through an α1-adrenoceptor-gated WNK1-OxSR1-dependent signaling pathway, driving salt-sensitive hypertension, and 4) impairments in the sympathoinhibitory reno-renal reflex may promote sympathoexcitation and NCC-mediated sodium retention, driving salt-sensitive hypertension in aging rats. Finally, data from the Genetic Epidemiology of Salt Sensitivity study were used to demonstrate that variance in the gene encoding Gαi2 proteins, which are upregulated in the paraventricular nucleus during high salt intake in salt-resistant animal models and are required for dietary sodium-evoked suppression of renal sympathetic outflow, may be a biomarker for the salt sensitivity of blood pressure in humans. Together, these findings highlight the integrated renal and neural mechanisms contributing to salt sensitivity and age-related hypertension.

The rate and extent of syneresis (whey expulsion) strongly affects cheese composition and quality. During salting, curd syneresis is influenced by the combined effect of both osmotic pressure and protein hydration. Our objective is to examine how cheese composition and whey expulsion are influenced by dry salting curd at various intervals, levels, applications, and potassium chloride (KCl) substitution, or change in calcium or sodium level in test solution (i.e., whey-brine). Four sets of unsalted fresh Cheddar curds were salted with different methods, with at least 3 replicates of each set on separate days. Set A was salted with 30 g/kg NaCl over 3 applications, either 5 or 10 min apart. Set B was salted with 30, 25, and 20 g/kg NaCl over 3 applications 5 min apart. Set C was salted with 20 g/kg NaCl using 1, 2, or 3 applications. Set D received salt consisting of a 2:1 molar ratio of NaCl and KCl over 3 applications 5 min apart. Whey was collected every 5 or 10 min until 30 or 40 min after the start of salting and subsequently pressed for 3 h. Using 10-min intervals delayed whey syneresis but after pressing there was no significant influence on final cheese composition. Decreasing salt levels significantly reduced the amount of whey expelled prior to pressing and resulted in cheeses with higher moisture and slightly lower pH. Adding salt over different applications did not significantly affect cheese composition. Partial substitution with KCl did not affect the amount of whey expelled or cheese moisture composition. Salted milled Cheddar cheese curd was immersed at 22°C for 6 or 18 h in test solution, with the addition of 1, 5, 10, or 20 g/L calcium, and 15 g/L salt. After immersion, curd weight change, moisture, pH, sodium, serum calcium and total calcium levels were measured. When calcium levels in solution increased, curd moisture, pH, and weight gain decreased while serum and total calcium levels increased significantly. Similarly, unsalted milled Cheddar cheese curds were immersed at 22°C for 6 h in test solution with 30, 60, 90, or 120 g/L salt in addition to 6 g/L calcium. The salt level in solution was inversely proportional with weight change, moisture, and salt level of curd.

Cemented paste backfill (CPB) is a highly advantageous method of backfill that has been increasing in use in recent decades as it provides many environmental, economic, and practical benefits. When combined with cement and water, it recycles a portion of the dewatered tailings produced from mines as backfill for underground stopes. CPB is transported from the plant on the surface through pipes to the stopes, sometimes over several kilometers, and then placed in underground mining cavities (stopes) to support the ground or rock mass. Therefore, it must meet certain rheological, setting time, and strength gain performance requirements. Additionally, as many mines around the world are located in areas of freshwater scarcity, and societies are holding corporations to ever higher standards for humanitarian and environmental responsibility, many mines are seeking to utilize locally available, saline groundwater or seawater as mixing water in backfill. The impacts of this decision on the rheological, setting, and strength properties of CPB must be better understood to allow for the confident selection of this convenient solution, as the risks associated with improper design include huge costs due to pipeline clogging and death or injury due to backfill failure and ground subsidence. NaCl is a contributor to natural groundwater and seawater salinity and may be present in concentrations of up to 300 g/L. An additional cost-saving measure favoured by mines is to replace some of the costly Portland cement with much cheaper supplemental cementitious materials such as blast furnace slag. Therefore, this thesis examines the impacts of NaCl concentration and binder composition on the yield stress, viscosity, initial and final setting time, and strength development of CPB. A robust experimental program has been undertaken in which CPB was subjected to the above-mentioned tests in addition to pH and MIP testing, SEM, TG/DTG, XRD, and zeta potential analyses, and electrical conductivity, suction, and water content monitoring. CPB samples were made with synthetic silica tailings, Portland cement, and water with NaCl concentrations of 0 g/L, 10 g/L, 35 g/L, 100 g/L, and 300 g/L and CPB made with 35 g/L and slag replacement percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. Additional samples tested were made with natural gold tailings, Portland cement, and NaCl concentrations of 0 g/L and 35 g/L for verification. Rheological testing was conducted at 0 minutes, 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours after mixing, and UCS testing was conducted after 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 28 days, and 60 days of curing. Additional tests or analyses were performed on selected mixes and curing times for optimum insight and monitoring was conducted from 0 to 28 days after curing. It was found that low concentrations of NaCl (10 g/L and 35 g/L) generally had favourable impacts on the UCS and setting times of CPB, while higher concentrations had negative impacts. The impacts of slag replacement on UCS development of saline CPB were also generally favourable. However, the impacts of slag replacement on initial setting time were generally negative, and favourable at higher replacements (50% or more) for final setting time. Low NaCl concentration led to slightly negative impacts on yield stress, especially at longer curing times (1-2 hours), but high concentrations greatly reduced the yield stress. NaCl concentration had minor impacts to viscosity, with any concentration leading to a slightly higher initial viscosity but slightly lower viscosity at longer curing times. Slag replacement content had negligible effects on yield stress, but led to favourable decreases in viscosity over longer curing times. The combination of positive and negative impacts indicates that care must be taken to knowledgeably prioritize or balance critical properties in mix design, though there is indication of opportunities for overall improvement. Supplemental testing provided useful information to explain the mechanics behind the results which will allow designers to carefully select the required components for the desired properties.

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